Julia Campbell • University of Nebraska at Kearney

Chapters 6 & 7

Purpose of Patrol

Deter crime by maintaining visible police presence

Maintain public order and a sense of security in the community

24 hour provision of services that are not crime related

4 Patrol Activities

Preventive patrol

Calls for service

Administrative duties

Officer-initiated activities

Investigations

Reactive rather than proactive

Job of detectives

Aggressive strategies = going undercover and working with confidential informants.

Prostitution Sting

Cambridge_KansasCity_Experiment

Police Strategies – What Works?

Police Strategies – What Works?

Response time to 911 calls

Incident-driven policing

Response time as a benchmark of efficiency

Differential response

“Cold” calls versus “hot” calls

Location intelligence

General vs. Directed Patrol

General patrol:

relies on officers to monitor

a certain area to detecting

crimes in progress or

preventing crimes due to

their presence.

Also called preventive

patrol, or random patrol.

Directed patrol:

is designed to respond to a

specific criminal activity at a

specific time.

Targeted areas are labeled

hot spots.

Kansas City Experiment

The Kansas City Random Preventive Patrol

Experiment: Control beats – same car patrol

Proactive beats – more car patrol

Reactive beats – no car patrol

Interpreting the Kansas City Experiment: Questioning the effectiveness of random patrol –

Lawrence Sherman – hot spots – foot patrol

Reactive and Proactive Arrest

Reactive Arrests:

Arrests that come about

as part of the ordinary

routine of police patrol

and calls for service .

Proactive Arrests:

Arrests that occur when

police take the initiative

to target a particular

type of criminal

behavior.

Broken WindowsBroken Windows Theory (Wilson & Kelling):

Destroyed neighborhood = criminal activity is tolerated

Target quality-of-life crimes = reclaim neighborhood

Based on order maintenance of neighborhoods

Problem Oriented Policing

Examine long-term implications –examines all elements of a crime –focused on prevention – Herman Goldstein

Elements of Problem Oriented

Policing

Scan – examine circumstances of crime(s)

Analysis – break down causes of crime

Response – do something sensible

Assessment – measure results

1. Patrolman Smith, a white man, frequently hears his fellow officers (all white men) make degrading remarks about various minority groups and women while they are away from the public and in the station. When the other officers make these remarks Smith ignores them.

2. Patrolman Lawrence, eats at a donut shop each day with his partner, a more senior officer, despite the fact that he is overweight and doesn’t actually want to eat there.

3. Patrolman Wilson likes to brag about how he is extra rough with arrestees who give him a hard time. He enjoys handcuffing them really tightly and shoving them into his squad car. His fellow officers seem to think his stories are hilarious.

Police Subculture

The values and perceptions that are shared by members of a police department. These values permeate agencies and are taught to new officers through a process of socialization.

Accepting Police Subculture Attending a recruit academy

Working with a senior officer who passes on the lessons of police work and life

First felony arrest

Using force to make an arrest for the first time

Witnessing major traumatic incidents for the first time

Blue Curtain

The Blue Curtain, aka the “blue wall of silence”

Police cynicism

Physical and mental dangers associated with police work Guns and crashes

Chronic stress

Health issues

Use of Force

Force = authority

Goal of force – use only for a credible threat – level of force should match threat

Garner v. Tennessee (1985) –unconstitutional to use force w/out threat

Less deadly force

Pepper Spray, rubber bullets, tasers – still violent

Baton

don't tase me, bro

don't tase me - what happened

Plain View Doctrine

1. What are the three elements needed in order to make a seizure of contraband under the plain view doctrine?

2. Make a scenario that follows the plain view doctrine properly.

3. Make a scenario that does not properly follow the plain view doctrine.

Stop and FriskA stop is the brief detention of a person by

the police for questioning. A stop requires

reasonable suspicion.

A frisk is a pat-down or minimal search by

police to discover weapons. It is conducted

for the protection of the officer.

Stop and Frisk Cases

Stops and Frisks are governed by:

Reasonable suspicion

Terry v. Ohio (1968)

The “totality of the circumstances”

Stops and Frisks cannot be instigated by:

Tips from anonymous informants

Racial profiling

Plain View Doctrine Seizure can take place if:

Officer is lawfully in the area

Contraband must be in plain view

Office must immediately recognize the item as contraband

To the best of your ability,

define the term “arrest”

An arrest

Describe the arrest process in a step by step fashion.

What is an arrest?

Arrest – to take into custody a person suspected of criminal activity; police may use only reasonable levels of force when making an arrest

Elements of an Arrest

The elements of arrest:

The intent to arrest

The authority to arrest

Seizure or detention

The understanding of a person that they have been arrested