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Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

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Page 1: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary

Glacial/Interglacial cycles

Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future

GEOL 3100

Page 2: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

Effects of the Ice Ages on air and ocean temperatures

• What is the response time of the atmosphere to forcing?

• What is the response time of the surface ocean to forcing?

• What would provide good geologic records of atmospheric and surface ocean temperatures?– Fossils! Pollen and foraminifera

Page 3: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100
Page 4: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100
Page 5: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100
Page 6: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

What are the possible proxies that provide the records on the graphs?

Ice volume: oxygen isotopes in benthic foraminifera

Sea surface temperatures: faunal distributions of planktic foraminifera, Mg/Ca ratios in planktic foraminifera, alkenones (specific organic compounds) in coccolithiphores

How well do the records match?

Page 7: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

Data can be compared with models to better understand effects of large ice sheets on land and water temperatures

Page 8: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

What should the climate be like in Europe during a glacial period in terms of temperature and precipitiation?

COOL AND DRY

What type of plants would thrive in such conditions?

GRASSES

What kind of vegetation dominates (or should dominate) Europe today?

TREES

What should the pollen record from Europe look like?

Page 9: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

Model output supporting evidence for cooler glacial period temperatures in continental Europe

Page 10: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

Trends in glacial-interglacial pacing

• There are important shifts over the last 2.75 million years in the dominance of different orbital cycles over the glacial cycles

• As background to this discussion:– How has the intensity of the glacial cycles

changed over the last 2.75 million years?– When did the shift to the most intense

glaciations occur?

Page 11: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

What information is contained in this graph?

1) Long term cooling trend

-before 2.75 Ma, what is cooling?

2) 2.75 – 0.9 Ma: 41 ka and 23 ka cycle present, 41 ka dominates

3) 0.9 – 0 Ma: Increased swings in climate, 100 ka cycle dominates

Page 12: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

What are rapid deglacial events called?

Glacial terminations

Based on the graph, form a hypothesis for what is driving glacial terminations?

Test your hypothesis

Page 13: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

We observe glacial terminationsrecorded not only by benthicforaminifera, but also by otherproxies

Glacial terminations are global phenomena – see them in evidence from both hemispheres

Page 14: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

Where does the 100 ka cycle come from?

• The Earth cooling past a threshold value?– If cools enough, just the peaks that are

approximately 100 ka apart would cause interglacials (Fig. 11-15)

• Spacing between interglacials would then be in increments of 23ka (92 ka or 115 ka)

• Actual spacing between last five terminations is 116 ka, 117 ka, 94 ka, and 84 ka.

– Definitely plausible, but not confirmed• Problem – response to insolation forcing is not

linear

Page 15: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

Where does the 100 ka cycle come from?

• Ice interactions with bedrock?– Isostacy one potential mechanism

• Models in the 80’s and 90’s showed that if you modeled the growth and decay of ice sheets and included the isostatic response time of the lithosphere (tens of thousands of years both before and after ice growth and decay), a 100 ka cycle emerged

• Ruddiman doesn’t give this much attention• The modelers currently working on this subject

don’t agree

Page 16: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

The role of basal sliding of ice sheets?

Page 17: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100
Page 18: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

Where does the 100 ka cycle come from?

• Basal sliding?– When ice sheets move over soil/soft rock

covered areas, they stay thin and potentially more fast moving because they can slide

– When ice sheets move over bedrock, there is more friction and they can get much thicker and slower moving

• Support? The glacial debris deposited before ~1 ma in the North Atlantic dominated by ancient soils and after ~1 ma dominated by bedrock

Page 19: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

The Last Glacial Maximum

• ~ 20 ka ago

• A great part of Earth’s climate record to do Data-Model comparisons– Why?

• Models of LGM have different boundary conditions– Ice sheets– CO2 level

Page 20: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

Prediction of models:Split Jet Stream,Clockwise winds aroundice sheets

Page 21: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

Data from CLIMAP(Climate Mapping and Prediction Project, startedin the 70’s) support the model results

Page 22: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100
Page 23: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100
Page 24: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100
Page 25: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100

US Southwest at LGM

• Where does the modern sub-polar jet come onshore in N. America?

• Where did it come onshore according to model predictions during the LGM?

• How would this affect the climate of the southwest? Of the Pacific northwest?

Page 26: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100
Page 27: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100
Page 28: Characterizing and understanding the Quaternary Glacial/Interglacial cycles Earth’s Climate and Environment: Past, Present, and Future GEOL 3100
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