100
CHARACTER POLARITY CHARACTER STATE EVOLUTION --- CHARACTER STATE DIRECTION --- DETERMINED VIA FOSSIL RECORD CHARACTER POLARITY +

CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    4

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CHARACTER

POLARITY

CHARACTER STATE EVOLUTION

---

CHARACTER STATE DIRECTION

---

DETERMINED VIA FOSSIL RECORD

CHARACTER

POLARITY

+

Page 2: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CHARACTER

POLARITY

DETERMINED VIA

FOSSIL RECORD

EG

Page 3: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CHARACTER

POLARITY

!!!DO NOT COPY!!!

EG

+

Page 4: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CHARACTER

POLARITY

!!!DO NOT COPY!!!

EXAMPLE

FLOWER SYMMETRY

Page 5: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

ZYGOMORPHIC ACTINOMORPHIC

EXAMPLE

FLOWER SYMMETRY

Page 6: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

ZYGOMORPHIC ACTINOMORPHIC

^

EXAMPLE

FLOWER SYMMETRY

Page 7: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

EXAMPLE

FLOWER SYMMETRY

Page 8: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

EXAMPLE

FLOWER SYMMETRY

Page 9: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

FLOWER SYMMETRY

CHARACTER POLARITY

DETERMINED VIA

FOSSIL RECORD

Page 10: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

EXAMPLE

FLOWER SYMMETRY

M

FLOWER SYMMETRY

CHARACTER POLARITY

DETERMINED VIA FOSSIL RECORD

+

Page 11: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +

PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -

PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -

PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -

PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -

DATA MATRIX

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

^

MUST DETERMINE CHARACTER POLARITY OF ALL CHARACTERS

Page 12: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CLASSICAL

PHYLOGENTIC

DENDROGRAM

P

Page 13: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PHYLOGRAM

Page 14: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PHYLOGRAM

DENDROGRAM

GENERATED FREE-STYLE VIA:

DATA MATRIX

&

CHARACTER POLARITIES

PHYLOGRAM

DENDROGRAM

>

Page 15: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PHYLOGRAM

DENDROGRAM

GENERATED FREE-STYLE VIA:

DATA MATRIX

&

CHARACTER POLARITIES

PHYLOGRAM

DENDROGRAM

>

Page 16: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PHYLOGRAM

TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A

+++++

++++

+++

++

+

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

GENERATED

FREE-STYLEDATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

+

A

Page 17: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON-A

PHYLOGRAM

TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A

+++++

++++

+++

++

+

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

EVOLVED CH-1

Page 18: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON-A

PHYLOGRAM

TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A

+++++

++++

+++

++

+

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

EVOLVED CH-1

B

Page 19: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON-B

PLT-TAXON-A

PHYLOGRAM

TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A

+++++

++++

+++

++

+

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

EVOLVED CH-1

EVOLVED CH-2

Page 20: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON-B

PLT-TAXON-A

PHYLOGRAM

TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A

+++++

++++

+++

++

+

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

EVOLVED CH-1

EVOLVED CH-2

C

Page 21: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON-B

PLT-TAXON-C

PLT-TAXON-A

PHYLOGRAM

TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A

+++++

++++

+++

++

+

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

EVOLVED CH-1

EVOLVED CH-2

EVOLVED CH-3

Page 22: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON-B

PLT-TAXON-C

PLT-TAXON-A

PHYLOGRAM

TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A

+++++

++++

+++

++

+

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

EVOLVED CH-1

EVOLVED CH-2

EVOLVED CH-3

D

Page 23: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON-B

PLT-TAXON-C

PLT-TAXON-A

PHYLOGRAM

TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A

+++++

++++

+++

++

+

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

PLT-TAXON-D

DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

EVOLVED CH-1

EVOLVED CH-2

EVOLVED CH-3

EVOLVED CH-4

Page 24: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON-B

PLT-TAXON-C

PLT-TAXON-A

PHYLOGRAM

TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A

+++++

++++

+++

++

+

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

PLT-TAXON-D

DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

EVOLVED CH-1

EVOLVED CH-2

EVOLVED CH-3

EVOLVED CH-4

E

Page 25: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON-B

PLT-TAXON-DPLT-TAXON-E

PLT-TAXON-A

PHYLOGRAM

TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A

+++++

++++

+++

++

+

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

PLT-TAXON-C

DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

^

EVOLVED CH-2

EVOLVED CH-3

EVOLVED CH-1

EVOLVED CH-4EVOLVED CH-5

Page 26: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CLASSICAL

PHYLOGENETIC

CLASSIFICATION

DISADVANTAGES

P

Page 27: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON-B

PLT-TAXON-DPLT-TAXON-E

PLT-TAXON-A

PHYLOGRAM

TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A

+++++

++++

+++

++

+

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

PLT-TAXON-C

DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

EVOLVED CH-2

EVOLVED CH-3

EVOLVED CH-1

EVOLVED CH-4EVOLVED CH-5

PHYLOGRAM

GENERATED FROM FEW

SUBJECTIVE SALIENT

CHARACTERS

P

Page 28: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON-B

PLT-TAXON-DPLT-TAXON-E

PLT-TAXON-A

TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A

+++++

++++

+++

++

+

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

PLT-TAXON-C

DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

EVOLVED CH-2

EVOLVED CH-3

EVOLVED CH-1

EVOLVED CH-4EVOLVED CH-5

N

PHYLOGRAM

HIGHLY SUBJECTIVE

PHYLOGRAM

Page 29: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON-B

PLT-TAXON-DPLT-TAXON-E

PLT-TAXON-A

TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A

+++++

++++

+++

++

+

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

PLT-TAXON-C

DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

EVOLVED CH-2

EVOLVED CH-3

EVOLVED CH-1

EVOLVED CH-4EVOLVED CH-5

M

PHYLOGRAMDATA MATRIX

NOT PUBLISHED

+

Page 30: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +

PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -

PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -

PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -

PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -

DATA MATRIX

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

N

+

Page 31: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +

PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -

PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -

PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -

PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -

DATA MATRIX

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

C

DATA MATRIX

NOT PUBLISHED

WITH PHYLOGRAM

Page 32: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON-B

PLT-TAXON-DPLT-TAXON-E

PLT-TAXON-A

TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A

+++++

++++

+++

++

+

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

PLT-TAXON-C

DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

EVOLVED CH-2

EVOLVED CH-3

EVOLVED CH-1

EVOLVED CH-4EVOLVED CH-5

PHYLOGRAMCHARACTER

POLARITIES

NOT PUBLISHED

+

M

Page 33: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

WOODY HERBACEOUS

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT

ALTERNATE OPPOSITE

PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

PRIMITIVE PLT ADVANCED PLT

N

DATA MATRIX

CHARACTER

POLARITIES

Page 34: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

WOODY HERBACEOUS

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT

ALTERNATE OPPOSITE

PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

PRIMITIVE PLT ADVANCED PLT

P

DATA MATRIX

CHARACTER

POLARITIESCHARACTER

POLARITIES

NOT PUBLISHED

WITH PHYLOGRAM

Page 35: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON-B

PLT-TAXON-DPLT-TAXON-E

PLT-TAXON-A

TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A

+++++

++++

+++

++

+

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

PLT-TAXON-C

DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

EVOLVED CH-2

EVOLVED CH-3

EVOLVED CH-1

EVOLVED CH-4EVOLVED CH-5

>PHYLOGRAMPHYLOGRAM

NOT

DEBATE CONDUSIVE

Page 36: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CLASSICAL

PHYLOGENETIC

CLASSIFICATION

NOT DEBATE

CONDUSIVE

!

?

Page 37: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +

PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -

PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -

PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -

PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -

DATA MATRIX

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

DATA MATRIX

NOT PUBLISHED

WITH PHYLOGRAM

!

+

Page 38: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

WOODY HERBACEOUS

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT

ALTERNATE OPPOSITE

PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

PRIMITIVE PLT ADVANCED PLT

>DATA MATRIX

CHARACTER

POLARITIESCHARACTER

POLARITIES

NOT PUBLISHED

WITH PHYLOGRAM

Page 39: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

THE PHYLOGRAM

IS CORRECT

BECAUSE

“I SAY IT IS”

^

Page 40: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CLADISTIC

PHYLOGENETIC

CLASSIFICATION

C

Page 41: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CLADISTIC

PHYLOGENETIC

CLASSIFICATION

Page 42: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CONTEMPORARY PHYLOGENETIC METHOD

CLADISTIC PHYLOGENETIC

CLASSIFICATION

CLADISTIC PHYLOGENETIC

CLASSIFICATION

+

Page 43: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CONTEMPORARY PHYLOGENETIC METHOD

---

PRACTISED SINCE COMPUTERS

CLADISTIC PHYLOGENETIC

CLASSIFICATION

CLADISTIC PHYLOGENETIC

CLASSIFICATION

+

Page 44: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CONTEMPORARY PHYLOGENETIC METHOD

---

PRACTISED SINCE COMPUTERS

---

MORE OBJECTIVE THAN CLASSICAL

CLADISTIC PHYLOGENETIC

CLASSIFICATION

CLADISTIC PHYLOGENETIC

CLASSIFICATION

^

Page 45: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CLADISTIC

TERMS

C

Page 46: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CLADE

Page 47: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PHYLOGENETICALLY RELATED TAXA

CLADE

CLADE

P

Page 48: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLESIOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

Page 49: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

NON-DERIVED CHARACTER STATE

PLESIOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

PLESIOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

+

Page 50: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

NON-DERIVED CHARACTER STATE

---

PRIMITIVE CHARACTER STATE

PLESIOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

PLESIOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

A

Page 51: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

APOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

Page 52: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

DERIVED CHARACTER STATE

APOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

APOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

+

Page 53: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

DERIVED CHARACTER STATE

---

ADVANCED CHARACTER STATE

APOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

APOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

S

Page 54: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

SYMPLESIOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

Page 55: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

SHARED

PLESIOMORPHIC

CHARACTER STATE

SYMPLESIOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

SYMPLESIOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

S

Page 56: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

SYNAPOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

Page 57: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

SHARED

SYNAPOMORPHIC

CHARACTER STATE

SYMPLESIOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

SYMPLESIOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

A

Page 58: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

AUTAPOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

Page 59: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

DIAGNOSTIC

APOMORPHIC

CHARACTER STATE

AUTAPOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

AUTAPOMORPHIC

CHARACTER

STATE

I

Page 60: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

IN-GROUP

Page 61: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PRIMARY STUDY GROUP

CLADISTIC

IN-GROUP

CLADISTIC

IN-GROUP

+

Page 62: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PRIMARY STUDY GROUP

CONSIDERED DESCENDANT TO OUT-GROUP

CLADISTIC

IN-GROUP

CLADISTIC

IN-GROUP

+

Page 63: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PRIMARY STUDY GROUP

CONSIDERED DESCENDANT TO OUT-GROUP

SUGGESTED VIA FOSSIL RECORD

CLADISTIC

IN-GROUP

CLADISTIC

IN-GROUP

+

Page 64: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PRIMARY STUDY GROUP

CONSIDERED DESCENDANT TO OUT-GROUP

SUGGESTED VIA FOSSIL RECORD

BEARS APOMORPHIC CHARACTER STATES

CLADISTIC

IN-GROUP

CLADISTIC

IN-GROUP

+

Page 65: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PRIMARY STUDY GROUP

CONSIDERED DESCENDANT TO OUT-GROUP

SUGGESTED VIA FOSSIL RECORD

BEARS APOMORPHIC CHARACTER STATES

COMPARED WITH OUT-GROUP

CLADISTIC

IN-GROUP

CLADISTIC

IN-GROUP

O

Page 66: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

OUT-GROUP

Page 67: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

SECONDARY STUDY GROUP

CLADISTIC

OUT-GROUP

CLADISTIC

OUT-GROUP

+

Page 68: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

SECONDARY STUDY GROUP

CONSIDERED ANCESTRAL TO IN-GROUP

CLADISTIC

OUT-GROUP

CLADISTIC

OUT-GROUP

+

Page 69: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

SECONDARY STUDY GROUP

CONSIDERED ANCESTRAL TO IN-GROUP

SUGGESTED VIA FOSSIL RECORD

CLADISTIC

OUT-GROUP

CLADISTIC

OUT-GROUP

+

Page 70: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

SECONDARY STUDY GROUP

CONSIDERED ANCESTRAL TO IN-GROUP

SUGGESTED VIA FOSSIL RECORD

BEARS PLEISIOMORPHIC CHARACTER STATES

CLADISTIC

OUT-GROUP

CLADISTIC

OUT-GROUP

+

Page 71: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

SECONDARY STUDY GROUP

CONSIDERED ANCESTRAL TO IN-GROUP

SUGGESTED VIA FOSSIL RECORD

BEARS PLEISIOMORPHIC CHARACTER STATES

COMPARED WITH IN-GROUP

CLADISTIC

OUT-GROUP

CLADISTIC

OUT-GROUP

^

Page 72: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

DATA MATRIX

S

M

Page 73: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +

PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -

PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -

PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -

PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -

DATA MATRIX

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

SELECT MANY SALIENT PHYLOGENTIC CHARACTERS

S

Page 74: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +

PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -

PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -

PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -

PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -

DATA MATRIX

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

LESS SUBJECTIVE CHARACTER BIAS

M

Page 75: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +

PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -

PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -

PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -

PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -

DATA MATRIX

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

BECAUSE MANY SALIENT CHARACTERS ARE USED

M

Page 76: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +

PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -

PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -

PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -

PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -

DATA MATRIX

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

^

MUST DETERMINE CORRECT CHARACTER POLARITY

Page 77: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CHARACTER

POLARITY

C

Page 78: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CHARACTER

POLARITY

!!!DO NOT COPY!!!

EG

+

Page 79: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CHARACTER

POLARITY

!!!DO NOT COPY!!!

EXAMPLE

FLOWER SYMMETRY

Page 80: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

EXAMPLE

FLOWER SYMMETRY

FLOWER SYMMETRY

CHARACTER POLARITY

DETERMINED VIA FOSSIL RECORD

Page 81: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

EXAMPLE

FLOWER SYMMETRY

>

FLOWER SYMMETRY

CHARACTER POLARITY

DETERMINED VIA FOSSIL RECORD

Page 82: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

WOODY HERBACEOUS

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT

ALTERNATE OPPOSITE

PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

PRIMITIVE ADVANCED

+

DATA MATRIX

CHARACTER

POLARITIES

Page 83: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

WOODY HERBACEOUS

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT

ALTERNATE OPPOSITE

PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

PRIMITIVE ADVANCED

+

DATA MATRIX

CHARACTER

POLARITIES

Page 84: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

WOODY HERBACEOUS

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT

ALTERNATE OPPOSITE

PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

PRIMITIVE ADVANCED

+

DATA MATRIX

CHARACTER

POLARITIES

Page 85: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

WOODY HERBACEOUS

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT

ALTERNATE OPPOSITE

PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

PRIMITIVE ADVANCED

+

DATA MATRIX

CHARACTER

POLARITIES

Page 86: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

WOODY HERBACEOUS

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT

ALTERNATE OPPOSITE

PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

PRIMITIVE ADVANCED

P

DATA MATRIX

CHARACTER

POLARITIES

Page 87: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

WOODY HERBACEOUS

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT

ALTERNATE OPPOSITE

PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

PRIMITIVE ADVANCED

N

DATA MATRIX

CHARACTER

POLARITIES

Page 88: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

WOODY HERBACEOUS

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT

ALTERNATE OPPOSITE

PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

NON-DERIVED ADVANCED

P

DATA MATRIX

CHARACTER

POLARITIES

Page 89: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

WOODY HERBACEOUS

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT

ALTERNATE OPPOSITE

PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

PLESIOMORPHIC ADVANCED

D

DATA MATRIX

CHARACTER

POLARITIES

Page 90: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

WOODY HERBACEOUS

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT

ALTERNATE OPPOSITE

PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

PLESIOMORPHIC DERIVED

A

DATA MATRIX

CHARACTER

POLARITIES

Page 91: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

WOODY HERBACEOUS

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT

ALTERNATE OPPOSITE

PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY

ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC

PLESIOMORPHIC APOMORPHIC

M

DATA MATRIX

CHARACTER

POLARITIES

+

Page 92: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +

PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -

PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -

PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -

PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -

DATA MATRIX

+ = CHARACTER PRESENT

^

MUST DETERMINE CHARACTER POLARITY OF ALL CHARACTERS

Page 93: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CLADISTIC

PHYLOGENTIC

DENDROGRAM

C

Page 94: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CLADOGRAM

Page 95: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CLADOGRAM

DENDROGRAM

COMPUTER GENERATED VIA:

CLADOGRAM

DENDROGRAM

+

Page 96: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CLADOGRAM

DENDROGRAM

COMPUTER GENERATED VIA:

DATA MATRIX

&

CHARACTER POLARITIES

CLADOGRAM

DENDROGRAM

+

Page 97: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CLADOGRAM

DENDROGRAM

COMPUTER GENERATED VIA:

DATA MATRIX

&

CHARACTER POLARITIES

CLADOGRAM

DENDROGRAM

+

Page 98: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

CLADOGRAM

DENDROGRAM

USING

APOMORPHIC CHARACTERS

CLADOGRAM

DENDROGRAM

>

!

Page 99: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

SPECIES CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A

+ + + + ++ + + ++++

++

+

COMPUTER

GENERATEDDATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

O

CLADOGRAM

Page 100: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy

SPECIES CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5

TAXON-E

TAXON-D

TAXON-C

TAXON-B

TAXON-A OUT-GROUP

+ + + + ++ + + ++++

++

+

COMPUTER

GENERATEDDATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY

I

CLADOGRAM