By: Mary Helen, Charles, Claire

Chapter OneTHINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY

• The word geography was invented by the Greek scholar Eratosthenes- He built off the work of Aristotle and Plato

• “Geo” means Earth and “Graphy” mean to write

• Roman geographers: Strabo & Ptolemy• Father of cartography: art and science of

map-making• 18th century, environmental determinism

was founded: the belief that the environment causes human development

• Later, possibilism was created: landscapes are the products of complex human and environmental relationships

History of Geography

• Place: Description of a specific point on the Earth’s surface / human and physical features that make it unique• All inhabited places on Earth

have been given place names (toponyms)

Location and Place

• Two Types of Location:• Absolute: Location on the global grid /

mathematical• Lines of latitude (parallels) North & South of

Equator• Longitude (meridians) East and West of

Prime Meridian• Note: Prime Meridian runs through

Greenwich, England (Basis of Greenwich Time)

• Relative: Relationship to places around it

Two types of Location

•Site: Specific physical and cultural characteristics of a place such as terrain and dominant religions •Situation: Location of a place relative to physical and cultural characteristics around it.

Site and Situation

Region: Spatial unit or group of places that share similar and unifying characteristics 3 Types: Formal (Uniform)• Area that has a common cultural or physical feature• Example: Marion County- shares a county government

Functional Region (Nodal)• Area organized around a node or focal point defined by social or

economic function• Example: Circulation of Lebanon Enterprise

Vernacular Region (Perceptual)• A place that people believe exist because of their cultural identity• Example: The American South

Regions

Distortion: Errors resulting from flattening or projecting the Earth onto a flat surface

4 Properties of Maps:ShapeSize

DistanceDirection

(Cardinal and Intermediate)

Map-Making

Projections Mercator Robinson

Projections Goode Lambert

Azimuthal (Polar)(Lambert)

• The frequency with which something occurs in space

• 3 Types Arithmetic

• Total number of object sin an areaPhysiological• Number of people per unit of area suitable for

agricultureAgricultural• Number of farmers per unit area of farmland

• 2 Types of Concentration:• How the features are spread over space • Dispersed and Clustered

Density

• Process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time

• The place where it originates is called the HEARTH

• 5 Types of Diffusion• Relocation• EXPANISION• Hierarchical• Contagious• Stimulus

Diffusion

A. Geographic Information System (GIS): A computer program that stores data and produces maps through layering data patterns over each otherB. Remote Sensing: The collection of info from satellites C. Global Positioning System (GPS): Satellite Driven remote sensing to determine exact location on the global grid

Geographic Technology and Data

• Distance Decay: The diminishing importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin

• Globalization: Actions or processes that involve the entire world

• International Date Line: 180 Longitude. -When heading East the clock moves back 24 hours -When going west the calendar moves ahead one day

• Space Time Compression: Reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place because of improved communication in transportation

• Transnational Corporation: A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries

Random Things You Should Probably Know For BINGO