Chat Ket Dinh

Thac si- GVC NGUYN DN

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TRUNG I HC BCH KHOA NNG

KHOA HA - NGNH cnhh & VT LIU

Ths.GVC NGUYN DN

2007


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Chng 1 PHN LOAI CHT KT DNH V C VA PHU GIA

1.1 Phn loai cht kt dnh va lanh vc s dung. Cn c vao tnh cht va muc ch s dung cua cht kt dnh v c, ngi ta chia chung thanh 3 loai: 1.1.1 Cht kt dnh khng kh. o la nhng cht kt dnh khi tac dung vi nc se tao thanh h deo,va trong khng kh sau mt thi gian se rn chc lai nh a. Loai a nay ch bn trong mi trng khng kh hay nhng ni thoang mat, kh rao. Loai cht kt dnh nay gm co: Cht kt dnh vi khng kh, cht kt dnh thach cao, cht kt dnh manhdi, cht kt dnh lmit. 1.1.2 Cht kt dnh thuy lc. Ngc lai vi cht kt dnh khng kh, loai nay co kha nng ong rn trong mi trng khng kh, mi trng m va ca trong nc. Khi rn chc nh a se co bn nc, bn sulfat cao hn. Loai cht kt dnh nay gm co: xi mng portland, xi mng alumin, xi mng portland puzoland, vi thuy, xi mng La Ma ... 1.1.3 Cht kt dnh chu axt, chu nhit. Loai cht kt dnh nay thu c t mt loai xi mng gc nao o, sau o tuy thuc yu cu s dung ngi ta chon loai phu gia hoc hoa cht pha vao vi nhng ham lng khac nhau va ng nht chung. 1.2 Khai nim va phn loai phu gia trong cng ngh san xut xi mng. 1.2.1 Khai nim v phu gia. Hoa cht hay nguyn liu dung pha vao phi liu hay cho vao nghin chung vi clinker xi mng, nhm muc ch cai thin cng ngh nghin, nung hay tnh cht cua san phm c goi chung la phu gia. Ngoai ra con gop phn ha gia thanh san phm va tng san lng ( v du khi s dung phu gia y chng han). 1.2.2 Phn loai phu gia. Phu gia trong cng ngh san xut ximng portland co th chia lam hai loai: Phu gia cai thin cng ngh gia cng va chun b phi liu hay nung luyn, phu gia cai thin tnh cht cua xi mng (nh tnh bn nc, bn sulfat, bn nhit) 1.2.2.1 phu gia cai thin cng ngh.

Phu gia tr nghin: o la hoa cht hay nguyn liu cho vao thit b nghin va nghin chung vi hn hp nguyn liu ( nghin phi liu ) hay clinker nhm muc ch tng nng sut may nghin va giam tiu hao nng lng in.

Phu gia khoang hoa: o la hoa cht hay nguyn liu cho vao thit b nghin va nghin chung vi hn hp nguyn liu. Do s co mt cua no nn khi nung phi


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liu se giam c nhit nung, tng tc cac phan ng hoa hoc trong qua trnh tao khoang. Ngoai ra no con co tac dung giam nht, tng tnh linh ng pha long. Do vy tng kha nng thm t cua pha long cao ( do nhit cao cht khoang hoa pha v hay lam yu cu ni cu truc pha long). T o pha long tng tnh hoa tan va C2S va CaO d dang khuch tan vao pha long tip xuc nhau tao thanh khoang C3S. V du: khi chun b phi liu cho lo nung ta cho vao may nghin phi liu mt lng < 1%: CaF2 hay Na2SiF6 ...va c ch: CaF2 + H2O hi Ca(OH)2 + 2HF HF + SiO2 tinh th SiO2 hoat tnh + H2O + SiF4 H2O +SiF4 SiO2 hoat tnh + HF Ca(OH)2 nhit cao CaO + H2O HF + CaCO3 CaO hoat tnh + CaF2 + CO2 + H2O Nhn xet: s co mt F - se tao ra cac CaO ht va SiO2 ht . Ngoai ra F- con co kha nng nh hng tao khoang C3S co hiu sut cao t C3A va C4AF: C3A F - C5A3 + CaO ht CaOht + C2S C3S Hoc C4AF F - C5A3 + C6A F2 + CaOht CaOht + C2S C3S

Cung co th s dung cac loai phu gia khoang hoa tng hp.

V du: Dung phospho, thach cao ( lng < 6% ) va mui florua (< 1%). CaSO4 se tac dung vi C3A (C3A tao thanh zn phan ng pha rn ) thanh 3C3A.Al2O3..CaSO4 ( cht trung gian gia bn ) va 3C3A.Al2O3..CaSO4 se bao boc hat C3A va lam hat C3A khng phat trin kch thc c. Do do CaO con lai tip tuc phan ng vi C2S tao C3S . con 3C3A.Al2O3..CaSO4 se b phn huy thanh C5A3 , CaOht va CaSO4 . Nh vy a tao thm CaOht tac dung vi C2S tao thanh C3S..Thc ra v c ch cung ging phu gia hkoang hoa CaF2 . Khi co mt CaSO4 va P2O5 con lam cu truc cua C3S va C2S bn vng kho b phn huy khi lam lanh.

Phu gia giam m: phi liu( bun) trong san xut xi mng theo phng phap t thng co m cao (W>32%). Do o khi nung luyn tn nhiu nhit cho qua trnh bc hi va lam giam nng sut lo. Bin phap lam giam m nhng vn bao am nht cua bun thng s dung cac loai phu gia sau:


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+ (0.2 - 0.5 )% S SB m cua bun giam (2 - 4)% tng tng giam lng nc trong bun 7%. + Hn hp ( SSB va Na2CO3 ) ham lng t (0,2 - 0,5)% se giam nc trong bun 8%. + Hn hp thuy tinh long va NaOH hoc soa bun giam (3 - 6)% . 1.2.2.2 phu gia cai thin tnh cht cua xi mng.

- Phu gia thuy: Phu gia thuy la mt cht khi nghin mn trn vi vi cho ta mt cht co tnh kt dnh va ong rn, con khi trn vi ximng portland no se kt hp vi vi t do va vi thoat ra cua cac phan ng thuy hoa cac khoang xi mng trong qua trnh ong rn ximng tao ra cac khoang bn nc va bn sulfat. Do o lam tng c bn nc, bn sulfat cua ximng portland .

Ban thn phu gia thuy khi nghin mn trn vi nc khng co tnh cht kt dnh, o la c im c ban khac vi x lo cao.

Thanh phn hoa hoc chu yu cua phu gia thuy la SiO2 hoat tnh va mt lng nc lin kt nht nh, ngoai ra con co cha mt lng xit nhm hoat tnh, xit st.

Cht lng cua phu gia thuy hoat tnh phu thuc vao hoat tnh hut vi hoc mc hoat tnh thuy lc cua no.

Hoat tnh hut vi ( hoat tnh ): c xac nh bng s miligam vi do mt gam phu gia hp thu trong thi gian 30 ngay m sau 15 ln chun. Lng vi b mt gam phu gia hp thu cang nhiu thi hoat tnh cua phu gia thuy cang cao. hoat tnh cua phu gia thuy c phn loai nh sau: Bang 1

Xp phu gia vao loai hoat tnh cua phu gia [mg CaO/1 gam phu gia]

Rt manh >150 Manh 100 - 150 Trung bnh manh 70 - 100 Trung bnh 50 - 70 Yu 30 -50

Hoat tnh thuy lc con goi la ch s hoat tnh: Chnh la t s mac ( Rnen 28 ngay) cua mu xi mng co pha phu gia 20% (PCB) vi mac ( Rnen 28 ngay) cua mu xi mng khng pha phu gia [ xi mng PC = (95% - 97%) clinker + (3% - 5%) thach cao thin nhin]. 100.

PC

PCB

RRI =


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Hin nay anh gia cht lng phu gia thng thin v s dung ch s hoat tnh. V anh gia cht lng phu gia theo hut vi mc chnh xac thp hn. L do kha nng hut vi cua phu gia co hai phn: phn hp thu vt l thun tuy vao mao quan va l rng cua cac hat phu gia va phn phan ng hoa hoc 2 dang sau: Ca(OH)2 + SiO2 ht = CaO.SiO2.H2O tao gen CSH 2Ca(OH)2 + Al2O3 ht = 2CaO.Al2O3.2H2O (C2AH2 ) kt tinh va C2AH2 + Ca(OH)2 +3H2O = C3AH6 kt tinh. Bang 2 phn loai phu gia theo ch s hoat tnh

TT T l phu gia % Cp hoat tnh Phn loai 1 < 10 Khng hoat tnh Phu gia tr 2 10-12 Hoat tnh yu Loai 3 3 12-15 Hoat tnh trung bnh Loai 2 4 >15 Hoat tnh cao Loai 1

- Phn loai phu gia thuy Cn c vao ngun gc hay thanh phn hoa hoc cua cac loai phu gia (thng hay cn c vao ngun gc) phu gia thuy c phn loai nh sau: Bang 3

Phu gia thuy thin nhin Ngun gc t nui la

(loai phun xut) Ngun gc trm tch

(cu tao t vo trai t) Phu gia thuy nhn tao

+ Tro nui la + Puzlan + Tup + Trax + a bot

+ iatmit + Trpen + Opaka + Khoang set

+ t set nung non la + Silic hoat tnh ph liu + Tro, x nhin liu + Tro tru

- Phu gia thuy thin nhin co ngun gc t nui la: La loai a thin nhin do nui la tao thanh, thanh phn hoa hoc gm xt Silc hoat tnh, xt nhm hoat tnh, tap cht t set va mt lng nc hoa hoc. hoat tnh cua no phu thuc chu yu vao ham lng xt Silc hoat tnh va nc hoa hoc, ngoai ra con phu thuc vao qua trnh lam lanh khi tao thanh no. - Phu gia thuy thin nhin co ngun gc trm tch: Do cu tao vo trai t la nhng khoang nhe, d nghin, xp, kh, d hut m, thanh phn hoa hoc chu yu la xt Silc v nh hnh. Trong lng ring cua loai phu gia thuy nay rt nho v du: iatmt: 0,75 g/cm3 , Trpen: 0,85 g/cm3 , Opaka: 0,14 g/cm3 . Trong lng ring cang nho xp cang ln, hoat tnh cang cao. - Phu gia thuy nhn tao gm co:


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Silc hoat tnh ph liu: la ph liu cua nganh san xut phen nhm t t set, co hoat tnh cao, s dung lam phu gia thuy rt tt. - t set hoat hoa: t set nung co th s dung lam phu gia thuy c, nhng cn chon loai t set co cha nhiu khoang Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O c gia cng nhit (600 - 800)0C va lam lanh nhanh.

Theo cac cng trnh nghin cu th hoat tnh cua phu gia thuy loai t set phu thuc nhiu vao nhit nung va loai t set s dung lam phu gia thuy. hoat tnh cua t set nung do khoang Caolinhit nhit (600- 800)0C tao thanh mta caolinhit hoat tnh la chu yu va mt lng nho xt Silc hoat tnh, xt nhm hoat tnh. Nn chung d dang tac dung vi vi tao khoang bn nc. Do o co th chon t set gia nhit lam phu gia thuy rt tt. - Tro, x nhin liu rn: Tro x nhin liu rn co th s dung lam phu gia thuy c, v thanh phn hoa hoc cua no gn ging nh thanh phn hoa hoc cua t set nung. Mun s dung lam phu gia thuy th nhin liu phai t nhit thp, nu t nhit cao th hoat tnh cua no giam. - X lo cao hat hoa: la ph liu cua nganh san xut gang. V qung dung luyn gang co cha cac tap cht: t set, cat, a vi. Cac tap cht nay se tac dung vi tro nhin liu tao thanh nhng silicat, aluminat canxi. Cac khoang nay se b nong chay nhit 1300oC n 1500oC tao thanh x. Do trong lng ring cua x nho hn gang nn ni ln trn, c thao ra ngoai va lam lanh nhanh tao thanh nhng hat nho goi la x lo cao hat hoa.

Ban thn x lo cao khi nghin mn em trn vi nc se co tnh kt dnh, co kha nng ong rn va phat trin cng .

Thanh phn hoa hoc cua x phu vao thanh phn cua qung va tro nhin liu. Cac xt chnh co trong x CaO, SiO2., Al2O3 , MgO va tng ham lng cua chung chim t 90% n 95%. Ngoai ra con co mt lng nho cac xt khac: TiO2, MnO, Fe2O3, P2O5.

Thanh phn khoang cua x lo cao chu yu phu thuc vao tc lam lanh x. V du: Nu lam lanh chm se co: C2AS, CAS2, C2MS2 , , C2S, C3S2 , CMS , MA, CM, M2S va cac khoang aluminat canxi CA, C5A3 . Song cac khoang trn kt tinh ln chim ham lng 90% va pha thuy tinh 10%, va lai ch co khoang C2S, CA, C5A3 la co tnh dnh kt nhng ham lng cua nho, nn cng cua x khng cao.

Nu lam lanh nhanh cac khoang trong x se kt tinh dang tinh th nho, ham lng thuy tinh trong x rt ln :95% co hoat tnh cao va co tnh kt dnh ln. Nn c coi la nguyn liu quy dung san xut cac loai cht kt dnh bn nc.

X lo cao c phn lam hai loai: x kim va x axt . c trng cho tnh cht cua x dung moun thuy lc k hiu Mo va:


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Mo = %( CaO + MgO)/ %( SiO2. + Al2O3) Mo > 1 goi la x kim Mo < 1 goi la x axt. Ngoai ra con s dung mun hoat tnh k hiu Ma c trng cho hoat tnh cua x: Ma = % Al2O3/ %SiO2

Ma tng th hoat tnh cua x tng va ngc lai. Chu y: Khi pha phu gia thuy hoat tnh vao xi mng gc san xut xi mng hn hp, thi gian ng kt cua xi mng hn hp bao gi cung ln hn thi gian ng kt cua xi mng gc. Do qua trnh hp thu CaO cua va xi mng bi phu gia thuy hoat tnh lam cho pH cua va xi mng giam, mt khac co s ngn can do s bam dnh cua cac hat phu gia va lp mang mong cua san phm khi phu gia tac dung vi cac san phm thuy hoa cua xi mng trn b mt cac hat xi mng. Mt trong nhng bin phap khc phuc hin tng trn thng tng mn xi mng. Khi s dung phu gia cn y n ham lng kim (R2O) co trong phu gia, v ham lng cua chung ln hn 1.5% se gy ra n mon xi mng va ct thep. - Phu gia iu chnh

iu chnh tc ong rn cua ximng ngi ta thng dung thach cao 2 nc (CaSO4.2H2O) hoc mt s mui nh: CaCl2; NaCl; ... pha vao ximng.V ban thn clinker khi nghin mn ong rn rt nhanh khi tac dung vi nc, khng bao am thi gian nhao trn, vn chuyn va thi cng. Cac loai phu gia iu chnh trn pha vao ximng vi mt ty l thch hp se co tac dung keo dai thi gian ong rn cua ximng.( v c ch xem phn qua trnh hoa l khi xi mng ong rn). -Phu gia li Con goi la phu gia y, co th s dung nh: cac loai a vi cht lng thp, cat nghin mn, v.v... muc ch pha vao ximng lam tng san lng, ha gia thanh san phm. Khi pha cac loai phu gia li vao ximng cn chu y ty l am bao cht lng san phm. -Phu gia bao quan Ximng khi bao quan trong kho thng b giam cht lng v cac hat ximng d hut m va kh CO2 trong khng kh. Do o cac hat ximng b hyrat hoa, cacbonat hoa va chung dnh lai vi nhau tao thanh cuc goi la xi mng b cht gio trc khi s dung. khc phuc hin tng trn khi nghin clinker ngi ta con pha vao cac loai phu gia bao quan nh: Du lac, du lap, v.v...cac phu gia nay tao mt mang mong bao boc bn ngoai hat ximng, lam cho ximng co kha nng chng m tt. 1.3 Cac bin phap kim soat ham lng phu gia thuy hoat tnh pha vao xi mng. kim tra ham lng phu gia pha vao PCB thng s dung 3 phng phap sau: 1.3.1 Phng phap c l.


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Thng qua va so sanh cac tnh cht c l cua PC va PCB nh: lng nc tiu chun, thi gian ng kt, mac xi mng ...trong o ch tiu mac xi mg c s dung nhiu nht. Thng thng mac PCB sau 28 ngay nho hn mac PC sau 28 ngay. Nhng thc t, co trng hp nu chon ham lng phu gia ti u th mac PCB co th bng hoc ln hn mac PC. Do o phng phap nay t s dung; hn na khi th nghim va kim tra Mac xi mng mt nhiu thi gian, nn khng ap ng hiu chnh kp thi trong san xut. 1.3.2 Phng phap o dung trong.

o dung trong cua PC va dung trong cua PCB, sau o so sanh gia tr chnh lch gia chung. u im cua phng phap nay so vi phng phap c l thi gian kim tra ngn hn, song kt qua cung thiu chnh xac. L do co mt s phu gia co khi lng th tch co th gn bng khi lng th tch clinker. 1.3.3 Phng phap hoa hoc.Phng phap nay so vi hai phng phap trn th chnh xac cao hn va co u im ap dung cho moi loai phu gia khng phn bit mc hoat tnh, mau sc, phu gia n hay phu gia hn hp.

Nguyn tc cua phng phap nay la so sanh thanh phn hoa cua PCB va thanh phn hoa cua cac nguyn liu chu yu san xut ra no la clinker va cac loai phu gia. Cng thc tnh t l phu gia pha vao PC (xi mng gc: gm clinker va t 3% n 5% thach cao thin nhin). Goi: C1 , S1 , A1 , F1 , K1 k hiu thanh phn CaO, SiO2 , Al2O3 , Fe2O3 va cn khng tan cua clinker ang dung san xut PCB. C2 , S2 , A2 , F2 , K2 k hiu thanh phn CaO, SiO2 , Al2O3 , Fe2O3 va cn khng tan cua phu gia C3 , S3 , A3 , F3, K3 k hiu thanh phn CaO, SiO2 , Al2O3 , Fe2O3 va cn khng tan cua PCB. Ct c , St c , At c , Ft c , Kt c k hiu thanh phn CaO, SiO2 , Al2O3 , Fe2O3 va cn khng tan cua thach cao trong xi mng PCB. Chu y: Cac cng thc trn s dung khi ham lng SiO2 , Al2O3 , Fe2O3 va cn khng tan cua thach cao ang k.

[ ]12

1tc3

CCC)CC(100

)theoC(PG% =

[ ]12

1tc3

SSS)SS(100

)theoS(PG% =

[ ]12

1tc3

AAA)AA(100

)theoA(PG% =

[ ]12

1tc3

FFF)FF(100

)theoF(PG% =

[ ]12

1tc3

KKK)KK(100

)theoK(PG% =


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Chng 2 CNG NGH SAN XUT XI MNG PORTLAND.

2.1 Khai nim va nh ngha. Xi mng portland la kt dnh thuy lc, khi trn no vi nc se tao h deo co

tnh kt dnh va ong rn c trong mi trng khng kh, mi trng nc. H deo trong qua trnh ong rn se phat trin cng .

Xi mng portland la san phm nghin mn cua clinker vi thach cao thin nhin, i khi con pha thm vao mt vai loai phu gia khac nhm cai thin mt s tnh cht cua xi mng va tng san lng, ha gia thanh.

Clinker san xut bng cach nung n kt khi phi liu a c nghin mn va ng nht gm: a vi, t set hoc a vi, t set, qung st ... hoc a vi, t set vi cac ph liu cua cac nganh cng nghip khac (bun nhephelin, x lo cao...). Trong phi liu trn thng thng a vi chim t l t: 75% - 80%. Hin nay trn thi trng co hai loai xi mng ph dung: PC va PCB.

- PC vit tt cua Portland Cement: san xut xi mng nay bng cach nghin chung clinker vi (3%- 5%) thach cao thin nhin. Tuy theo cht lng cua clinker, co th s dung phu gia khoang hoat tnh va phu gia cng ngh khac. Tuy nhin, tng lng phu gia khng c vt qua 15%. Trong o, phu gia hoat tnh khng c vt qua 10%.

Ximng portland gm co cac mac sau: PC30; PC40; PC50; PC60 - PCB vit tt cua Portland Cement Blended: San xut xi mng nay bng hai

cach nghin chung va nghin ring. Tuy theo cht lng cua clinker ximng portland va phu gia. Tng lng cac phu gia khoang (khng k thach cao) trong ximng portland hn hp, tnh theo khi lng ximng khng vt qua 40%. Trong o, phu gia y khng c vt qua 20%. Phu gia cng ngh khng c vt qua 1%.

- Ximng portland hn hp tuy theo mac c ky hiu: PCB30, PCB40. Cach nghin chung: Cho clinker, thach cao thin nhin ((3%- 5%) va cac loai phu gia khac vao chung trong thit b nghin nghin. Cach nghin ring: Nghin clinker va thach cao thin nhin ring co PC, cac loai phu gia khac nghin ring. Sau o tuy theo yu cu ta nh lng PC va phu gia, ri trn va ng nht chung. V du: PC40 c hiu la xi mng pooclng co mac 40 N/mm2. PCB30 c hiu la xi mng pooclng hn hp co mac 30 N/mm2.


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Bang 2.1 Ch tiu cht lng ca xi mng poc lng theo TCVN 2682:1999

Mc Tn ch tiu

PC 30 PC 40 PC 50

1. Cng chu nn, N/mm2, khng nh hn, sau:

3 ngy 45 pht 28 ngy 8 gi

16

30

21

40

31

50

2. Thi gian ng kt, pht:

- Bt u, khng sm hn

- Kt thc, khng mun hn

45

375

3. nghin mn, xc nh theo:

- Phn cn li trn sng 0,08mm, %, khng ln hn

- B mt ring, phng php Blaine, cm2/g, khng nh hn

15

2700

12

2800

4. n nh th tch, xc nh theo phng php Le

Chatelier, mm, khng ln hn

10

5. Hm lng SO3, %, khng ln hn 3,5

6. Hm lng MgO, %, khng ln hn 5,0

7. Hm lng MKN, %, khng ln hn 5,0

8. Hm lng CKT, %, khng ln hn 1,5

Cac ch tiu cht lng cua ximng portland hn hp theo TCVN 6260 -1997 Bang 2.2

Mc Tn ch tiu, n v , quy nh

PCB30 PCB40 1. Cng nen, N/mm2, khng nho hn - 72 gi 45 phut - Sau 28 ngay 2gi

14 30

18 40

2. nghin mn: - Phn con lai trn sang 0,08 mm, %, khng ln hn - B mt ring xac nh phng phap Blaine, cm2/g, khng

12 2700


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nho hn

3. Thi gian ng kt: - Bt u, phut, khng sm hn - Kt thuc, gi, khng mun hn

45 10

4. n nh th tch, c xac nh theo phng phap Le Chatelier, mm, khng ln hn 10

5. Ham lng Anhydric Sunfuric (SO3), %, khng ln hn 3,5

2.2 Thanh phn hoa hoc cua clinker Bn xit chnh trong clinker xi mng la:CaO,SiO2 ,Al2O3, Fe2O3.. Tng ham

lng cua chumg t 95%-97%. Ngoai ra con co mt s xit khac co ham lng khng ln lm: MgO, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, Mn2O3, SO3, P2O5.. . SiO2 : 21 - 24% CaO : 63 - 67% Mn2O3: 0 - 3% SO3 : 0.1 - 1% Al2O3: 4 - 8% MgO : 1 - 5% P2O5 : 0.0 - 0.1% R2O: 0 - 1% Fe2O3: 2 - 4% TiO2 : 0 - 0.5% MKN: 0.5 - 3%

CaO: Thanh phn chnh th nht trong clnker xi mng. Mun clinker co cht lng tt th CaO phai lin kt ht vi cac xit khac tao ra cac khoang co tnh kt dnh va cho cng cao.Trng hp ngc lai, lng CaOt do se nhiu. Khi CaO t do nhit cao (1450o) th CaO b gia la, tao tinh th ln va cu truc st c lam cho san phm xi mng kem n nh v th tch v qua trnh hyrat CaOt do kem theo s toa nhit va trng n th tch. Qua trnh nay co th din ra trong thi gian dai. Clinker cha nhiu CaO nu kt hp tt vi SiO2 va cac xt khac se tao nhiu dung dch rn alt. iu nay lam cho h xi mng ong rn nhanh, mac se cao, toa nhiu nhit. Nhng xi mng kem bn trong mi trng nc va sulfat.

SiO2: Thanh phn chnh th 2. No tung tac vi CaO tao ra cac khoang silicat (C3S,C2S). Nu tng ham lng SiO2 th tng khoang silicat se tng(C2S tng tng i nhanh hn C3S). San phm ong rn va phat trin cng trong nhng ngay u chm(1 , 3,7ngay u), toa nhit t. Do o xi mng bn trong mi trng nc va mi trng sulfat.

Al2O3: No se lin kt vi CaO tao ra cac khoang aluminat canxi C3A, C5A3.. .va lin kt vi Fe2O3 tao khoang alumoferit canxi. Nu tng ham lng Al2O3 th trong clinker ximng se cha nhiu C3A. Ximng se ong rn nhanh, toa nhiu nhit, kem bn trong mi trng nc, mi trng sulfat. ng thi no lam nht pha long tng gy can tr qua trnh tao khoang C3S. Mt khac khi lam lanh cac khoang aluminat d b phn huy va tao CaOt do.


12

Fe2O3: No lin kt vi CaO va Al2O3 tao ra ferit canxi, alumoferit canxi lam giam nhit kt khi cua clinker va nht pha long. San phm ong rn chm giai oan u, co bn trong mi trng nc, mi trng sulfat cao. Nu tng ham long Fe2O3 th d b an clinker trong lo quay,va d b dnh , gy s c treo lo trong lo ng (khi Fe2O3>5%).

MgO: No la thanh phn co hai trong clinker ximng ging nh CaOt do .Khi nhit 1450oC nu MgO khng lin kt se b gia la tao thanh khoang chu la periclaz co kch thc ln, tr va khng co tnh kt dnh. Qua trnh hyrat co th din ra vai nm, lam san phm khng n nh th tch.Cn khng ch lng MgO 3%, kch thc tinh th > 10 m, tac dung vi nc chm, khi ong rn ximng khng n nh th tch, anh hng n cht lng san phm. Con khi MgO nm trong dung dch rn hoc pha thuy tinh clinker th khng gy anh hng n cht lng san phm. TiO2: Do t set mang vao, no ln trong clinker mt ham lng rt nho

0.3%.Ngi ta nghin cu thy rng nu thay SiO2 bng TiO2 t 4%-5% khng lam anh hng n cht lng san phm ximng. Con nu tng ham lng >5% se lam giam cng c hoc cua ximng.

Mn2O3: No co mt trong clinker khoang 1.5% lam ximng co mau nu hung nhng khng lam anh hing n cht lng clinker. Co th thay th Fe2O3 bng Mn2O3 n 4%, khi nung luyn Mn2O3 se kt hp vi cac xit khac nh: CaO,Al2O3 se tao ra cac khoang 4CaO.Al2O3.Mn2O3 co tnh cht tng t nh C4AF.

P2O5: Trong clinker no chim mt lng khng ln lm 1% - 2% co tac dung lam chm qua trnh ong rn san phm. Hin nay ngi ta co th a P2O5 co ham lng < 1% vao phi liu lam phu gia khoang hoa.

K2O+Na2O: Lun lun co trong clinker v do t set mang vao. Khi nung luyn nhit cao cac xit kim d b bay hi, va mt phn tan trong pha long tao thuy tinh hay tham gia phan ng tao khoang cha kim, nn trong clinker ch con 0.5% - 1%. S co mt xit kim lam tc ong rn kem n nh, tao ra cac vt loang trn b mt san phm. Ham lng kim cho phep trong clinker < 0.5%. Cn nh rng ham lng cac xt kim ln khi bay hi se gy s c thap phn giai: ong tang trong cac cyclon trao i nhit, cac gazoxog lam tr lc cua h thap tng ln sinh ra hin tng di ap rt nguy


13

him. Nht la khi dung cac loai t set cha nhiu kim va nhin liu cha nhiu lu huynh. iu nay co th giai thch nh sau:

R2O + H2SO3 R2SO3 +H2O 2.3 Thanh phn khoang clinker ximng pooclng

Clinker ximng pooclng khng phai la san phm ng nht, no la tp hp cua nhiu khoang khac nhau, cac khoang chnh la: khoang silicat canxi, khoang aluminat canxi, khoang alumoferit canxi, cac khoang chnh trn con goi la khoang alit, blit, cht trung gian hay cht m, ngoai ra con mt s khoang khac. Tng ham lng 4 khoang chnh (C3S, C2S, C3A, C4AF) chim t 95% n 98%.

C3S, C2S Nhom khoang silicat. C3A, C4AF Nhom khoang nong chay. C3A, C4AF va pha thuy tinh goi chung la cht trung gian hay con goi la cht

m. Thanh phn khoang cua clinker xi mng. Bang 2.3

Tn cac khoang iu kin Cng thc K hiu Tricanx silicat (alt) icanxi silicat (blt)

Tricanxialuminat Ttracanxi alumofert

Alumofert canxi Aluminat kim

Sulfat kim Sulfat canxi

Al2O3> Fe2O3Al2O3> Fe2O3Al2O3< Fe2O3

R2O > SO3 R2O < SO3 R2O < SO3

3CaO.SiO2 2 CaO.SiO2 3CaO. Al2O3

CaO. Al2O3. Fe2O3 2CaO(Al2O3, Fe2O3) R2O.8CaO.3 Al2O3

R2SO4 CaSO4

C3S C2S C3A

C4AF C2(A, F) R.C8A3

Alit: Alit la khoang silicat quan trong cua clinker ximng pooclng cho ta cng cao, ong rn nhanh va toa nhiu nhit Trong clinker alit chim 45- 60%, gn y mt s tac gia cho rng alit tinh khit co cng thc hoa hoc 3CaO.SiO2, loa nay iu ch c trong phong th nghim, con trong clinker ximng pooclng trong san xut alit la mt dung dch rn cua C3S va 1 lng nho MgO, Al2O3, P2O5, Cr2O3, ... khoang 2-4%, tuy ham lng cac oxit nay khng ln lm nhng no cung co anh hng n tnh cht va cu truc cua khoang alit. Tuy nhin mt s nha nghin cu xem alit nh mt khoang cht co cng thc: 54CaO.16SiO2.MgO. Al2O3, vit tt la (C54.S16. MA ) . Thanh phn cua khoang cht nay va alit tinh khit khng khac nhau nhiu lm.

Khoang %CaO %SiO2 %Al2O3 %MgO


14

C3S 73,69 26,31 - - C54. S16. MA 73,29 23,27 2,47 0,97

Trong cng thc C54. S16. MA co t l phn t CaO: SiO2:Al2O3 :MgO la 54:16:1:1. Trong o ion Al3+ thay th ion Si4+ theo quan h 4 Al3+ bng 3 Si4+ . Con ion Mg2+ lam nhim vu bu tr in tch hay thay th vao v tr ion Ca2+ .

Alit tinh khit bn trong khoang nhit 1200- 1900 0C, khi nhit thp hn 12000C th alit se phn huy thanh 2CaO. SiO2 va CaO t do, con nhit ln hn 19000C th alit b chay long. Trong thc t nung luyn, clinker c lam lanh nhit 1200- 12500C th C3S co kha nng b phn huy thanh C2S va CaO. Mun tranh hin tng phn huy C3S trn ta ap dung phng phap lam lanh nhanh clinker qua nhit gii han nay. Hn na trong alt co ln mt t xt nhm, xt st chung tao thanh dung dch rn co hoat tnh cao va lam cu truc alt bn vng.

Alit c cu trc dng tm hnh lc gic, mu trng, c khi lng ring 3,15 3,25 g/cm3, c kch thc 10 250 m.

Belit: Belit la khoang chnh th hai trong clinker ximng pooclng, ong rn tng i chm, cng ban u khng cao lm, sau mt thi gian cng phat trin tt hn, bn trong mi trng nc va nc khoang .

Blit cung nh alit la mt dung dch rn cua 2CaO. SiO2 va mt lng khng ln cac xit Al2O3, Fe2O3, Cr2O3, ..vv..khoang 1-3%. Trong clinker ximng pooclng belit chim khoang 20-30% va dang 2CaO. SiO2 vit tt la C2S. Blt co 4 dang thu hnh C2S, C2S, C2S, C2S.

- C2S bn trong khoang nhit t 14250C- 21300C. nhit thp hn 14250C th C2S chuyn thanh C2S. V vy thc t trong clinker ximng pooclng khng tn tai C2S.

- C2S: bn trong khoang 830-14250C, nhit thp hn 8300C trong iu kin lam lanh chm C2S tinh khit se chuyn thanh C2S, nu lam lanh nhanh 6700C th C2S se chuyn thanh C2S. Hin nay ngi ta cung chng minh c C2S tn tai hai dang H va L. S chuyn hoa t H sang L nhit 1160oC.

- C2S: khng bn tt ca cac nhit va d chuyn thanh C2S, c bit 5250C va thp hn, s chuyn hoa t C2S sang C2S va tng 10% th tch nn lam cho khoang v vun thanh bt, goi la hin tng ta clinker anh hng n cht lng san phm. Co th han ch c bng cach lam lanh nhanh clinker khi qua nhit nay hoc a vao phi liu khoang 1-3% phu gia n nh. Co th dung Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, R2O, Cr2O3 ... Thc t thng kt hp ca hai. Do o C2S n nh cu truc n nhit thng.

- C2S: khng co tnh cht kt dnh, khng tac dung vi nc, thc t ch mt s iu kin c bit th C2S mi co tnh cht kt dnh nhng rt yu.


15

Khoang Alit (C54S16AM) Khoang Belit (-C2S)

Cht trung gian: con goi la cht m. Cht trung gian nm gia cac tinh th alit va blit, no la nhng alum pherit canxi, aluminat canxi va pha thuy tinh clinker. Tt ca cac khoang nay khi nung nhit cao se chuyn thanh trang thai long.

Celit: con goi la alum pherit canxi. Celit la dung dch rn cua cac alum pherit canxi co thanh phn khac nhau phu thuc vao thanh phn hoa hoc cua phi liu va iu kin nung luyn v v ...No co th la mt tp hp dung dch rn gm: C8A3F, C6A2F, C4AF, C6AF2, C2F. Trong clinker ximng pooclng thng th khoang alum pherit canxi chu yu la C4AF. Trong clinker C4AF chim 10-18%, la khoang ong rn tng i chm, cho cng khng cao lm nhng bn nc va bn trong mi trng sulphat, C4AF la khoang nng nht trong clinker ximng pooclng, co = 3,77 g/cm3 .

Aluminat canxi: Cung la cht trung gian nm gia alit va blit, trong clinker ximng pooclng co th gp 2 dang la 3CaO.Al2O3 va 12CaO.7Al2O3. Trong clinker thng vi ham lng CaO trong phi liu cao th dang 12CaO.7Al2O3 khng co ma tn tai chu yu la dang 3CaO.Al2O3, vit tt la C3A. C3A co tnh cht kt dnh, ong rn nhanh, toa nhit nhiu, kem bn nc va nc khoang, trong clinker ximng pooclng thng C3A chim 5-15%. Thc t C3A chim < 10%.

Thuy tinh clinker: La cht trung gian trong clinker ximng pooclng, c tao thanh trong qua trnh lam lanh cht long trong clinker, ham lng pha thuy tinh trong clinker chim nhiu hay t phu thuc chu yu vao tc lam lanh cht long trong clinker, pha thuy tinh clinker cha mt lng ln Al2O3, Fe2O3 ngoai ra con mt lng nho CaO, MgO.

Cac khoang cha kim: Trong clinker pooclng dang K2O. 23CaO. 12SiO2


16

no chnh la 2CaO. SiO2 ma thay 1 phn t CaO bng 1 phn t K2O va dang Na2O. 8CaO. 3Al2O3 no chnh la 3CaO. Al2O3 ma thay 1 phn t CaO bng 1 phn t Na2O. Cac khoang nay khng co li v no lam tc ong rn cua ximng khng n nh, b mt san phm co vt loang.

xit canxi t do: Trong clinker ximng pooclng thng tn tai 1 lng CaO

t do, no la nhng hat nho khng mau, ng hng, ch s chit sut la 1.83, ham lng CaO t do trong clinker ch cho phep t 0,5-1%, nu ham lng CaO t do cao se anh hng ti cht lng san phm.

xit Manh: a trnh bay trn. 2.4 Cac h s c ban cua clinker xi mng pooclng KH hay LSF, n, p.

anh gia cht lng clinker, tnh phi liu ngi ta s dung cac h s c ban KH (LSF), n, p da trn c s ham lng ( tnh theo % ) cac xit chnh co trong clinker ximng pooclng. Sau y xet cu th tng h s trn. 2.4.1 Mun thuy hoc

u tin c trng cho thanh phn clinker ngi ta dung mun thuy hoc ( hay thuy lc) ky hiu la m. m la ty s gia lng CaO kt hp vi cac xit acid vi tng ham lng cac xit acid sau khi a kt hp ht vi CaO.

323222 %%)%()%(

OAlOFeSiOSiOCaOCaO

mtdt

tdt

++=

i vi clinker ximng pooclng thng m = 1,7-2,4. 2.4.2 Mun silicat: k hiu la n hay MS hay SR (silicat ratio)

Mun silicat la ty s ham lng xit silic tham gia phan ng vi cac xit khac va tng ham lng xit nhm va xit st co trong clinker.

)%()%(

3232

22

OAlOFeSiOSiO

n tdt +=

Trong clinker ham lng SiO2 t do khng ln lm do o khi tnh toan cho phep s dung cng thc n gian va xem nh: %( SiO2tng -SiO2 t do ) SiO2 tng. Ta co cng thc n gian sau:

)%()%(

3232

2

OFeOAlSiOn +=

Mun silicat trong clinker ximng pooclng con xac nh ty s gia cac khoang silicat va cac khoang nong chay. Vi clinker ximng pooclng thng th n = 1,7 -3,5; mt vai loai ximng khac n 4 hoc n 7.

Nu nng cao n th phi liu kho kt khi khi nung luyn, con trong clinker ham lng cac khoang silicat tng ln va cac khoang nong chay giam xung.


17

Nu giam n xung th cac khoang nong chay trong clinker tng ln, cac khoang silicat giam xung, do o nhit nong chay cua phi liu giam xung. 2.4.3Mun alumin: k hiu la p hay MA hay AR (aluminat ratio). Mun alumin la ty s gia ham lng phn trm xit nhm va xit st co trong clinker.

32

32

%%

OFeOAlp =

Mun alumin con xac nh ty l gia khoang C3A va khoang cha st. i vi ximng pooclng thng p = 1-3. Khi p 0.64 trong clinker ch co khoang C2F.

Nu tng p ln cao th clinker ximng se cha nhiu khoang C3A va t khoang C4AF, ximng se ong rn nhanh, toa nhiu nhit, kem bn nc. Nu giam p xung th clinker se cha nhiu khoang C4AF va t khoang C3A, ximng se ong rn tng i chm, cng khng cao lm nhng bn nc tt hn. 2.4.4 H s bao hoa k hiu KH

Kiun cho rng tnh cht cua ximng cang tt khi tt ca CaO trong clinker ximng tac dung ht vi cac xit khac tao thanh cac khoang chu yu sau: 3CaO. SiO2 ; 3CaO. Al2O3 ; 2CaO. Fe2O3. Ngha la cac khoang nay bao hoa vi cao nht khi p < 0.64. + C3S co t l phi hp trong lng phn t gam gia xit canxi va xit silc la:CaO:SiO2= 2,8:1 + C3A co ti l phi hp trong lng phn t gam gia xit canxi va xt nhm la: CaO:Al2O3=1,65:1 + C2F co ti l phi hp trong lng phn t gam gia xit canxi va xt st la:CaO:Fe2O3 = 0,7:1

Kiun goi clinker nay la clinker ly tng va nh vy cac xit trong clinker ly tng phai thoa man phung trnh sau: CaO=2,8SiO2+1,65Al2O3+0,7Fe2O3. Trong thc t kho san xut c loai clinket ly tng nay v khi nung luyn clinker bao gi cung con 1 lng CaO t do, do o lng CaO kt hp se t hn so vi tng lng CaO co trong clinker ly tng: v vy biu thc trn se vit nh sau: CaO = CH ( 2,8 SiO2 + 1,65 Al2O3 + 0,7 Fe2O3 ) suy ra:

32322 7,065,18,2 OFeOAlSiOCaOCH ++=

CH < 1 y la cng thc tnh toan mc bao hoa vi cua Kin ma mt s nc a s dung tnh phi liu san xut clinker ximng pooclng trc y. Tip sau Kin a lp lun: cac xit trong clinker ximng pooclng nh SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3; khi nung luyn thc t ch co Al2O3, Fe2O3 kt hp va bao hoa vi


18

CaO con SiO2 kt hp khng ht vi CaO, v vy cng thc tnh mc bao hoa cua Kin cha hoan chnh. Sau Kin la Kiun a lp lun rng: trong cac hp cht cha Fe cua clinker ximng pooclng thng khng phai dang C2F ma dang C4AF , v vy trong cng thc trn t l phi hp trong lng phn t gam gia CaO va Fe2O3 nh sau: 4CaO. Al2O3. Fe2O3 = 3CaO. Al2O3 + CaO. Fe2O3 Vy: CaO : Fe2O3 = 0,35 :1. Trong thc t khi nung clinker vn con 1 lng CaO t do va SiO2 t do, t o co: CaOt = KH.2,8 ( SiO2t -SiO2t d ) + CaOt d +1,65 Al2O3 + 0,35 Fe2O3 + 0,7 SO3 Rut ra:

1)(8,2

7,035,065,1)(

22

33232 =

tdt

tdt

SiOSiOSOOFeOAlCaOCaOKH

Trong o: CaOt; SiO2t: tng ham lng xit canxi va xit silic co trong clinker. CaOtd; SiO2td : ham lng xit canxi va xit silic t do trong clinker . n gian dung cng thc:

2

33232

8,27,035,065,1

SiOSOOFeOAlCaO

KH=

trong o: (CaO - 1,65 Al2O3 - 0,35 Fe2O3 -0,7 SO3 ) la tng lng vi con lai trong clinker sau khi tac dung bao hoa Al2O3; Fe2O3; SO3 thanh C3A; C4 AF; CaSO4. 2,8 SiO2 la lng vi cn thit bao hoa hoan toan lng SiO2 thanh C3S. T cng thc trn rut ra nh ngha h s bao hoa:

H s bao hoa la t l gia phn trong lng vi con lai sau khi a hoan toan tac dung vi cac xit Al2O3; Fe2O3; SO3 trong clinker ximng pooclng thanh C3A; C4AF va CaSO4 trn lng vi cn hoan toan bao hoa SiO2 trong clinker ximng pooclng thanh C3S.

Khi tnh toan phi liu san xut clinker ximng pooclng thng dung cng thc n gian sau (xem lng CaOt d va SiO2 t d khng ang k):

2

3232

8,235,065,1

SiOOFeOAlCaOKH =

i vi ximng pooclng thng KH = 0,85 -0,95. + Nu tng KH ln th ham lng khoang alit trong clinker tng ln, ximng co cng cao, ong rn nhanh nhng kho nung luyn v nhit kt khi cao va se giam tui tho gach chu la lot lo. +Nu giam KH xung th ham lng khoang alit trong clinker giam, cht lng ximng giam, nhit kt khi giam, nung luyn d.


19

sn xut xi mng poc lng theo cng ngh l quay phng php kh, cc thng s ch to clinker sn xut PC50 (theo TCVN 4240-2002) theo tng kt ca ti liu cc nc v kinh nghim thc t c th la chn nh sau:

KH = 0,90 - 0,95; n = 2,2 - 2,7; p = 1,0 - 1,7 v khng ch tng hm lng cht chy 1400 0C (L1400oC) trong gii hn 23 n 27%. y: L1400 oC = 2,95 . %Al2O3 + 2,2 . %Fe2O3 + %MgO + %Na2O + %K2O Hin nay mt s nha may lai s dung h s LSF.

CaOt: lng vi tng hay CaO ly thuyt. Gia tri LSF < 100% Nu lng vi t do ang k dung h s FCC

CaOlk : CaO lin kt = CaOly thuyt - CaO t do. CaOlt : CaO ly thuyt = 2.8.SiO2 + 1.18Al2O3 + 0.65Fe2O3. Ngoai ra con s dung cac cng thc thc nghim cua But tnh phi liu. tnh thanh phn khoang cua clinker theo ly thuyt co th da vao thanh phn

hoa hoc cua 4 xt chnh trong clinker hoc theo 3 h s dc trng KH, n, p. Cach tnh theo h s KH c lp: Theo nghin cu cua Kin goi CO la mc hoat tnh: o la s phn t CaO tac dung vi 1 phn t SiO2 , va Nu tt ca CaO phan ng ht tao C3S th h s hoat tnh CO bng 3 ln h s bao hoa vi KH (CO = 3KH.). Nh vy 1% SiO2 tham gia lin kt vi 2.8%CaO se c 3.8%C3S ( a l lum muc 2.4.4), tng t khi CO = 2 th 1% SiO2 tham gia lin kt vi 1.87%CaO se c 2.87%C2S. Do o: %C3S = 3.8S.( CO - 2) = 3.8S.(3KH - 2). %C2S = 2.87S.(3 - CO) = 2.87S.(3- 3KH) = 8.61S.(1- KH). Cach tnh theo 3 h s KH, n, p: Theo cng thc thc nghim cua Kin:

32322 65.018.18.2100.

OFeOAlSiOCaOtLSF ++=

lt

lk

CaOCaO

FCC100.=

SCSCSCSC

KH23

23

3250.18838.0

++=

AFCACSCSCn

43

23

0464.24341.13250.1

++=

6383.01.15.1

4

3 +=AFC

ACp

35.165.2)18.2)(1(100).23)(1.(8.3% 3 ++++

+=pKHpn

KHpnSC

35.165.2)18.2)(1(100).1)(1(6.8% 2 ++++

+=pKHpn

KHpnSC


20

Cach tnh theo ham lng 4 xt chnh CaO, SiO2 , Al2O3 , Fe2O3: Lng CaO co trong C3S bng 73.69% , ( V 3M (CaO)/ M (C3S) = 73.69%) Lng SiO2 co trong C3S bng 26.31% ( V M (SiO2)/ M (C3S) = 26.31% ) Tng t ta tnh lng CaO, SiO2 , Al2O3 , Fe2O3 co trong C2S , C3A , C4AF

Tn cac xt C3S (w) C2S (x) C3A (y) C4AF (z) CaO (a) SiO2 (b) Al2O3 (c) Fe2O3 (d)

0.7369 0.2631

0 0

0.6512 0.3488

0 0

0.6227 0

0.3773 0

0.4616 0

0.2098 0.3286

Ta co cac h phng trnh sau: . a = 0.7369w + 0.6512x + 0.6227y + 0.4616z . b = 0.2631w + 0.3488x . c = 0.3773y +0.2098z . d = 0.3286z Suy ra: C3S = 4.071CaO - 7.6SiO2 - 6.718Al2O3 - 1.430Fe2O3 C2S = 8.602 SiO2 + 5.068 Al2O3 + 1.078 Fe2O3 - 3.071 CaO

C3A = 2.650 Al2O3 - 1.692 Fe2O3 = 2.65(Al2O3 - 0.64 Fe2O3 )

C4AF = 3.043 Fe2O3 nu p > 0.64

C2 (A, F) = 1.1 Al2O3 + 0.7 Fe2O3 nu p < 0.64 khng tao khoang C3A, ma ch tao cac khoang sau: C4AF, C6AF2 , C2F ... Cach tnh ham lng pha long: L = 1.12C3A + 1.35 C4AF. Thc ra, nu cn c vao nhit tao pha long cua cac h nh sau: Bang 2.4 H cua cac cu t Nhit tao pha long ( OC) C - S C - S - A C - S - A - F C - S - A - F - M C - S - A - F - M - R ( R: xt kim)

2065 1458 1338 1300 1280


21

Ham lng cua pha long tnh theo nhit va h s p nh sau: Bang 2.5 Nhit ( OC) Ham lng pha long 1338 p> 1.38: L = 6.1F + M + R2O

p< 1.38: L = 8.5A - 5.22F + M + R2O 1400 L = 2.95A +2.2F + M +R2O 1450 L = 3A + 2.25F + M + R2O Tt cua phi liu (T) = 1.785 CaO + 2.09MgO. CaO va MgO la thanh phn cua phi liu. 2.5 Phn loai clinker ximng da vao thanh phn khoang:

Tnh cht cua clinker ximng phu thuc chu yu vao thanh phn khoang cha trong clinker , da vao nhng khoang chnh ta phn loai clinker thanh 2 loai: Theo t l cac khoang silicat: 3CaO. SiO2 va 2CaO. SiO2. Theo t l cac khoang nong chay: 3CaO. Al2O3 va 4CaO. Al2O3. Fe2O3 Cac khoang chnh trong clinker thng chia thanh 2 nhom:

Nhom khoang Silicat % (C3S + C2S ) 75-82% Nhom khoang nong chay %( C3A +C4AF)

= 25-18%

+ Nu nng cao ham lng khoang nong chay > 25% th khi nung luyn d tao vong an i vi lo quay va dnh thanh lo i vi lo ng, nhit kt khi giam, nhng cng ximng khng cao lm. + Nu giam ham lng khoang nong chay xung < 18% th nhit kt khi cua phi liu phai cao, anh hng ti bn cua lo, nhng cht lng clinker tt. + Cac khoang C3S ; C2S trong nhom khoang silicat hoc C3A, C4AF trong nhom khoang nong chay cung giao ng trong 1 khoang rt rng, 1 vai trng hp c bit co khi ch co 1 loai khoang trong 1 nhom khoang ma thi. Sau y ngi ta phn loai clinker theo tng nhom khoang Phn loai clinker theo nhom khoang silicat.

C3S+ C2S = 75% Tn cua clinker

C3S / C2S KH C3S C2S

Alit > 4 > 0,92 > 60 < 15 Thng 4 -1 0,92 - 0,81 60 - 37,5 15 - 37,5

Blit < 1 < 0,81 < 37,5 > 37,5


22

Phn loai clinker theo nhom khoang nong chay: C3A +C4AF =25% Tn cua

clinker C3A /C4AF P

C3A C4AF Aluminat > 1,5 > 2,3 > 15 < 10 Thng 1,5 - 0,4 2,3 - 1,1 15 - 7 10 - 18

Celit < 0,4 < 1,1 < 7 > 18 Mi quan h gia thanh phn khoang va cac h s c ban KH, n, p, cua clinker. Biu 1: oan AB - ximng alit

oan BC - ximng thng

C

B

A07 5

00 .10 .7 50 .80 .8 50 .90 .9 517 5

6 5

5 5

4 5

3 5

2 5

1 5

5

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

oan CD - ximng blit Khi KH thay i t (1-0,67) th ham lng khoang C2S, C3S, cung thay i. Biu 2 S thay i khoang C3A va C4AF phu thucvao h s

p.0.5 1 1.5

4CaO. Al2O3.Fe2O3

3CaO.Al2O3

2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

P =


23

Biu 3: H s n cang ln th tng ham lng khoan g ( C2S + C3S ) trong clinker cang ln va tng ham lng khoang (C3A va C4AF) trong clinker cang nho.

8020

1.5 2 2.5

10

15

3 3.5 4 4.5 595

90

85

25

30

75

70

2.6 Cac phng phap san xut clinker ximng Pooclng. Qua trnh san xut clinker ximng gm 3 giai oan:

Giai oan 1: Gia cng, ng nht nguyn, nhin liu va chun b phi liu. Giai oan 2: Nung hn hp phi liu thanh clinker va lam lanh clinker. Giai oan 3: Gia cng, u va nghin clinker vi cac phu gia khac.

Co 2 phng phap san xut ximng la phng phap t va phng phap kh, 2 phng phap nay khac nhau chu yu giai oan 1 va giai oan 2. Giai oan 1: Co th gia cng phi liu theo phng phap t hay phng phap kh. Giai oan 2: Co th nung hn hp phi liu trong lo ng hoc trong lo quay. i vi lo ng, khi phi liu dang bt mn va c lam m (10-12)% sau o v vin co ng knh (10-12)mm ri nap va lo: phng phap ban kh.

Vic la chon phng phap san xut phu thuc vao nhiu iu kin ma chu yu la tnh cht c ly, tnh cht hoa hoc cua nguyn liu, iu kin in nng, nhit nng, thit b ..t o ngi ta quyt nh chon phng phap san xut nay hay phng phap san xut khac, nung clinker trong lo ng hay lo quay. Mt s s cng ngh san xut ximng Pooclng: S cng ngh san xut ximng theo phng phap kh lo quay, phi liu vao lo dang bt co m 1%.


24

S DY CHUYN CNG NGH SAN XUT XI MNG THEO PHNG PHAP KH - LO QUAY

S cng ngh cng oan chun b nguyn liu.


25

S cng ngh cng oan nghin phi liu va ngnht.

S cng ngh cng oan chunb nhin liu.


26

S cng ngh nung philiu thanh clinker.


27

S cng ngh nghin clinker ximng

S cng ngh ong bao ximng

S DY CHUYN CNG NGH SAN XUT XI MNG


28

THEO PHNG PHAP T - LO QUAY

X lan

Rc,

Kh nn

My nn kh

Kh nn

w = 5% d =3040mm

vi w = 5% d =150300mm

t st w = 62% lng sng

Ben ngom Ben ngom Kh thi

Qut Phu Phu

Lc bi ti Bng ti xch

My p ba

Bng ti cao su

Gu nng

Bunker cha

Cn bng nh lng

Bng ti xch

My p ba

Bng tai cao su

Gu nng

Bunke cha

Bng ti nh lng

Bng ti cao su

Gu mc

ba B bn

Bm

B nc

Bm

B cha bn

Thu tinh lng

Bm

B tn tr bn Bm

B nc

Gu mc nh lng

Phu

Bng ti cao su

MY NGHIN BI T Nc

B cha

Bm

B ng nht phi liuh h

My nn Kh nn

Sng phn loi Kho Vt ti sn

Phu

Bng ti

1


29

Khng kh

Quat Bc t L NUNG

Lm lnh kiu ng chm

Mng hng Clinker

My p hm

Bng ti xch

Kho Clinker

Cn bng nh lng

MY NGHIN BI NGHIN CLINKER

Ph gia tr nghin

Kho ph gia PUZOLAND w = 5%

Ben ngom

Nc lm mt

Bng ti cao su

Gu nng Bng ti cao su

Gu nng

Bun ke cha

Kho thch cao w = 4%

Ben ngom

Sy, lc

nh lng du

Bn du MO

X lan du

Ben ngom Clinker

Bunke cha Clinker

My p hm

Bng ti cao su

Gu nng

Bun ke cha

My p hm

Bm

Lc bi in

Qut

ng khi

Cn bng nh lng Cn bng nh lng

Xe bn

My nghin bi t

Sng

Phu Phu Phu

1

B cha

nh lng

Bung t ph

Bung lng

Bng ti chung

Phu np liu

Cn

2 3

4


30

Mng trt kh ng

Gu nng

Phn ly hiu sut cao Ht th

Sil cha ximng

Sng rung

Mng trt kh ng

My ng bao

Bng ti cao su

Kho sn phm

Lc bi tay o

Mng tho Xe bn

Ht mn

Bunke cha

Phn ly tnh

Qut

Gu nng

Qut

Loc bi in

Kh thi

Bi

Mng trt kh ng

4 32

ng khi

Qut

Qut

Xi mng cht

Gu nng


31

S DY CHUYN CNG NGH SAN XUT XI MNG THEO PHNG PHAP BAN KH - LO NG

M vi M t st Than ong Bi vi Vn chuyn Vn chuyn Vn chuyn nguyn liu Np vo phu kho Cha ti kho cp kho nh my ng khi Bng ti xch Gia cng th Phu Gia cng th Kh thi Qut Kh thi Qut My kp hm Phu Bng ti cao su Phu Lc bi Lc tnh in My cn trc bi Lc ti bi Bng ti cao su Bng ti Kp hm ti cao su Cyclon Cyclon My p ba My sy Bng ti thng quay Kh thi Gu ti Gu ti Gu ti Ca hai nhnh Lc bi Sil cha vi Sil t st v than Sil ti Sil 1,2 ong nh lng nh lng nh lng nh lng

Bng ti chung

1


32

Phu ng khi My nghin bi Qut Gu ti Ht th Vt ti My phn ly Lc bi dien Vt ti ng khi Gu ti Qut Cc sil bt liu 1,2,3 Lc bi ti Tho liu cnh quay Vt ti Sil bt liu ng nht Tho liu hai trc vt xon Vt ti Gu ti 1 Gu ti 2 Bunke trung gian Vt ti

1

2

5


33

My trn m

My v vin Bng ti cao su Vt ti My ri liu kh thai

ng khi Bi thu hi Quat L nung clinker Bung lng Lc bi xung Ghi quay Qut Kh thai ng tho clinker kh thai Qut Lc bi ti Bng ti xch My kp hm Gu ti Khi thai Bng ti co Quat Sil clinker Loc bui tui

2

3

5


34

Ph gia Thch cao Bi cha Bi cha My kp hm Gu ti Ca hai nhnh Sil cha Sil ph gia Sil clinker thch cao Cn bng Cn bng Cn bng nh lng nh lng nh lng Bng ti chung My nghin bi kh thai Gu ti Qut ht th Vt ti My phn ly ng Lc bi dien ht mn

Xi mng bt

3

4


35

Vt ti Gu ti Vt ti Khi thai

Sil xi mng Loc bui tui Quat

Tho liu cnh quay

Vt ti Khi thai

Vt ti Quat

Gu ti Lc bi ti Sng rung kh thai Vit tai

Bunke Qut My ng bao Lc bi ti

Bng ti cao su

Kho xi mng KCS Xut kho Bang 2.6 Mt s ch tiu kinh t ky thut so sanh gia cac phng phap san xut

Cac ch tiu Lo quay phng phap t Lo quay phng phap khNhit tiu tn cho1 kg

clinker (Kcal / kg ) 1350 - 1600 < 800

in tiu tn cho 1 tn clinker ( KWh /T)

55 79 - 83

Kch thc lo Dai Ngn

4


36

S lng thit b t Nhiu Din tch san xut Ln Nho

ng nht phi liu Tt Tng i tt Cht lng san phm am bao am bao V sinh cng nghip Tt Tt

t mc Phng php kh Ch tiu n v tnh Phng php t

Trc 1990 Sau 1990 Nhit nng Kcal/kg Clinker 1450 -1700 780 - 820 730 in nng kWh/T cement 120 - 130 115 - 125 90 - 100

Gch chu la Kg/T Clinker 2 - 2.5 1 - 1.5 0.5 - 0.8 VL nghin Kg/T cement 1.5 - 2 0.3 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.5

NS lao ng T cement/ngi/nm 200 - 600 1000 - 1500 2500 - 3800 Nng bi mg/m3 kk 100 - 150 50 - 100

C s la chon phng phap san xut: La chon phng phap san xut la mt trong nhng vn quan trong, no anh

hng n cac ch tiu kinh t ky thut cua nha may. Sau y la mt s c s la chon phng phap san xut.

m t nhin cua nguyn liu. Tnh cht ly hoa cua nguyn liu. iu kin nhit nng, in nng. iu kin thit b. iu kin v sinh cng nghip. iu kin din tch san xut va m rng. Khi la chon phng phap san xut cn so sanh cac ch tiu kinh t ky thut vi

nhng nha may co cung nng sut nh nhau, lo co cung nng sut, cung s dung mt loai nhin liu, cung san xut ra mt loai san phm.

La chon phng phap san xut nao cung cn xut phat t hoan canh cu th cua tng nc, tng a phng va nht thit phai at nhng yu cu sau:

- Rut ngn qua trnh san xut, nng cao hiu sut s dung may moc va thit b. - Nng cao san lng va cht lng san phm, ha gia thanh san phm. - Ha ch tiu tiu tn nng lng, nguyn vt liu. - Nng cao trnh c kh hoa, t ng hoa, giam bt lao ng nng nhoc. - am bao v sinh an toan lao ng.

2.7 Nguyn liu, nhin liu san xut clinker ximng.


37

2.7.1 Nguyn liu: Trong thin nhin rt him loai nguyn liu co thanh phn hoa hoc ging thanh phn hoa hoc cua clinker ximng. Noi chung hu ht cac nha may ximng trn th gii u san xut ximng t hn hp phi liu nhn tao.

am bao thanh phn hoa hoc cua clinker ngi ta thng dung hn hp t hai nguyn liu chnh la a vi va t set, ngoai ra con 1 vai nguyn liu phu na nh qung bxt, lactert, qung st, Trepen, iatomit ... 2.7.1.1 a vi.

San xut clinker ximng pooclng ngi ta thng dung cac loai a vi, a phn ... Cac loai a nay thanh phn chu yu cua no la cacbonat canxi, 1 lng nho MgCO3 va mt t tap cht khac. Mun san xut c clinker ximng th a vi phai am bao:

Theo TCVN 6072-1996, vi dng lm nguyn liu sn xut xi mng portland phi tho mn yu cu v hm lng ca cc cht l: CaCO3 85%; MgCO3 5%; K2O + Na2O 1%. Cc nh my xi mng nc ta s dng vi c hm lng CaCO3 = 90 98% (CaO = 48 54%), MgO < 5% v xit kim khng ng k. SiO2 dang quartz cang nho cang tt. 2.7.1.2 t set

La loai nham thach trm tch, o la nhng alumo silicat ngm nc co rt nhiu trong thin nhin. Thanh phn chu yu cua t set la SiO2. , Fe2O3, Al2O3. Ngoai ra trong t set con ln cat, soi, san va cac tap cht hu c. t set san xut clinker cn co thanh phn hoa hoc nh sau:

Theo TCVN 6071-1996, st dng lm nguyn liu sn xut xi mng portland phi c hm lng cc xit trong khong sau: SiO2 = 55 70%, Al2O3 = 10 24%, K2O + Na2O 3%. Cc nh my xi mng nc ta hu ht u s dng st i c hm lng: SiO2=58 66%, Al2O3 = 14 20%, Fe2O3= 5 10 %, K2O+Na2O = 2 2,5%. Ngoi st i, mt s ni c th dng st rung hoc st ph sa. Nhng loi st ny thng c hm lng SiO2 thp hn, Al2O3 v kim cao hn, nn phi c ngun ph gia cao silic b sung SiO2. Vic ny tr nn kh hn khi cn sn xut xi mng yu cu hm lng kim thp. Ph gia iu chnh

Ph gia giu silic: iu chnh m un silicat (n), trong trng hp ngun st ca nh my c SiO2 thp, c th s dng cc loi ph gia cao silic. Cc ph gia thng s dng l cc loi t hoc cao silc c SiO2 > 80%. Ngoi ra, nhng ni khng c ngun t cao silic c th s dng ct mn nhng kh nng nghin mn s kh hn v SiO2 trong ct nm dng quczit kh phn ng hn nn cn phi s dng km theo ph gia khong ho gim nhit nung clinker.


38

Ph gia giu st: iu chnh m un aluminat (p) nhm b sung hm lng Fe2O3 cho phi liu, v hu ht cc loi st u khng c Fe2O3 theo yu cu. Cc loi ph gia cao st thng c s dng nc ta l: X pirit Lm Thao (ph thi ca cng nghip sn xut H2SO4 t qung pyrit st) Fe2O3: 55 68%, qung st ( Thi Nguyn, Thanh Ho, Qung Ninh, Lng Sn) Fe2O3: 65 85% hoc qung Laterit ( cc tnh min Trung, min Nam) cha Fe2O3: 35 50%.

Ph gia giu nhm: Cng dng iu chnh m un aluminat (p) nhm b sung hm lng Al2O3 cho phi liu trong trng hp ngun st ca nh my qu t nhm. Ngun ph gia cao nhm thng l qung bxit ( Lng Sn, Cao Bng, Lm ng) Al2O3: 44 58%. Cng c th s dng cao lanh hoc tro x nhit in lm ph gia b sung nhm, nhng t l dng kh cao v hiu qu kinh t thp.

Ph gia khong ho gim nhit nung clinker nhm tit kim nhin liu v tng kh nng to khong, tng hot tnh ca cc khong clinker, c th s dng thm mt s loi ph gia khong ho nh qung fluorit, cn gi l hunh thch (cha CaF2), qung phosphorit (cha P2O5), qung barit (cha BaSO4), thch cao (cha CaSO4). Cc loi ph gia ny c th dng ring mt loi hoc dng phi hp vi nhau dng ph gia hn hp, khi tc dng khong ho s tt hn. Tuy vy, trong sn xut nu cng s dng nhiu loi nguyn liu v ph gia th cng ngh pha trn phi liu cng phc tp, tn km. 2.7.1.3 Cac loai nguyn liu khac. + Bun nhephelin: ngi ta con goi la bun trng, la ph liu cua nganh san xut nhm, thanh phn hoa hoc nm gia clinker va x lo cao.

SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO xit kim 25 - 30% 2 -5% 3 -5% 50 - 58% 1,5 - 3%

Dung bun nhephelin san xut clinker ximng rt co li. Ch cn b sung vao phi liu 15% -20% a vi hoc vi nung, khi nung luyn tiu tn t nhit va nng sut lo cao nhc im la ham lng kim cao. + X lo cao: X lo cao la ph liu cua nganh san xut gang, thanh phn hoa hoc gn ging thanh phn clinker ximng ch khac nhau v ham lng.

SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO MnO 28-38% 8-24% 40-50% 1-18% 1-3%

X lo cao co th dung lam phu gia san xut ximng hoc dung lam nguyn liu san xut clinker ximng, thay th mt phn t set. 2.7.2 Nhin liu san xut clinker ximng. + Nhin liu dung cho lo quay .


39

Nhin liu dung cho lo quay la nhin liu rn, long, kh. Mun am bao nng sut lo cao cn cung cp y u nhin liu cho lo at c nhit yu cu, mun vy th nhin liu cn phai am bao: - Cung cp nhiu nhit cho lo. - Nhin liu phai chay hoan toan vi lng khng kh d nho nht. - Dung khng kh nong a vao tng iu kin chay. La chon nhin liu cho lo quay cn chu y 3 yu cu chnh: - Nhit tr thp. - Ham lng tro va cht bc, ham lng lu huynh. - Kinh t.

Trong cac loai nhin liu trn th nhin liu kh s dung cho lo quay la tt nht, v no co nhit nng cao, khng co tro ln vao clinker va d t ng qua trnh t chay. Thc t khng s dung nhin liu kh v no gop phn nng cao gia thanh san phm. Sau y xet cu th tng loai nhin liu. 2.7.2.1 Nhin liu rn: Nhin liu rn dung san xut clinker ximng la than a. Yu cu nhin liu rn dung cho lo quay la: than phai co cht bc cao, ngon la dai, tro nhin liu t, thng ngi ta s dung loai than co: Nhit tr thp 5500 Kcal/ kg Cht bc = (15 - 30)% Ham lng tro = (10 - 20)% Ham lng lu huynh < 1%. Nu co 1 loai than at yu cu ky thut trn th tt, nu khng th phai phi hp 2 hay nhiu loai than co 1 loai hn hp than mn am bao yu cu ky thut trn. Than dung cho lo quay la phai sy kh nghin mn, mn yu cu con trn sang 4900 l /cm2 la 8-12%, m cua than mn la W 3%. mn cua than con phu thuc vao ham lng tro va cht bc. Thng th than co tro t, cht bc nhiu, nghin th hn than co tro nhiu cht bc t.

S dng than lm nhin liu phc tp hn du hoc kh v than phi c nghin tht mn v c phun vo l. Mt khc, lng tro than cn li sau khi chy cng tham gia vo phn ng to khong clinker nn khi tnh phi liu phi coi n nh 1 cu t.

i vi cng ngh sn xut xi mng bng l quay phng php kh, cn s dng loi than c hm lng tro t, nhit lng cao v hm lng lu hunh cng thp cng tt. Hin nay hu ht cc nh my u quy nh ch s dng than cm c cht lng tt, v d nn dng than cm Hn Gai c mc cht lng t 3C- HG tr ln (c s nhit tr phn kh Qk > 6500 kcal/kg, hm lng tro Ak < 20%, cht bc kh trung bnh Vk 6 - 8%, lu hunh Sk < 0,8%). 2.7.2.2 Nhin liu kh thin nhin.


40

Kh thin nhin c khai thac t di cac lp t su, no la nhng hp cht cua cac loai cacbuahydro hu han khac nhau, chu yu la kh mtan, ngoai ra con 1 s kh khac nh: tan, propan, butan, pentan va 1 lng nho kh CO2, N2 .

u im cua kh thin nhin dung cho lo quay nung clinker la d t ng hoa, clinker khng b ln tro nhin liu, trc khi s dung khng cn qua giai oan gia cng ,lng loc, gan. Bang 2.7 Thanh phn va tnh cht cua 1 s kh thin nhin bang sau

THANH PHN KH KH Gii han nTT CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 CO2 N2 H2S

Qpn Kcal

T Trong Thp Cao

1 93,2 4,4 0,8 0,6 0,3 0,1 0,8 - 8550 0,800 5 14 2 85,0 3,1 1,0 0,4 0,1 0,1 9,4 - 7970 0,804 5 15 3 98,0 0,3 0,1 0,1 - 0,3 1,2 - 8950 0,800 5 14 4 77,7 4,5 1,7 0,8 0,6 0,2 13,5 1 8080 0,889 - - 5 51,0 6,0 8,0 4,0 0,3 0,7 30,0 - 8230 1,108 - -

2.7.2.3 Nhin liu long. Nhin liu long c s dung i vi lo quay dang mazut. Mazut thu c t san phm sau khi a chng ct du mo. Mazut cung la 1 loai nhin liu tt dung cho lo quay nung clinker.

u im cua mazut la t tap cht, ham lng tro rt nho khoang 0,1-0,3%, m 1-4% , nhit nng kha cao thng la > 8000 Kcal/kg, mazut c phn loai da vao ham lng lu huynh.

Mazut t lu huynh : Sptng 0,5% Mazut lu huynh trung bnh : Sptng =0,5-1% Mazut nhiu lu huynh : Sptng = 1-3%

Ngi ta con phn loai mazut theo mac da vao nht va nhit . Mazut co trong lng ring t 1 - 1,06g/cm3, trong mazut co cha 1 s cht khng hoa tan, trc khi phun mazut vao lo cn qua qua trnh gia cng sau:

t nong mazut chu yu giam nht, vn chuyn trong ng ng va phun c d dang va a vao thit b gan loc loai bo tap cht tranh tc ng va bm.

Tuy nhin vic s dung nhin liu long la mazut cung co nhng nhc im: + Khng thun tin khi vn chuyn, rot va cha ng bao quan. + Khi bao quan ham lng tap cht c hoc tng ln rt cao, co khi ti 2,5% , m co th tng ln 5 - 10% va hn. c trng cua 1 s mazut bang 2.8 sau:


41

Bang 2.8 MAC CUA MAZUT CAC THNG S

20 40 60 80 100 nht 800C tnh theo 2,5-5 5 - 8 8 - 11 11 - 13 13 - 15,5

Nhit ng c 0C +5 +10 +15 +20 +25 iu kin bc chay trong mi

trng h 0C 80 100 110 120 125

Trong lng ring 0C 0,961 0,992 1,010 1,058 0,962 Trong lng ring 1000C 0,905 0,938 0,962 1,018 0,900

H s dn nhit Kcal/m.h0C 700C

- - 0,112 - -

Nhit dung Kcal/kg 0C - 0,45 - 0,49 0,45 - 0,49 0,45 - 0,49 0,45- 0,49Thanh phn cua mt s nhin liu long bang sau.

THANH PHN NGUYN T Mac cua nhin liu long

CP HP SP SP+OP AP WP QPH

Mazut mac 20 87,2 11,7 0,5 0,6 0,1 2,0 9650 Mazut mac 40 87,4 11,2 0,5 0,9 0,2 3,0 9420 Mazut mac 60 87,6 10,7 0,7 1,0 0,2 3,0 9320

Mazut mac 80 -100 87,6 10,5 0,9 1,0 0,3 4,0 9240 + Nhin liu dung cho lo ng: Co th dung c ca nhin liu kh, long, rn, nhng ph bin va thun li nht la dung nhin liu rn . Nhin liu rn dung cho lo ng co yu cu ky thut sau:

Ham lng cht bc nho 3 - 6% Nhit tr thp khoang 5500 - 7000 Kcal/kg Ham lng tro < 15%

Nhin liu rn co th nghin chung vi phi liu ri tao vin ( i than trong) hoc nap vao lo 1 lp than, 1 lp phi liu khi san xut clinker mau (i than ngoai). 2.7 Chun b, gia cng va ng nht s b nguyn, nhin liu.

Vic chun b nguyn liu va hn hp phi liu san xut clinker ximng pooclng la mt khu quan trong, no anh hng trc tip n cht lng san phm. Mun cht lng san phm tt cn am bao nhng yu cu sau:

am bao u thanh phn hoa hoc. am bao mn cn thit. am bao ng nht cao. am bao m thch hp. am bao hnh dang va kch thc vin phi liu.


42

Chun b nguyn vt liu phai qua cac giai oan sau. Khai thac va vn chuyn nguyn liu Khai thac va vn chuyn a vi:

Mo a vi hu ht la l thin v vy vic khai thac d dang thun li, trc khi khai thac cn chu y loai bo nhng va a lmi va tap cht. Ngi ta thng khai thac a bng phng phap khoan n mn. Sau o dung may xuc xuc ln t, xe goong , tau hoa a v nha may, cung co trng hp p s b tai cng trng ri mi chuyn v nha may bng thit b vn chuyn. Vn chuyn nguyn liu v nha may co th dung nhiu phng tin va thit b khac nhau, phu thuc chu yu vao nng sut nha may, khoang cach t cng trng khai thac v nha may. Khai thac va vn chuyn t set Trc khi khai thac cn loai bo nhng lp t mau, mun soi . . . mo t set co th la l thin hoc ngm di nc, ngi ta co th dung tau cuc, may xuc khai thac ri chuyn ln t, tau hoa a v nha may. i vi nha may xi mng san xut theo phng phap t dung thit b khai thac t set bng c kh thuy lc la nng sut cao va hin ai nht, tc la dung may phun nc co ap sut ln phun vao cac va t set, bin t set thanh bun long, co m 60 - 70%, sau o dung bm, bm bun vao ng ng dn v nha may. Phng phap khai thac t set bng c kh thuy lc ch ap dung vi nha may ximng nng sut cao, t set loai mm, ti. Gia cng s b nguyn liu. Gia cng a vi: a vi la nguyn liu rn, c chuyn v nha may t cng trng khai thac, a thng co kch thc 600 - 800mm, do o cn c gia cng s b bng may p ham n kch thc 60 - 80mm, sau o a vao may p bua. a ra khoi may bua co kch thc 5 - 25mm, c a vao ket cha hoc sil. Hay s dung may p bua2 truc ch p 1ln co kch thc (20-25)mm. Gia cng t set: t set la loai nguyn liu mm co th qua may can truc, ri a vao ket cha, nu t set co m thp; ri a vao may nghin bi nghin chung vi a, nc ( nu san xut theo phng phap t ) hoc a vao may sy nghin lin hp phi liu ( nu san xut theo phng phap kh). Nu t set co m cao th sau khi qua may can truc c a vao b ba bun, bun ra khoi b ba bun co m 60 - 70% c a vao b cha ri vao may nghin bi nghin chung vi a.


43

CNG ON GIA CNG S B V VN CHUYN VI VO

KHO CHA

111 - TRAM P A VI

Vn chuyn ti kho ng nht

Trong :

111-AC1: Cp liu tm

111- HP1: Phu cp liu

111-CA1: Palang in n ray

111-BF1: Lc bi tnh in

111-FN1: Qut ht

111-BW1: Cn bng nh lng

111-BC1: Bng ti cao su

111-VF1: Cp liu rung.

111-CR1: My p xung lc kiu thanh

111-FG1: Van quay kn kh


44

Hnh 4.3. Cu to my p xung lc kiu thanh

1- B l xo iu chnh tm phn hi

2- Tm phn hi

3- Tang quay (rto)

4- Thanh p

CNG ON GIA CNG V VN CHUYN T ST

113 - TRAM P SET

Vn chuyn ti kho ng nht

113 01 HP1 - Phu cp liu, 113 02 AC1 - Bng ti tm, 113 02 SP1 Xch co liu


45

113 03 CR1 - My cn t st, 113 05 BW1 - Cn bng nh lng, 113 04 BC1

Bng ti cao su, 113 06 RF1 - Van quay kn kh, 113 06 FN1 - Qut, 113 06 BF1

Lc bi tnh in, 113 CA1 - Palang in n ray.

H nh 4.7. Cu to my cn p hai trc c rng

1- Thn my

2- cn p

3- Trc cn p

4- Rng trn trc cn

Sy nguyn nhin liu: Khi san xut ximng theo phng phap kh, nu nguyn liu, nhin liu co m t nhin cao cn phai sy n m at yu cu trc khi vao may nghin, cung co th sy nghin lin hp.

Yu cu ky thut cua nguyn liu trc khi vao may nghin: Tn nguyn liu (%) m t nhin (%) m vao may

a vi 3 - 7% < 2% t set 5 - 25% < 2%

X lo cao 15 - 25% < 2% Than 10 - 15% < 2 - 3%


46

ng nht s b nguyn liu ( tin ng nht ). Ch gii thiu vai phng phap hay s dung trong cng nghip san xut xi mng.

Phng phap Chevron

Cac lp vt liu c t bi chuyn ng i i, lai lai cua thit b cht ng trn mt lung vt liu cho n khi chiu cao tran cua ng tam giac at c. Sau o vt liu c lam v theo nhng lat ngang cua ng nh cac thit b lam v tac dung mt. y la phng phap cht ng thng thng i vi cac ng liu dai cac thit b lam v b mt. c ng dung rng rai trong cac nha may ximng.

anh ng

Hnh 2.2.Phng phap cht ng chervon

2

1

1- Cn ri liu, 2 Cu rt liu


47

Kho trn ng nht vi

1- Cu rt liu

2- ng dn liu trung tm

3 - Cn ri liu

Xch cao thao a vi trong kho tron ng nht. 1thit b v mt 2.xch cao liu


48


49

- Phng phap Windrow

c im cua phng phap nay la cac lp vt c cht ng song song trn toan b b rng ng liu. Cac lp vt liu c phn theo cac ng chiu doc, canh vi canh va trn co mt lp khac. C nh vy cho n khi vt liu tran ng at c. Phng phap cht ng nay mun lam v vt liu thng dung cac may co

tacdungmt.

anh

ng

lam v

Hnh 2.3.Phng phap cht ng Windrow

2.8 Tnh phi liu san xut clinker ximng pooclng Phi liu san xut clinker ximng pooclng i t nhiu phng phap tnh khac nhau: + Phng phap toan hoc da vao h s c ban KH, n, p, va thanh phn hoa hoc cua nguyn liu. + Phng phap th. + Phng phap hiu chnh v.v . . .

Trong giao trnh nay gii thiu tnh phi liu theo phng phap toan hoc tng i ph bin va kha chnh xac so vi cac phng phap khac. Con cac phng phap khac gii thiu tham khao.

Muc ch cua vic tnh phi liu la xac nh t l pha trn gia cac cu t khi nung luyn co clinker cht lng ung yu cu. C s tnh phi liu cua phng phap nay la cac h s c ban KH, n, p va thanh phn hoa hoc cua cac cu t nguyn liu a c phn tch. 2.8.1 Nguyn tc tnh toan: 2.8.1.1 Chon s h s T yu cu cht lng xi mng, ta da vao thc t chon ham lng cac khoang va dung cng thc thc nghim cu But tnh cac h s c ban KH, n, p.


50

S cac cu t nguyn liu bao gi cung ln hn s cac h s a la chon. V du : s cac cu t la n th s cac h s la ( n -1) cu th nh sau: + Nu tnh phi liu 2 cu t th s dung 1 h s c ban la KH. + Nu tnh phi liu 3 cu t th s dung 2 h s c ban la KH va p hoc KH va n. + Nu tnh phi liu 4 cu t th s dung ca 3 h s c ban la KH, n, p. 2.8.1.2 Chon cac cu t phu. + Trng hp tnh phi liu 2 cu t th bao gi cung s dung 2 nguyn liu chnh la a vi va t set. + Trng hp tnh phi liu 3 cu t th ngoai 2 nguyn liu chnh la a vi va t set ra con 1 nguyn liu phu na la qung st (nu 2 cu t chnh co ham lng xit st nho ) la Trepen hay iatomit ... nu 2 cu t chnh co ham lng xit Silic nho ) + Trnh hp tnh phi liu 4 cu t th ngoai 2 nguyn liu chnh la a vi va t set con dung 2 nguyn liu phu na la qung st va Trepen hay iatomit, cat ... nu cac cu t chnh co ham lng xit st va xit Silc nho. + Khi tnh toan giai cac phng trnh toan hoc, mi cu t nguyn liu chim 1 t l nht nh ( phn trm hoc phn trong lng ), nu 1 trong 2 cu t phu khi giai ra co gia tr 0, th loai tr ngay cu t phu o, xem nh bai tnh phi liu khng cn cu t th 3 hoc th 4. 2.8.1.3 Tro nhin liu.

Tro nhin liu ln vao clinker ximng pooclng phu thuc vao phng phap san xut, loai lo, kch thc lo... + i vi phng phap t lo quay: - Nu L/D = 30 - 50 ln co mc xch trao i nhit th tro ln vao clinker la 100%. - Nu L/D < 30 ln co xch trao i nhit th tro ln vao la 80%, khng co xch trao i nhit th th tro ln vao clinker 50%. - Vi lo quay co thit b c c bun ( bc hi m ) cua bun th tro ln vao la 70%. + i vi phng phap kh lo quay. - Loai khng co thit b tn dung nhit kh thai, tro ln vao clinker la 30 - 40%. - Co thit b tn dung nhit kh thai, tro ln vao clinker la 100% - Lng tro nhin liu ln vao clinker ximng c xac nh theo cng thc sau:

(%)100.100.. nAPq =

Trong o: P: Lng nhin liu tiu tn ring ( % ) va P = q / Q thp (kg nhin liu/kg clinker) A: Ham lng tro co trong nhin liu ( % ) n : lng tro ln vao clinker so vi tng ham lng tro trong nhin liu, phu thuc vao loai lo, phng phap san xut.


51

Chu y: lo ng i than ngoai th n = 70-80%.vd: san xut xi mng trng. d dang trong khi tnh toan quy nh 1 s ky hiu nh sau:

CU T SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO Cu t 1 S1 A1 F1 C1 Cu t 2 S2 A2 F2 C2 Cu t 3 S3 A3 F3 C3 Cu t 4 S4 A4 F4 C4

Hn hp phi liu S0 A0 F0 C0 Clinker S A F C

2.8.2 Trnh t tnh toan. Bc 1: Cn c vao cht lng xi mng da vao thc t chon ham lng bn khoang cho hp l va tng cua chung lun nho hn 100%. Sau o dung cng thc thc nghim cua But tnh KH, n, p. Bc 2: Thanh phn hoa hoc cua cac nguyn liu cn tnh toan a phn tch, nu tng thanh phn hoa hoc cha u 100% hay ln hn 100% phai quy i v 100%. - Nu tnh phi liu khng co tro nhin liu th sau khi quy i v 100% la bt u tnh theo cng thc hng dn. - Nu bai tnh phi liu co tro nhin liu ln vao, sau khi quy i v 100% lai tip tuc chuyn t nguyn liu cha nung sang bang thanh phn hoa hoc cua nguyn liu a nung tin vic tnh toan ( ngha la tr i mt khi nung: MKN ) Bc 3: n nh s h s c ban KH, n, p, ( da vao yu cu bai tnh phi liu co my cu t ma chon s cac h s). Bc 4: Thit lp cac phng trnh va tin hanh tnh theo cac cng thc hng dn. Bc 5: Giai h phng trnh tm t l % cua cac cu t chnh, phu. Tnh thanh phn % cac xt co trong phi liu, trong clinker, ham lng cac khoang chnh, lng pha long trong clinker va tt phi liu. Bc 6:Tnh xong phai kim tra lai cac h s a n nh ban u nh KH, n, p, ham lng cac khoang chnh co sai s trong gii han quy nh (< 1%). 2.8.3 Tin hanh tnh vi cac h cu th. 2.8.3.1 H 2 cu t khng ln tro nhin liu. - Thanh phn hoa hoc cua cac nguyn liu quy v 100% . Chon s cac h s c ban va n nh cac h s o, tnh phi liu 2 cu t, chon 1 h s c ban la KH. Thit lp cac phng trnh.


52

C 1 phn trong lng cu t th 2 cn phi hp x0 phn trong lng cu t th 1 ta se co cac biu thc sau

10210

0 ++=

xCCx

C (1)

10210

0 ++=

xSSxS (2)

10210

0 ++=

xAAx

A (3)

10210

0 ++=

xFFx

F (4)

0

000

8,2)35,065,1(

SFAC

KH+= (5)

Thay gia tr C0, S0, A0,F0 phng trnh (1,2,3,4) vao phng trinh (5) va giai ta co: Cu t 1

x0 = Cu t 2 =

(2,8S2KH + 1,65A2+0,35F2) - C2/ C1 - (2,8S1KH + 1,65A1 + 0,35F1)

- Kt qua: x0 phn trong lng cu t 1/ 1 phn trong lng cu t 2 - i ra % ta co:

% cu t 1 = 10010

0 +xx (%)

% cu t 2 = 1001

1

0

+x (%)

Kim tra lai h s KH, n, p nu sai s cho phep th c. Tnh thanh phn khoang, lng pha long trong clinker va tt phi liu. Thanh phn khoang clinker. % C3S = 3,8 (3KH -2 ) S %C2S = 8,6 ( 1 - KH ) S Ham lng khoang nong chay co th tnh theo cng thc:

+ Khi p = 64,032

32 OFeOAl

%C4AF = 3,04F %C3A = 2,65( A - 0,64F ) + Khi p = 64,0

32

32 OFeOAl

%C4AF = 4,77A %C2F = 1,7 ( F - 1,57A ) + Ham lng (%) CaSO4 tnh nh sau: % CaSO4 = 1,70SO3 + Lng pha long trong clinker :


53

L= 1,12 C3A + 1,35C4AF + Tt cua phi liu : T = 1,785C + 2,09 MgO 2.8.3.2 H 3 cu t khng ln tro. + Quy i thanh phn hoa hoc cua nguyn liu v 100%. + n nh cac h s KH, n hoc KH, p. + Thit lp cac phng trnh tnh toan: C 1 phn trong lng cu t th 3 cn phi hp vi x0 phn trong lng cu t th 1va y0 phn trong lng cu t th 2 th ta co cac biu thc sau:

10032010

0 ++++=

yxCCyCx

C (7)

10032010

0 ++++=

yxFFyFx

F (8)

10032010

0 ++++=

yxSSySx

S (9)

10032010

0 ++++=

yxAAyAx

A (10)

0

0

00

0

0

000

8,235,065,1

FAp

FASn

SFACKH

=+=

=

(12)

Thay cac tr s cua C0, F0, A0, S0, phng trnh (7,8 ,9,10) vao (11,12) hoc (11,13) se co : x0[(2,8S1KH + 1,65A1+ 0,35F1) - C1] + y0[(2,8S2KH + 1,65A2+ 0,35F2) - C2] = C3- (2,8S3KH + 1,65A3 + 0,35F3) (14) Va x0[n(A1 + F1) - S1] + y0[n(A2 + F2) - S2] = S3 - n(A3 + F3) (15) Hay x0(pF1 - A1) + y0(pF2 - A2) = A3 - pF3 (15) t : a1 = (2,8KHS1 + 1,65A1 + 0,35F1) - C1 b1 = (2,8KHS2 + 1,65A2 + 0,35F2 ) - C2 c1 = C3 - (2,8KHS3 + 1,65A3 + 0,35F3) a2 = n(A1 + F1) - S1


54

b2 = n(A2 + F2 ) - S2 c2 = S3 - n(A3 + F3) hay a2 = pF1 - A1 b2 = pF2 - A2 c2 = A3 - pF3 Thay a1; a2; b1; b2; c1; c2; vao phng trnh (14,15) co h phng trnh bc nht 2 n s: a1x0 + b1y0 = c1 a2x0 + b2y0 = c2 (16) Giai h phng trnh (16) ta co x0, y0, tnh ra phn trong lng

1221

12210 baba

bcbcx = ( phn trong lng )

1221

12210 baba

cacay = ( phn trong lng )

i x0, y0, ra (%) ta co :

% cu t 1 = 1

100

00

0

++yx

x (%)

% cu t 2 = 1

100

00

0

++yx

y (%)

% cu t 3 =1

1001

00 ++yx

(%)

+ Kim tra lai cac h s KH,n ,p . +Tnh thanh phn khoang , lng pha long trong clinker, tt phi liu nh bai tnh h 2 cu t trn. 2.8.3.3 H 4 cu t + Quy i thanh phn hoa hoc cua nguyn liu v 100%. + n nh cac h s c ban KH, n, p. + Thit lp cac phng trnh tnh toan : C 1 phn trong lng cu t th 4 cn phi hp vi x0 phn trong lng cu t th 1 va y0 phn trong lng cu t th 2 va z0 phn trong lng cu t th 3 , ta se co cac phng trnh tnh toan sau: C0 = 1000

4302010

++++++

zyxCCzCyCx (17)

S0 = 10004302010

++++++

zyxSSzSySx (18)


55

A0 = 10004302010

++++++

zyxAAzAyAx (19)

F0 = 10004302010

++++++

zyxFFzFyFx (20)

KH=0

000

8,2)35,065,1(

SFAC + (21)

0

0

00

0

FA

p

FAS

n

=+= (22)

Thay tr s cua A0; F0; S0; C0 phng trnh (17, 18, 19, 20) vao (21) ta co: x0[(2,8KHS1 + 1,65A1 + 0,35F1) - C1] + y0[(2,8KHS2 + 1,65A2 + 0,35F2) - C2] + z0[(2,8KHS3 + 1,65A3 + 0,35F3) - C3] = C4(2,8KHS4 +1,65A4 +0,35F4 (24) Thay tr s cua S0,A0, F0 phng trnh (18, 19, 20) vao phng trnh (22) ta co: x0[n(A1 + F1) - S1] +y0[n(A2 + F2) - S2 ] + z0[n(A3 + F3) - S3]= S4 -n(A4+F4) (25) Thay tr s A0, F0 phng trnh (19,20) vao (23) ta co: x0(pF1 - A1) + y0(pF2 - A2) + z0(pF3 - A3) = A4 - pF4 (26) t: a1 = (2,8KHS1 + 1,65A1 + 0,35F1) - C1 b1 = (2,8KHS2 + 1,65A2 + 0,35F2 ) - C2 c1 = (2,8KHS3 +1,65A3 + 0,35F3 ) - C3 d1 = C4 - (2,8KHS4 + 1,65A4 + 0,35F4 a2 = n(A1 + F1) - S1 a3 = pF1 - A1 b2 = n(A2 + F2) - S2 b3 = pF2 - A2 c2 = n(A3 +F3) - S3 c3 = pF3 - A3 d2 = S4 - n(A4 + F4) d3 = A4 - pF4 Ta co h 3 phng trnh bc nht 3 n s. a1x0 + b1y0 + c1z0 = d1 a2x0 + b2y0 + c2z0 = d2 (27) a3x0 + b3y0 + c3z0 = d3 Giai h phng trnh (27) ta co:

Ddbdbadbdbadbdbaz

Dcdcdacdcdacdcday

Dcbcbdcbcbdcbcbdx

)()()(

)()()(

)()()(

1221313312233210

1221313312233210

1221313312233210

+=

+=

+=

(phn trong lng)


56

Trong o : D = a1(b2c3 - b3c2) - a2(b1c3 - b3c1) + a3(b1c2 - b2c1) i x0, y0, z0, ra phn trm ta co:

% cu t 1 = (%)1

100

000

0

+++

zyxx

% cu t 2 = (%)1

100

000 +++

zyxyo

% cu t 3 = (%)1

100

000

0

=++

zyxz

% cu t 4 = (%)1

1001

000 +++

zyx

+ Kim tra lai cac h s KH, n, p. + Tnh thanh phn khoang va lng pha long clinker , tnh tt phi liu nh bai h 2 cu t trn . 2.8.3.4 H hai, ba, cu t co ln tro. + Quy i thanh phn hoa hoc cua nguyn liu va tro nhin liu v 100%. +i thanh phn hoa hoc cua nguyn liu cha nung v a nung ( tr i MKN). + n nh cac h s c ban. + Xac nh ham lng tro ln vao clinker theo cng thc (%)

100.100.. nAPq = (28)

+ Tnh phi liu h 2 cu t ln tro: C 100 phn clinker ( hay phi liu a nung ) th co : x phn trm cu t 1 a nung. y phn trm cu t 2 a nung. q phn trm tro nhin liu ln vao. Ta thit lp c phng trnh: x + y + q = 100 (29) Co cac biu thc sau:

qyxqCyCxC

C ++++= 321 (30)

qyxqSySxSS ++

++= 321 (31)

qyxqAyAxAA ++

++= 321 (32)

qyxqFyFxFF ++

++= 321 (33)

SFACKH

8,2)35,065,1( += (34)


57

Thay C, S, A, F phng trnh (30, 31, 32, 33) vao (34) va giai ra ta co phng trnh bc nht 2 n s. a1x + b1y = c1 (35) Trong o: a1 = (2,8KHS1 + 1,65A1 + 0,35F1) - C1 b1 = (2,8KHS2 + 1,65A2 + 0,35F2) - C2 c1 = [C3 - (2,8KHS3 + 1,65A3 + 0,35F3)] q T phng trnh (29), (35) co h phng trnh bc nht 2 n s: a1x + b1y = C1 x+ y = 100 - q (36) Trong o: a2 = b2 = 1 c2 = 100 - q

(%)1221

1221

bababcbcx

= (36a)

(%)1221

1221

babacacay

= (36b)

Gia tr(%) x, y la nguyn liu a nung, cn phai chuyn v dang nguyn liu cha nung.

xMKNxx

)(100100.

0 = (phn trong lng ) (36.c)

yMKNyy

)(100100.

0 = (phn trong lng ) (36.d)

Trong o: (MKN)x; (MKN)y la lng mt khi nung cua cu t 1 va 2 . i x0, y0, ra phn trm

)(%

00

00 yx

xx += (phn trong lng ) [%]

)(%

00

00 yx

yy += ( phn trong lng ) [%]

Kim tra cac h s c ban KH, n, p. Tnh thanh phn khoang, ham lng pha long cua clinker va tt phi liu nh cac h khng tro trn. Tnh phi liu h 3 cu t co ln tro C 100 phn clinker (hay phi liu a nung ) th co: x phn cu t th nht a nung. y phn cu t th hai a nung. z phn cu t th ba a nung.


58

q phn tro nhin liu ln vao. T o thit lp c phng trnh : x + y + z + q = 100 (37) Co cac biu sau:

qzyxqCzCyCxC

C ++++++= 4321 (38)

qzyxqAzAyAxAA +++

+++= 4321 (39)

qzyxqSzSySxSS +++

+++= 4321 (40)

qzyxqFzFyFxFF +++

+++= 4321 (41)

SFACKH

8,2)35,065,1( += (42)

FASn += (43)

hay

FAp = (44)

Thay tr s C, A, F, S, (38, 39, 40, 41) vao (42, 43) . Co h 2 phng trnh bc nht 3 n s. a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 (45) T phng trnh (37, 45) co h 3 phng trnh bc nht 3 n s . a1x + b1y + c1z = 100 - q a2x +b2y + c2z = d2 (46) a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 Trong o: a1 = b1 = c1 = 1 d1= 100 - q a2 = (2,8KHS1 + 1,65A1 + 0,35F1) - C1 b2 = (2,8KHS2 + 1,65A2 + 0,35F2) - C2 c2 = (2,8KHS3 + 1,65A3 + 0,35F3) - C3 d2 = [ C4 - (2,8KHS4 + 1,65A4 + 0,35F4) ]q a3 = n (A1 + F1 ) - S1 b3 = n (A2 + F2 ) - S2 c3 = n (A3 + F3 ) - S3 d3 = q[S4 - n(A4 + F4)] Giai h phng trnh (46) ta co:


59

Dbddbadbdbadbdbaz

Dcdcdacdcdacdcday

Dcbcbdcbcbdcbcbdx

)()()(

)()()(

)()()(

212131331223321

122131331223321

122131331223321

+=

+=

+=

[%]

Trong o: D = a1(b2c3 - b3c2 ) - a2(b1c3 - b3c1) + a3( b1c2 - b2c1) Chuyn x, y, z, v dang nguyn liu cha nung nh bai 2 cu t co ln tro trn. Kim tra cac h s c ban nh cac bai trn. Tnh thanh phn khoang, lng pha long cua clinker va tt phi liu nh cac bai trn. 2.8.3.5 Mt s v du Bai 1:

TNH BAI PHI LIU H HAI CU T KHNG LN TRO

Chon thanh phn khoang C3S: (45 60)% C3A : (5 15)%

C2S : (18 30)% C4AF : (10 18)% Lp bang

C3S C2S C3A C4AF TNG 56.000 23.000 7.000 12.400 98.400

Quy i v 100%

%C3S %C2S %C3A %C4AF TNG 56.911 23.374 7.114 12.602 100

Cac h s c ban nh sau

KH n P 0.850.95 1.73.5 13

Tnh cac h s c ban theo cng thc thc nghim cua But nh sau:

=++=

SCSCSCSCKH

23

23

*3250.1*8838.0 0.883

=++=

AFCACSCSCn

43

23

*0464.2*4341.1*3250.1 2.442

=+= 6383.0*1501.14

3

AFCACp 1.288


60

BANG1 Thanh phn hoa cua nguyn liu cha nung

Ng.liu SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO MKN TNG a vi 7.84 1.66 1.05 49.09 0.92 40.03 100.59 set 60.00 16.00 14.00 0.13 0.80 7.17 98.10

Quy i v 100% v cac h s chuyn i nh sau:

a vi K1 = 0.994 t set K2 =1.019

BANG 2 Thanh phn hoa cua nguyn liu cha nung quy v 100%

Ng.liu SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO MKN TNG a vi 7.79 1.65 1.04 48.80 0.92 39.80 100.00 set 61.16 16.31 14.27 0.13 0.82 7.31 100.00

Goi X la phn trong lng cua cu t 1(A VI) Theo quan h c 1 phn cu t 2 (T SET ) kt hp vi X phn cu t 1 T quan h trn ta xac nh c:

=++++==

)*35.0*65.1**8.2()*35.0*65.1**8.2(

21

1111

2222

FAKHSCCFAKHS

CTuCTuX 6.920

% cac cu t trong clinker %A VI =(X*100)/(X+1) = 87.374% %TSET =(1*100)/(X+1) = 12.626% TNG = 100.000%

Kim tra sai s cac h s a chon Tnh theo phn trm (%) cua cac cu t trong clinker BANG 3 Thanh phn hoa hoc cua phi liu

Ng.liu SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO MKN TNG a vi 6.810 1.442 0.912 42.640 0.799 34.770 87.374 tset 7.723 2.059 1.802 0.017 0.103 0.923 12.626

phi liu 14.533 3.501 2.714 42.657 0.902 35.693 100.000clinker 22.599 5.444 4.221 66.333 1.403 0.000 100.000

Ki = 100/(100-MKN) =1.555

H s bao hoa: =+=S

FACKH8.2

)35.065.1( 0.883

H s KH xac nh theo ly thuyt phu hp vi cng thc thc nghim cua But Kim tra h s silicat, alumin


61

Mun alumin ==FAp 1.290

Sai s =p 0.186% Mun silicat =+= )( FA

Sn 2.338

Sai s =n 4.240% Cac khoang chnh va ham lng pha long trong clinker

C3S=3.8*(3*KH-2)*S =55.733% Sai s = SC3 2.070%

C2S =8.6*(1-KH)*S =22.739 Sai s = SC2 2.717%

C3A = 2.65(A-0.64*F) =7.269% Sai s = AC3 2.183% C4AF = 3.04*F =12.830% Sai s = AFC4 1.813% Tng thanh phn % cua 4 khoang chnh trong clinker

TNG = %C3S + %C2S + %C3A + %C4AF = 98.571% Cac khoang khac = (100 - TNG) =1.429% Ham lng pha long

L = 1.12C3A + 1.35C4AF = 25.463 Tt phi liu T = 1.785*C0 + 2.09*M0 =78.028 Gii han : T = 79 1, L = (25 30)% Bai 2

BAI TNH PHI LIU 3 CU T KHNG LN TRO

Cung tng t nh bai tnh phi liu 2 cu t khng ln tro than ma y ch thm mt cu t phu v du la a ong b sung thm xt st. BANG 1 Thanh phn hoa cua nguyn liu cha nung

Ng.liu SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO MKN TNGa vi 0.79 0.85 0.54 53.40 0.45 42.40 98.43 t set 63.34 15.44 5.56 5.33 0.07 10.11 99.85 a ong 13.20 5.10 70.45 1.50 0.65 3.20 94.10

Quy i v 100% vi cac h s chuyn i nh sau: a vi K1 =1.016 t set K2 =1.002


62

a ong K3 =1.063 BANG 2 Thanh phn hoa cua nguyn liu cha nung quy v 100%

Ng.liu SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO MKN TNG

a vi 0.80 0.86 0.55 54.25 0.46 43.08 100.00tset 63.44 15.46 5.57 5.34 0.07 10.13 100.00

a ong 14.03 5.42 74.87 1.59 0.69 3.40 100.00

Tng t nh bai tnh phi liu 2 cu t ta chon cac thanh phn khoang

KH n p 0.85 0.95 1.7 3.5 1 3

Thanh phn khoang

C3S C2S C3A C4AF TNG 56.300 19.500 9.650 12.900 98.350

Quy i v 100%

%C3S %C2S %C3A %C4AF TNG

57.245 19.827 9.812 13.116 100.000 Tnh cac h s c ban theo cng thc thc nghim cua But nh sau:

=++=

SCSCSCSCKH

23

23

*3250.1*8838.0 0.895

=++=

AFCACSCSCn

43

23

*0464.2*4341.1*3250.1 2.041

=+= 6383.0*1501.14

3

AFCACp 1.499

Thit lp phng trnh tnh toan phi liu X phn trong lng cu t 1 (a vi) Y phn trong lng cu t 2 (t set) Z phn trong lng cu t 3 (a ong).

Theo quan h: c 1 phn cu t 3 co x va y phn cu t 1 va 2


63

Bang ky hiu cac xit Ng.liu SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO a vi S1 A1 F1 C1 M1 t set S2 A2 F2 C2 M2 a ong S3 A3 F3 C3 M3 Clinker S0 A0 F0 C0 M0

Phi liu S A F C M T a co cac biu thc tnh sau

C0 =( x.C1+y.C2+C3)/ (x+y+1) (a)

So = (x.S1+ y.S2+S3)/(x+y+1) (b)

Ao =(x.A1 + y.A2+A3)/(x+y+1) (c)

Fo = (x.F1+ y.F2+F3)/(x+y+1) (d)

KH = Co-((1,65.Ao+0,35F0)) / (2,8.So) (e)

p = A0/ F0 (f)

Thay cac gia tr phng trnh (a,b,c,d) vao phng trnh (e) va (f) ta co h : x [(2,8.S1.KH+1,65A1+0,35F1) - C1] + y [(2,8.S2.KH+1,65A2+0,35F2) - C2]= =C3 - (2,8.S3.KH+1,65A3+0,35F3) x(p.F1 -A1) + y(p.F2-A2) = A3- p.F3 t : a 1= (2,8.S1.KH+1,65A1+0,35F1)- C1 = -50.623

b1 = (2,8.S2.KH+1,65A2+0,35F2)-C2 = 181.142 c1 = C3 - (2,8.S3.KH+1,65A3+0,35F3) = 68.715

a2 = pF1-A1 = - 0.041

b2 = p.F2-A2 = -7.118 c2 = A3-p.F3 = -106.780

thay cac h s trn vao phng trnh (g) va (h) ta co h phng trnh bc nht 2 n: a1.X+b1.Y = c1 a2.X+b2.Y =c2

Dung nh thc Cramer giai h: -50.623 181.142

= -0.041 -7.118

= 367.849


64

68.715 181.142 x =

-106.780 -7.118

x=18853.080 y = -50.623 68.715

-0.041 -106.780

y = 5408.349 x = x/ = 51.252PTL y = y/ = 14.703PTL z = 1.000PTL

i x , y, z ra % cac cht: t set, a vi, a ong trong phi liu: %a vi= x.100/(x+y+z) = 76.547% %t set = y.100/(x+y+z) = 21.959% %a ong = 100 / (x+y+z) = 1.494% Tng = 100.000%

BANG 3 BANG THANH PHN HOA CUA PHI LIU VA CLINKER

Ng.liu SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO MKN TNGa vi 0.61 0.66 0.42 41.53 0.35 32.97 76.55 tset 13.93 3.40 1.22 1.17 0.02 2.22 21.96 ong 0.21 0.08 1.12 0.02 0.01 0.05 1.49

phi liu 14.75 4.14 2.76 42.72 0.38 35.25 100.00Clinker 22.79 6.39 4.26 65.98 0.58 100.00

Tinh kim tra cac h s :

KH = (C0-1.65.A0-0.35.F0)/2.8.S0 = 0.886 KH = 1.071% (Thoa man)

n = S0/(A0+F0) = 2.139

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