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Chapter - IV
Hampi Archeological Heritage Tourism Destination - An Analysis
Introduction
The Hampi is located on the banks of River Tungabhadra spread in Hospet
taluka of Bellary district and Gangavati Taluka of Koppal district in Kamataka.
Hampi group of monuments are located within the ruins of Vijayanagara, one of the
South India's largest, wealthiest and most powerful kingdoms. Hampi was the
former capital of Vijayanagara Empire and known as the City of Victory. Hampi is
India's Pompeii. Once home to half a million people, it was sacked in 1565 by the
armies of the Bahamani sultanates. For hundreds of years, the City of Victory lay
abandoned until it was rediscovered by the British in the 19th century. Now it is a
place of sprawling beauty, a world heritage site of 2,000 monuments scattered
across a landscape of enormous granite boulders, pulling in nearly half a million
visitors a year from around the world (Gethin Chamberlain, 2012).'
Due to the presence of Virupaksha temple, Hampi is considered as an important
religious center for domestic tourists but known to the world as an outstanding
heritage destination with magnificent architecture and historic significance.
Vijayanagara has always been known to historians of India as the capital of one of
the greatest and wealthiest Hindu empires, which, at its height, ruled almost all of
southern India. The city's ruins, the most extensive of any Hindu royal site in
southern India, were largely forgotten until the mid-nineteenth century (John M.
Fritz and George Michell 2012). Hampi is also famous for its unique scenic beauty,
mythological and legendary correlation with Ramayana. Vijayanagara architecture
at Hampi can be broadly classified in to religious and civic architecture with
associated sculptures and paintings. The Vijayanagara style is a combination of the
Chalukya, Hoisala, Pandya and Chola styles which evolved earlier in the centuries
154
when these empires ruled. The annual Vijayanagar festival is organized by the
government of Kamataka in the month of November every year. Hampi is,
undoubtedly, the most spectacular site of innumerable monuments of varieties and
forms, simple and grand thickly spread over a vast area but virtually all in pensive
state of ruins, a mute witness to an era of glories, triumphs and tragedies. The
serene, majestic and imposing environment of Hampi World Heritage Site
welcomes the tourists to the world's largest 'open-air museum'.
The Hampi Group of Monuments was inscribed as World Heritage Site (WHS) by
UNESCO in year 1986. Fourteen monuments were covered initially in this
inscription and today fifty-six monuments protected by the ASI are considered as
World Heritage. The Hampi group of monuments is located in the 'core zone'
measuring 41.8 SQKMs. Geographically the entire site is divided into two parts. To
the south of the River, the site is characterized by Prime Archeological Remains,
rich agricultural lands, Kamalapur Tank and Kamalapur Town. And to the north of
River Tungabhadra the site is having an outstanding natural setting with several
granite hillocks and the 'Royal Village' Anegundi. However, Hampi is a complex
site, covering a vast living territory and is much more than just monuments. The
famous capital of the kings of Vijayanagara has now become the focal point as it
attracts attention and great admiration of architects, historians, and archaeologists,
and of course the innumerable tourists from all over the world who visit these
monuments.
Analysis of Tourism Trends in Hampi World Heritage Site
Hampi Group of monuments are the most preferred international tourism
destination of the state and placed third in receipt of domestic tourism. The World
Heritage Tag would be the main reason for attracting more tourists to Hampi even
though it is located far away from the major international transportation gate ways
of Kamataka. It is estimated that the Virupaksha temple attracts around 2000 - 3000
people every day. After seeing this tourists either go by walk to witness the
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magnificent Vijaya Vithala Complex or can witness the Ganesh images, Krishna
temples complex and move to the excellent site of Archeological remains wherein
royal palaces, temples, massive fortifications, ceremonial places, baths, markets,
aqua ducts, pavilions and stables for royal elephants are located.
Table 3 Tourist Arrivals in Hampi from 2003-2010.
Table - 4.1; Tourist Arrivals in Hampi, 2003-2010
Year
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Number of Tourists Indians 6,56,659
6,86,525
8,18,098
9,16,053
9,76,645
10,89,816
10,27,724
16,62,558
17,75,123
Foreigners 8,905
12,220
20,772
23,003
48,563
48,454
24,509
25,526
34,433
Total 6,65,564
6,98,745
8,38,870
9,39,056
10,25,208
11,38,270
10,52,233
16,88,084
18,09,556
Source: District Tourism Office, Hospet
The table provides the details of the foreign and domestic tourism arrivals at Hampi
from 2003 to 2010. Domestic tourist arrivals at hampi shows a gradual growth for
the last eight years but international tourism arrivals shows a fluctuating trend.
2003-2007, the trend shows a remarkable grov^h and 2007 and 08, the growth
stagnated and declined to half in the next year. In the year 2010, shows a 5% growth
over the previous year foreign tourist arrivals. In the year 2011 as per the records of
District Tourism Department, 17,75,123 domestic and 34,433 international tourists
visited Hampi. The revenue generated from international archeological heritage
tourism in Hampi is Rs 86, 08,250 since Rs 250 is collected from an international
tourist as entry fee in archaeological heritage site Hampi. And if we consider an
average of Rs 7 per domestic tourist (students have 50% discount), the revenue
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generated is roughly Rs 1,24,25,861 and a total revenue generation exclusively by
entry ticket is Rs 2,10,34,111 in the year 2011. This revenue is less than 10% of the
overall expenditure of a tourist at the destination since they spend 90 % of their
actual expenditure for other facilities and amenities at the destination such as
accommodation, transpiration, guide services, food and beverage, shopping etc. So,
the overall economic impact of archaeological tourism at the destination is
approximately 90% more than that of the money spent inside the monument.
Furthermore the management authorities can create avenues for generation of
revenue through creating other facilities which demand additional payment inside
the site.
Figure - 4.1: Tourist Arrivals in Hampi, 2003-2010
2000000
1800000
1600000
1400000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
I Indians • Foreigners • Total
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
There are some important places around Hampi especially to the north of river
Tungabhadra. Just to the north of river Tungabhadra is 'Anegundi Village' which
was popularly called as 'Royal Village'. Anegundi village was called as 'Mother
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City' from which the Vijayanagar Empire started and is one of the living suburbs of
pre-Viajayanagar period. The village is also of tourist attraction, which has
excellent natural landscape and located just 12 Kms. from Gangavathi City of
Koppal district. Anegundi lies in the mythical kingdom of 'Kishkinda' or 'Monkey
Kingdom'. Anjanadri hill near Anegundi village is believed to be the birth place of
monkey - god 'Hanuman'. 'Pampa Sarovar' is another tourist attraction located to
the west of Anegundi village. The other major attractions near Anegundi village are
Huchappayyanamath math temple near the river, a worth place for its black stone
lathe-turned pillars and fine panels of dancers.
The places of interest also include Durga Temple, Nava Brindavan, and Chintamani
math. There is a famous 'Bear sanctuary' at Daroji about 10.00 Km. from
Kamalapur town. Anantasayyanagudi is just 2 Kms. from Hospet and 10 Kms.
From Hampi is another place wherein Anantpadmanabha temple is located. And of
course Tungabhadra Dam is another tourist attraction across river Tungabhadra is in
Hospet City.
Archaeological Heritage Tourism Resources of Hampi - An Analysis
Hampi World Heritage Site, as per the 2010-11 records, receives around 26
thousand foreign tourists and 1.6 million domestic tourists by generating an
economic benefit of Rs 62,50,00 (Rs 250 per head) from international tourism and
approximately Rs 1,60,00,00 (RslO per head) from domestic tourism only by selling
the tickets. The overall economic benefit is many times more than that of the
revenue generated from selling the entry tickets. The entry fee is a very diminutive
part of the overall expenditure of a tourist at the destination. The expenditure
statistics of each tourist towards accommodation, transportation, food and beverage,
guide services, shopping, taxes etc are not available. So that the measurement of
real economic impact of the tourists at the destination is foimd very difficult since
the data is not collected and tabulated by the concerned authorities. Hampi, as a
158
tourism destination, offers imique cultural, historical, archaeological and natural
tourism attractions.
There are more than 1000 historical monuments in the site and out of these 56
monuments have been declared as protected monuments by the Archeological
Survey of India and 654 are protected by the Department of Archeology and
Museums. It is believed that there are still 300 plus monuments, which are not
protected by anyone. The entire site during the Vijayanagar period was designed on
the basis of Town Planning principles of spatial hierarchy. The Royal center.
Noblemen quarters, sacred center, ceremonial areas like Mahanavami Dibba,
Central avenues and Bazaars giving different identity to various spatial zones.
The 'Prime Archeological Area' or 'World heritage site' has been classified into the
following major areas.
01. Sacred Center: The River and the hillocks on the north provide natural
protection to the city. In this area, there are four major temples, the Virupaksha
temple, the Krishna temple, the Tiruvengalanatha (Achyutaraya) temple and the
Vijaya Vithala temple. Among all these Temples the Virupaksha is still a living
temple. The Krishna temple enshrined the image of Krishna brought from
Orissa, as a War trophy by Krishnadevaraya and is historically important. The
Matanga hill with Virabhadra temple on the top is the highest point in the
region from where the entire city is visible. To the south of the Virupaksha
temple is the Hemakuta hill on which several pre-Vijayanagara temples are
located. This entire area is popularly known as the sacred center of the city.
02. Urban Core: To the south of the southern hillock is the fortified city termed as
the Urban Core. This area consists of Royal Center and residential area of the
common man. Here are remains of palaces, public buildings, noblemen's
quarters, houses of common man, temples, mathas, ashrmas, wells, water
architecture etc.
159
03. Sub-urbs: The capital city was surrounded by several sub-urbs. Each major
temple in sacred center was a suburb by itself. The area around the Virupaksha
temple was known as Hampi, this practice is continued till today. The area
around the Krishna temple was known as Krishnapura and the long street
flanked by mantapas was known as Krishnapurapete, i.e., Krishna Bazaar, area
around the Achyutaraya temple was known as Achyutapura and the long street
in front of the temple was known as Achyutapura-pete. Similarly the area
around Vithala temple was known as Vithalapura. The area near the Penugonda
gate was known as Varadajiammanapattana. The present Kadirampura was
known as Kaderamapura. The present Kamalapura also existed during the
Vijayanagara period.
04. Roads: A large network of radial and ring roads linked different parts of the
city. Some of these roads were very long running to several kilometers. Some
of the important radial roads met in the plaza in front of Hazara Rama temple
which is in the center of the city. A road starting from this temple runs to about
5 kms. and reaches Talarighat on the river bank. Most of these original roads
are buried and are not in use. These roads pass in front of important monuments
and through gates in the fort. Vijayanagara is unique Hindu capital site. It
contains natural heritage like river, hillocks, rich agricultural fields, canals and
tanks along with the cultural heritage in the form of numerous architectural
remains spread in a large area covering about 40 sq. kms.
Art and Architecture at Hampi
Structural activities at the site are also varied in nature. These consist of
Defence Architecture, Secular Architecture, Religious Architecture and Civilian
Architecture (Figure - 4.2).
160
Figure - 4.2: Hampi Architectural Heritage Resources
Ci\ilian architecure
^ ^ ^ ^
1 lam pi Architectural
Heritage Resources
fM Secular Architecute
Defence Architecture
Palace complexes. Audience Hall. Scrctariate Hall, l.otus
Mahal. Queens Bath etc
Palaces. Water Tanks. Watch lowers. Mint
I'ncosures. Mahanavami Platform. Elephat
Satnles. etc
Gates and Boundan Wall̂
Religious architecture
Hindu Temples. Muslim l^argha. .lain femples. Shrines
01. Defense Architecture: Traditionally Hampi is known to have surrounded by
seven lines of fort walls. At least one complete line is seen now and some
portions of three more lines are seen. These walls are built of thick wedge
shaped blocks of granite. Two faces of wall are built of these thick blocks set
one over the other without using any mortar. Gap between two faces of wall is
filled with earth and rubble. There are several gateways and square bastions in
the wall. The gates are of three types: main gates (hebbagilu), gates (bagilu) and
subsidiary gates (diddi). Main gates are very large and are guarded by two
flanking bastions. These have bent passageway, barbican and temples within
the complex. Some gates also have bent passageway. A 'L' shaped wall is built
in front of the gates to provide bent entrance and this system does not allow
enemy to locate the gates easily. Such gates look like bastions from distance.
02. Secular Architecture: Important structures under this group are several
palatial buildings. Each palace or palace complex is enclosed in a thick, high,
tapering enclosure wall. Some enclosures contain a main palatial building,
161
subsidiary buildings like water palace or pleasure pavilion or store, well, water
tank, watch towers etc. King's enclosure, Dannaik's enclosure. Mint enclosure
and Zenana enclosure are such palace complexes. Public audience hall, throne
platform or Mahanavami-platform, elephant stables, guards' quarters, queens'
bath and water pavilions are connected with the royalty. There is another class
of buildings occupied by the people of higher rank such as ministers, officers
etc. These are enclosed in small enclosure walls. These secular buildings are
Indo-Saracenic in character combining the Hindu and Muslim features.
03. Religious Architecture: Both small and large temples are found at the site.
Large temples consist of a main shrine, a shrine for the goddess, mantapas for
the performance of different ceremonies, all enclosed in a prakara or compound
wall with a lofty gopura over the entrance. In front of the gopura is seen a long
chariot street running to 500 to 750 m. flanked by mantapas and temple tank.
These streets served as markets and mantapas served as shops. The Virupaksha,
the Krishna, the Achyutaraya and the Vithala temples form such large temple
complexes. The Vijayanagara kings introduce the lofty gopuras over the
entrances and they are popularly known as Raya-gopuras. The Garuda shrine in
the form of a stone chariot is an excellent piece of art. Large monolithic
sculptures like Narasimha, Ganesha and Veerabhadra are also found at the site.
Other important temples at the site are Hazara Rama, Underground (Prasanna
Virupaksha), Kodandarama, Pattabhirama, Mulyavanta Raghunatha and Jaina
temples. There are pre-Vijayanagara temples on the Hemakuta hill and to the
north of the Virupaksha temple. A considerable number of Muslims also lived
in the city. Several tombs, graves and mosques are seen among the monuments
at the site.
04. Civilian Architecture: Apart from the religious monuments, there are quite a
few monuments of varieties in materials, form and style meant for everyday use
domestic and public meant for use by the Royalty: Palace complex. Audience
162
hall, pleasure pavilion, Secretariat hall, tanks, water ponds, royal bath. Many
Architectural elements of the Indo-Islamic architecture vigorously developed in
the neighbouring kingdoms of Bidar and Bijapur Sultanates. Arch with key
hollow dome over the central roof, minarets at the roof comers, etc., were
harmoniously integrated into the Hindu civilian architecture. This is emphatic
in Lotus Mahal, Queen's bath and octagonal water pavilions etc.
World Heritage Monuments and other Heritage Buildings
There are more than 1000 historical monuments in the site and out of these
56 monuments have been declared as protected monuments by the Archeological
Survey of India and 654 are protected by the Department of Archeology and
Museums. It is believed that there are still 300 plus monuments, which are not
protected by anyone. A 'Group of Archeological Monuments' in and around Hampi
have been inscribed in 1986 as UNESCO's 'World Heritage Site' which includes 56
Archeological Monuments. The Virupaksha temple, which is recently declared as
ASI monument, is yet to be taken over by the ASI. The following are the important
ASI and State Archeology protected monuments in the Hampi.
Table - 4.2; List of ASI Protected Monuments - World Heritage Area, Hampi SI. No
ASI Protected Monuments
01 Achyutaraya temple, Venkatapuram
02 Inscribed Vishnu temple near Vittala temple, Venkatapuram
03 Vishnu temple No.l close to north end of Soole bazaar, Vekataputam
04 Vishnu temple No. II close to the last, Venkatapuram
05 Vishnu temple No.III facing South gateway of Vittala temple, Venkatapuram
06 Jain temple on the hill side close to Vishnu temple No. II
07 Two storied Mantapa, Venkatapuram
08 Ruined tank adjoining Soole bazaar Venkatapuram
09 Fort gateway on the Talarighatta road. Venkatapuram
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10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
23
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Mandapa in a field close to Talarighatta road. Venkatapuram
Raghunatha swami temple on the Malyavantha hill. Venkatapuram
Stepped well on the road to Hospet, Malapanagudi
Group of Sati memorials & Chandikeshwara temple. Kaddirampura
Saraswati temple next to water channel. Kaddirampura
Monolithic Bull, Hampi
Narasimha Statue Krishnapuram
Linga temple near Narasimha Statue. Krishnapuram
Krishna temple Krishnapuram
Kadalekalu Ganesha temple Hampi Rocky hill
Sasivekalu Ganesha temple close to the Sl.No.20 Hampi Rocky hill
Group of Jain temples on Hemakuta hill Hampi
Vishnupad temple on rocky hill Hampi
Saraswati temple on a rocky hill. Singanathana halli
Mohammedan tomb K Daya Hospet Malapanagudi 94 - Kamalapur
Pattabhirama temple Kamalapur
Gangitti temple Kamalapur
Chandrashekhara temple Kamalapur
Hazararamachandra temple. Basement of King's audience hall,.. Platform Kamalapur Karge stibe trough, large stone door, stone aqueduct, small ground, shrine chamber, Kamalapur Basement of palace Kamalapur
Ruined car street in front of Hazararamachandra temple. Kamalapur
Two pillars and a group of mortar Zenana enclosure. Kamalapur
Queen's bath, Kamalapur
Octogonal, Kamalapur
Water tower, Kamalapur
Lotus mahal pavilion, Kamalapur
164
37 South east watch tower in Zanana enclosure, Kamalapur
38 North watch tower in Zanana enclosure, Kamalapur
39 Basement of Queen's palace in Zanana enclosure, Kamalapur
40 Water pavilion in the Zanana enclosure, guard house in Zanana enclosure, wall & gateways of Zanana enclosure, Ranga temple, Kamalapur
41 Elephant stable, guard houses close to elephant stables, Kamalapur
42 Bhojana shala near octagonal pavilion, Kamalapur
43 Bhima's gateway to the east of Ganigitti Jain temple, Kamalapur
44 Jain temple with inscription north east of elephants stable, Kamalapur
45 Two small Siva temples with inscriptional to the east of the Pattabhirama temple Kamalapur
46 Ruined tank in the north east of Pattabhirama temple. Kamalapur
47 Mohammaden watch tower in Donnaik's enclosure Kamalapur
48 Band tower in Donnaik enclosure, Kamalapur
49 Palace basement in Donnaik enclosure, Kamalapur
50 Mosque in Donnaik enclosure, Kamalapur
51 Octagonal water pavilion, Kamalapur
52 Domed gateway to the east of citadel, Kamalapur
53 Large public bath or tank, Kamalapur
54 Large underground temple, Kamalapur
55 Basement of large mixed building opp. to mohammaden mosque & also the platform, north east comer of Darmaik's enclosure, Kamalapur
56 Ruined buildings of minor importance Hospet Kamalapur 49/2 0.15,
Kamalapur
Cultural Tourism Resources
The cultural resources of the Hampi includes the heritage monuments,
temples. Shrines, Mandapas, Dargah, Water Structure, engineering structures,
tombs, palaces, mythological and legendary beliefs fairs and festivals etc. The place
is mythically celebrated as a spot knovm by the name Hemakuta, of Shiva's
165
meditation and later a imique place of Shiva-Parvathi (also known as Pampa or
Hampa Devi's) marriage. It is also holding some mythological and legendary
connection with Ramayana, one of the great Hindu epics. The Hampi region is
identified as the forest domain of the Monkey Kingdom of Ramayana, called as
Kishkinda. It is believed that Rama and his brother Lakshmana encountered with
Hanuman, the monkey warrior, who infroduced them to his master Sugriva, who
had witnessed Sita, wife of Rama, being abducted by the domon Ravana, the
Rakshasa King, through the air. Rama helped Sugriva to reinstate his Empire by
killing his brother Bali, in turn, Sugriva and his monkey army helped Rama to
rescue his wife from Ravana. Many of these mythological events are identified with
specific locations in the scenery around Hampi. Sugriva's cave close to the south
bank of Tungabhadra River is believed to be where Sugriva hided the jewels
dropped by Sita from the Ranana's Vimana, the Sitasarovara is named in her
memory. Matanga Hill is where Sugriva benefitted from the magical protection of
the sage Matanga, the Kothandarama temple overlooking the Tungabhadra beneath
Matanga hill marks the spot where Lakshmana crowned Sugriva after Bali was
killed. It is believed that Malyavanta hill is where Rama and Lakshmana waited
during monsoon. These stories of Ramayana were carved in rocks and incorporated
in to temples. The legendary associations are hardly associated with historic
evidences but human habitation has existed in the area. Explorations and
excavations in the site since the time of Robert Bruce Foote, who is deemed as the
'Father of Indian Prehistory' have revealed a continual human settlements at least
from the Mesolithic stage datable back to some 7,000 or 8,000 years before present.
Many habitation remains of the Neolithic in the Chalcolithic stage (c. 1,800- 800
BC); Iron Age Megalithic (c.lOOO- 300 BC ) and Early historical (c.400 BC-3rd
century AD) are located in the vicinity of the Matanga Parvata, Masalaiahana gudda
about half km. from the famous Vitthala temple, Nimbapura, near 'Chinchala kote'
and Vali dibba also with an ash mound, a phenomenal feature of the early
protohistoric culture in the Krishna -Tungbhadra valley, numerous protohistoric
166
cave Paintings in the vicinity of Sugriva guha, behind the Vimpaksha temple, near
Vali dibba etc., interesting and significant, large Buddhist sculptural panels with
inscription of 2"** century AD and 7th century copper-plate and 10th-12th century
lithic records provide a meaningful outline of the pre-Vijayanagara culture and
History of the region. The prehistoric rock shelters found in Tungabhadra river
valley, paintings of animals, megalithic burial chambers and designs of animals in
and around Hampi provide an insight to the prehistoric human habilitation and
legendary associations of Hampi.
The Fairs and Festivals of Hampi
The fairs and festivals of Hampi are very significant cultural resources which
attract both domestic and international tourists and more over these fairs and
festivals are also used as a tool for tourism promotional and cultural awareness. The
major fairs and festivals of Hampi are presented and analyzed below.
01. Hampi Festival (November): This is the largest festival at Hampi. Hampi
Utsav, also known as the Vijaya Utsav, Festival of Hampi has been celebrated
from the times of the Vijayanagara reign. This event has been reiterated as the
"Nada Utsava" by the Government of Kamataka. Generally they are scheduled
for 3 days during the first week of November. The celebrations typically packed
with shows of music, dance puppet shows fireworks and a pomp procession as
the grand finale showcasing the cultural richness of the place. Decorated
elephants, horses and men dressed in the military fashion of the Golden Era, are
posted underneath the red, yellow, blue and white cloth "Gopuras" are posted
along the lanes of Hampi. The two kilometer path near the Virupaaksha temple
which was known as the Raja Marga has been decorated as the Vijayanagar
theme. Traders offered tokens of "gold coins" and "diamonds" recreating the
once world famous open trade in diamonds, germs and gold of the Golden Era.
Classical dance exponents and classical vocalists are set to entertain the guests
167
with their brilliant performances in five avenues. Of late items like rock
climbing, water sports and rural sports also has been included in the schedule.
02. Purandaradasa Aradhana (January/February): This is principally a
classical musical festival. The festival is held every year to commemorate the
birthday of the ancient poet Purandaradasa who lived in Hampi. The 2-3 days
long program is scheduled during the months of January or February. Though
not as grandeur as The Hampi Festival, Purandaradasa Aradhana is a feast to
the classical music enthusiasts. The venue is typically centered on the
Purandaradasa Mantapa located near the Vittala Temple.
03. Virupaksha Car Festival (March/April): Held during the months of March or
April (based on the local calendar), this is the largest religious festival in
Hampi. The highlight is the procession along the main chariot street in Hampi.
The image of the god & goddess is kept of the temple car (the giant wooden
chariot) which is the centre of the procession. The festival marks the annual
ritual marriage of the god and goddess.
04.Phalapuja Festival (December): This again is held at the Virupaksha Temple
to mark the ceremonial betrothal of the divine couple.
OS.Diwali at Hampi (October): Though not specific to Hampi, Diwali is
celebrated in Hampi in a grand way (usually in October). Noisy nights with
firecrackers are the hallmark. Hampi Bazaar area is the epicenter of the
celebrations. Visit Virupaksha temple to witness some special ceremonial
functions during the evening. That includes a local procession where the temple
elephant too participate.
06. Sivaratri (February/March): This is a special festival earmarked for all Siva
Temples in general. This nightlong religious offering is held at Virupaksha
Temple.
168
Natural Tourism Resources
The scenic beauty and picturesque landscape of Hampi is adding value to
this international cultural tourism destination. The unique rocky appearance at the
Hampi is a significant and breathtaking scenic attraction for every nature lovers.
This art of the nature is created not by earth quake and upheaval, but by some three
thousand million years of erosion and the rock has weathered in to spherical shapes,
creating rounded and detached boulders. These rock forms were provided an in
exhaustible supply of building materials for the skillful workmen. The Tungabhadra
river traverses the granite landscape provides a panoramic view to Hampi.
Upstream, the river passes through the picturesque valley. Flooding has worn away,
polished and stained the rocks that border the river and created islands, lagoons and
small pools. Matanga mount is the perfect spot to capture an aerial sight of Hampi
and its surroundings, being the highest peak. Those who are adventurous enough to
try trekking, Matanga hill is a perfect hillock with the northern region having a
trekking route connecting the Hampi Bazaar with the Achyuta Raya's Temple.
Historical Resources
A tourist who wishes to know about the history of South India, particularly
Kamataka, should not leave Hampi. The Vijayanagara dynasty was founded by the
Sangama brothers, Hukka and Bukka, in 1336 A.D. A new city called the city of
victory became the capital of this dynasty. This Vijayanagara city is now popularly
known as Hampi. Four dynasties, the Sangama, the Saluva, the Tuluva and the
Aravidu, ruled from this city till 1565 A.D. when the capital was conquered by the
allied Muslim army. The city was abandoned after the conquest. The Vijayangara
Empire was a mighty empire in entire south India. Hampi was the capital city of
Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1565) and symbolizes with last stronghold of Hindu 'Art
and Architecture'. The City of victory has been converted into the 'City of Ruins'
within span of six months by the Deccan Sultanates.
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Religious Resources of Hampi
Hampi is an important religious center right from the ancient times. The
region has been identified with Kishkindha of the Ramayana. Traditionally it is
known as Pampakshetra. Siva is worshipped in the form of Pampapati or
Virupaksha here. Still a few Vaishnava temples are also seen at Hampi. There are
many temples and shrines dedicated to different deities of Hinduism make Hampi as
a Hindu pilgrimage centre in Kamataka. It not only caters to the religious needs of
Hinduism, it is also a sacred centre for other religions like Islamism and Jainism.
The major Hindu Religious Centers of Hampi are presented below.
01. Virupaksha Temple: Descending towards the north from the Hemakuta
hillock, the eastern entrance of Virupaksha temple is encoimtered. This is
presently protected by the Department of Archeology and Museums,
Government of Kamataka, and now it is declared as a' World Heritage
Monument' which will be protected by ASI. The Vimpaksha or Pampapati
temple is the sacred and only living monuments of Hampi. The temple,
originally a small shrine, was expanded into a vast complex of present
dimensions in the first half of 161h Century. The entire temple complex is
within a long rectangular enclosure divided into two large courts with imposing
towered (gopura) gateways. Profuganti Tippa - an officer of Devaraya II (1422-
46 AD) caused the eastem entrance. The inner eastem smaller entrance gopura,
painted pillared ranga mantapa were built by Krishnadeva Ray a in 1510 AD.
The complex has numerous subsidiary shrines, and pillared cloister all along the
enclosure wall. Some of the important subsidiary shrines of Mukti Narasimha,
Pataleswara, Navadurga Surayanarayana, Tarakeswara, Saraswati,
Vidayamaya, Paravati and Bhuvaneswari. The last two exhibit later Chalukyan
(12'" Century) characters. The sanctum houses Shivalinga known as Vimpaksha
- the tutelary deity of the Vijayanagara kings. However the most outstanding is
the ceiling paintings of Vijayanagara in the ranga mantapa. The noteworthy
paintings are of the procession of sage Vidyaranya, story of Dikpalakas and the
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ten incarnations of Vishnu. Girija Kalayana, Arjuna at matysayantra and Shiva
as Tripurari.
02. Achyutaraya Temple: A short climb over the foot of Matanga hillock, behind
the bull mantapa, using the medieval path way one can reach the famous
Achyularaya pete (bazaar of Achyutaraya temple) also known as 'Soole Bazaar'
and the magnificent Achyutaraya (Thiruvengalanatha) temple built by Hiriya
Tirumalaraya Wodeya a Maha mandaleswara serving under Achyuta Deva raya
in 1534 AD. The temple facing north within double enclosure wall is known for
its large dimensions and spacious courtyard fronted by a wide and long bazar.
03. Sacred Tank: Towards the northern end of Achyutarayapete, at west is the
sacred stepped tank with a water pavilion in the center.
04. Vijaya Vithala Temple: The Vijaya Vithala Temple is Hampi's crowning
glory with a magnificent stone chariot standing in the temple courtyard. The
impressive Rang Mantapa exquisitely carved with '56 musical pillars' that
resound musical chimes when struck within the complex is of ingenious
architectural conception. The intricate carvings of ornate architectural details
are superb and just few meters away from the Temple complex there exists the
'King's Balance' all in stone. Here the Kings' were weighed against gold, coins
or grain which was thereafter distributed amongst the poor and this particular
religious perform was known 'Tula Bhaara' observed by the people of all
classes and status.
05. Varaha Temple: Towards the northern end of Achutarayapete facing east is a
Varaha temple subsequent clearing have proven its Saiva affinity and has a
separate enclosure with a maadawara at east.
06. Kodanda Rama Temple: From the Matanga foothill towards north on the
south bank of the river is the temple of Kodanda Rama with the sculptures of
Rama-Laksmana, Sita and Hanuman over looking, the much famed,
Chakratirtha (sacred spot), a fairly deep formation in the winding Tungabhadra.
171
07. Hemakuta Group of Temples: Built on the Hemakuta hillock, these temples,
nearly 30 in number of varying size are datable to c.9th - 16th century AD. Of
these temples the one with typical Kadamba nagara super structure is of
Prasanna Virupaksha datable to 1338 AD. These temples belong to single (eka),
two (dvi), and three (tri) celled classes and are the examples of pre-
Vijayanagara Architecture of the sacred Hampi.
08. Yantradharaka Anjaneya (Hanuman Temple): Amidst the boulders of the
hillock, behind Kodandarama temple at south is a unique Hanuman temple
known as 'Yantroddharaka Anjaneya' seated Hanuman set in a mystic stellate
'Yantra'. The deity is said to have been worshipped by sage Vyasa tirtha.
09. Vishnu Temple - II: Further up at the right hand side as one proceeds towards
Vitthala Temple the other Vishnu temple-2 facing north is found. The Garuda
pedestal in the sanctum, Gajalakshmi in the lintel of vestibule and the
dwarapalas speak of its Vaishnava affinity. This temple also has a six pillared
mantapa to front. Nearby, in the same vicinity, are two interesting traditionally
important "Siteya Seragu" (drapery imprint of Sita, wife of Rama) and 108
Shivalingas -Koti-shivalinga.
10. Narasimha Shrine: This is undoubtedly the most outstanding work of
sculptural art of Vijayanagara. The 6.70 meter sculpture was hewn out of a
massive boulder by Krishna Bhatt in 1523 AD during the reign of
JCrishnadevaraya. This statue of Lakshmi Narasimha is shown seated on the
coits of the Sesha with makara torana in padmasana with yoga pattica. The
image of Lakshmi seated over the left lap of the deity is mutilated.
11. Badavi Linga (large Shivalinga): This is an interesting shrine with a huge
monolithic Shiva linga of nearly 3 meter high, very close to the shrine of
Narsimha.
12. Prasanna Virupaksha (Underground Shiva) Temple: This is the western
most extent of Dannayakas enclosure and the temple is facing east and is
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datable to to 14'" Century. This temple is known for its seven aisled maha
mantapa and an elegant mahadwara.
13. Chandrashekara Temple: Passing through the imposing fortification, at the
curve of the main road towards north is Chandrashekara temple datable to
c.l6th century known for its dravida style of super structure over the sanctums
and the entrance at east.
14. Ranga Temple: To the south east comer of the zanana enclosure behind
Yellamma temple is Madhava temple also known as Ranga temple. An
inscription of 1545 AD of the times of Sadashivaraya refers to the Ranga
mantapa of this built by Timma Raja son of Vallabha Raja was exclusively
meant for holding the concerts of dance, vocal and instrumental music. Except
the main shrine and the damaged devi shrine rest of the temple is destroyed.
The ranga mantapa at present has only a few pillars standing. However a
colossal sculpture of Hanuman placed against the wall of east facing temple is
interesting.
15. Pattabhirama Temple: This is one of the largest temples (16th century) built
in an area of 163.70 x 93 mts. The east-facing temple is one km. east of
Kamalapuram village is known for its large pillared halls, kalyana mantapa and
a spacious courtyard. At east, the entrance has a tower of elegance.
16. Hastagiri Ranganatha Temple: As one trek beyond Kodanda Rama temple,
further to north east passing through the Varaha temple in the comer is a west
facing temple of Hastagiri Ranganatha (Vishnu Temple A boulder inscription
datable to 1560 AD, nearby, names Sheshasai Vishnu with retinue of Sridevi,
Bhudevi and Nabhi Brabama as Hastagiri Ranganatha. The sculpture on a
boulder is set in a sanctum with a vestibule and a six-pillared mantapa.
17. Sasive Kalu Ganesha: When a tourist approaches Hampi village to visit its
mins directly from Hospet (13 kms), this is the first monument encountered.
This monolithic, four armed 2.4 meter tall Ganesha (16* century) is sculptured
in round, is known as mustard seed Ganesha (Sasivekalu Ganesha).
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18. Kadale Kalu Ganesha: A very short walk to east leads to this tall 4.50-meter,
monolithic Ganesha (16* century) in a sanctum with an elegant pillared
mantapa.
19. Vishnupada Shrine: It is located to the south east of Ganesha shrine. The
shrine is built over a pair of foot prints encircled by a snake chiseled on the
original rock formation and is datable to 16* century.
Jain Religious Centers
01. Ganigitti Jaina Temple: This temple is built in AD 1386 by Irugappa
Dandanayaka and is simple in elevation and has a kadamba nagara terraced
super structure over the sanctum and a manastambha in front. The monument
is located on Hospet- Kampli road very near to Kamalapur Town.
02. Parswanatha Jain Temple: Amidst the cultivated fields to the east of
elephants stable is Parswanatha jinalaya of 1426 AD an example of early
Vijayanagara architecture. Built by Devaraya II, this temple facing north has a
sanctum, a vestibule, two mantapa's and a porch. From the excavations carried
out in the temple, many a tirthankara images have been retrieved and a few are
displayed in the sculpture gallery of the treasury building of the zanana
enclosure.
03. Narasimha, Jain Temple: At the sloping hillock nearby is a west facing
temple of Narasimha (Jaina temple) built by Hiriya Timma selti in about 1386
AD. It is the earliest dated Narasimha temple at Hampi. The temple on plan
has a garbha griha, a vestibule an ardha mantapa and a maha mantapa or
mukha mantapa. The mukha mantapa on either side of its northern and
southern entrance doorways have the sculptures of Hanuman and Garuda in
anjali mudra. At west the mantapa has a perforated screen. The sanctum has
six tired Kadambanagara super structure with a sukanasa projection over
vestibule. The mahamantapa also has Jagati all along its inner wall and at
exterior a creeper scroll decorates the wall at the center. This later developed
into a complex with an imposing two-storied gateway.
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Islamic Religious Centers - Muhammadan Tombs and Dargah
On the out skirts of Kadirampur village on way to Hampi from Hospet, are,
these structures of Islamic architecture of 16th century, contemporary to Bahamani
architecture. The world heritage site offers all the sources of quite enjoyable
scenery for a common tourist for relaxation but also it provides an insight in to the
cultural diversity of the medieval city with its impregnable fortifications, myriad of
secular structures large religious edifices-all embellished to perfection.
Infrastructure Facilities and Amenities at Hampi World Heritage Site -An Analysis
Apart fi-om unique and well preserved natural and cultural attractions of a
destination, availability and maintenance of standard infrastructural facilities and
various amenities to cater the varying needs of the visitors at the destination
determine the quality of service of a destination. If we want to welcome tourism we
need to create facilities, develop some areas respectful of the environment. But only
that is not enough as we also need to inform tourists on several other aspects such as
history, function, architecture etc., to improve their knowledge of the site and to
sensitize people. But presently a lot of information is missing (Elizabeth Cam,
2005). '^Transportation, accommodation, heath care facilities, banking and money
exchange facilities, shopping facilities, drinking water and sanitation facilities,
telecommunication facilities, clean and hygienic restaurants and eating outs, clean
and safe bus, train and airport terminals, safe and secured taxi and transfer facilities
etc are the most significant infrastructure facilities and amenities required at a
international tourism destination. Hampi possesses the following facilities (Figure -
4.3).
175
Figure - 4.4: Infrastructure Facilities and Amenities at Hampi World Heritage Site
Infrastructural Facilities at
Hampi
Tourist Guides
Sanitation and Driking Water
Transportation
Health and Medical Facilities
Shoping
Banking and Money Exchange
Tour Opeartors and Travel
Agents
Car rentals
Tourism Information
Centre
Air Transporation
Road Transporation
Rail Transportation
Loadges and Guset Houses
Hotels
Police Station and Green police
Hospitals and heath centers
Handicrafts and Suvenirshops
Bookshopes
Heli-tourism
Airports
Battery powered
Bus services
Auto-rikshaws
Golden Chariot
Express Trains
Government
Private
Public
Private
01. Health and Medical Facilities: Standard and well equipped heath care and
medical facilities are very significant requisite for every tourism destination.
Hampi is lacking adequate medical facilities to cater the needs of the both
domestic and international tourist. Only one primary health centre is
176
functioning at Kamalapura for basic first aid and for emergency medical
assistance one has to go to nearby city, Hospet which is 12 kms away from
Hampi. A few hospitals and clinic are operating in Hospet. They are
Chiranjeevi Hospital, City Hospital, Diplai Hospital, KLS Hospital, Mallinga
Health Centre and Sripathi Nursing Home. The medical and health care
facilities in these hospitals are average.
02. Transportation: Transportation and accessibility are most significant to any
destination. Tourist destination with any sort of attractions will have no demand
if it is inaccessible.
a. Road Transportation: Hampi is located just 12 Kms away from Hospet
urban area. Hospet is the second largest city in Bellary district having a Bus
Terminal. 20 bus services are operating between Hospet and Hampi every
day and Hospet is well connected through national and state highways by
KSRTC buses to the major cities in Kamataka. The transportation facilities
inside the destination are inadequate. The tourists have to either depend on
the Auto-rickshaws or hired motor bikes or bicycles to move in and around
the destination for sightseeing. Since Hampi is a vast and wide spread
repository of monuments and cultural attractions, the tourists need to be
roaming around a vast geographical area for better sightseeing requires
adequate onsite transportation facilities. Most of the natural and cultural
sites of the Hampi are in accessible from the highways. The private
vehicles are not allowed inside the World Heritage area.
b. Battery Powered Vehicles: Twenty six battery powered vehicles are
operated by KSTDC fi-om the parking area to Vittala temple at Hampi
having a distance of 1 km. Private vehicles are prohibited to operate in this
area due to the possible damage may be created to the monuments due to
the toxic gas emission from the vehicles. 26 trained drivers and 2
supervisors are employed for the operation and management of these
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battery powered vehicles. An average of 30 trips is operated by each
vehicle in a day. Rs. 20 is collected from each passenger.
c. Rail Transportation: Many tourist uses rail transportation for reaching
Hampi. Hospet is the nearest railway station to Hampi and which is well
connected with the rail network. Twenty two train services are operated
from or via the Hospet Railway Station. They are Ltt Ypr Special (01215),
Kurla Express (01216), Ypr Shiridi express (06539) Ypr Garibrath Express
(06540) Solapur Express (06551) Sur Ypr Special (06552) Solapur Express
(06553) sur Sspn Special (06554) Ypr Garib Nawaj (16531) Garib Nawaz
Express (16532), Ju Ypr Express (16533) Ypr Jodhpur Express (16534)
Hampi Express (16591) Hampi express (16592) Amaravati express
(17226), Amaravati Express (17225), Haripriya Express (17416), Keg Ypr
express (17603), Keg Yashwatpur express (17603), Amaravati express
(18047), Vizhagapattanam Howrah Expresss (18048), and Hubli Passenger
(56909) (Website of Indian Railways). ^
The Golden Chariot, Tourist Train: The Golden Chariot is a luxury
tourist train that connects the important tourist spots in Kamataka and Goa.
It is named after the stone Chariot in the Vitthala Temple at Hampi. The 19
coaches on the train are coloured purple and gold, and sport the logo of a
mythological animal with the head of an elephant and a body of a lion. The
Golden Chariot operates weekly and had its maiden commercial run on
March 10, 2008. The Golden Chariot is operated by KSTDC and
connecting the famous destinations like Bangalore, Mysore, Hassan,
Hampi, Badami and Goa and it has given a big boost to tourism in Hampi.
In the trail of the Golden Chariot, on it's the 5*̂ day morning at 6 am
reaches Hospet and proceeding to Hampi for sightseeing.
d. Air Transportation: Hampi is also accessible through air transportation.
The nearest Airport is Hubli which is just 140 Kms. from Hospet. Hubli is
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connected domestically from the major airports of Kamataka. Hampi is
situated 346 km away from the Bangalore International Airport, major
International Tourism Gateway of Kamataka and India. Another recently
declared Mangalore Intemational Airport is located 420 kms from Hampi.
Mysore is yet another tourism hub of Kamataka located 510 kms away
from Hampi.
Heli-tourism in Hampi
Government of Kamataka has signed a Memorandum of Understanding
between Delhi based Om Satya Sai Air Management Ltd to operate heli-tourism in
the state connecting the major heritage destinations of north Kamataka such as
Bijapur, Badami, Pattadakkal and Hampi by keeping Hampi as the hub. The
government is planning to establish an air base station at Hampi and meanwhile the
Jindal Steel works private airstrip shall be used for Heli-tourism operations.
Table - 4.3: Tourist Transportation Facilities
Particulars
a. Indian visitors on week days
b. On auspicious and holidays
c. Foreign visitors (mainly January to April)
Vehicles from Hospet
a. Auto-rickshaws and tempos
b. Buses
c. Car/jeeps on weekdays
d. Cars/jeeps on weekend days
Vehicles from Kamalapur Auto-rickshaws
Volumes per Day 800-1,000
1,000-1,500
100 per day
40
20
40
60
20 (3 - 4 trips per day
in Hampi
Remarks
Average
No separate data on shop owners' vehicle frips
Some guesthouses in Kamalapur, mainly catering to Indian visitors
Source: Hampi Master Plan, 2023
179
Accommodation
Accommodation facilities at Hampi are very much limited to a few
unauthorized lodging facilities in and around the Hampi Bazar. All these lodges and
guest houses are shown fiiU during peak season and even there is a huge price
variation in room rent during off and peak season. Open terrace and verandas are
available for Rs 50 a night if the tourists are ready with sleeping bags. Most of these
lodges and Guest Houses at Hampi are treated as illegal encroachments and the
government has taken stem decision to evaluate them from the encroached areas.
The total number of Guest Houses is 38 in Hampi. The households use it as their
homes and the couple of extra rooms are rented to the tourists. Usually the family
and the guests use the same public space in a house like the dining hall and at times
even the bathroom. The rent ranges from Rs. 100 to Rs. 300 a day. During the peak
seasons, the rent typically doubles, faithftiUy following the supply-demand theory.
Other than the lodges of Hampi, Hospet is the best place to get standard
accommodation in varying ranges. As per the records of Department of Tourism,
Hospet, there are 18 approved hotels in Hospet but the real, the availability is 36.
The KSTDC is operating two hotels. Hotel Mayura Bhuvaneshwari (32 rooms), a
three star hotel located in Kamalapura which is 3 kms away from Hampi and
Mayura Bhuvaneshwari (21 rooms) Tourists Home in T B Dam. Most of the hotels
and lodges in Hospet are located between the main bus station and the railway
station. One Yatri Nivas is situated very near to the KSRTC bus terminal having 6
rooms and 2 dormitories.
Another accommodation facility for the backpackers is at the other side of the river
called Virupapur Gadde. The tourist has to cross the river to the north bank by a
coracle. This area too has a number of guesthouse type accommodations explained
before. Apart from the typical guesthouse type accommodations some kind of huts
are also available to stay. The rates are comparable with the guesthouses. Some of
the huts are provided with attached bathrooms and commands a small extra
premium. Most of the accommodations are located adjacent to one another.
180
Generally the guesthouses & lodges here are on the edges of paddy fields, banana
plantations or overlooking the boulder hills.
Basic Amenities and Facilities at Hampi World Heritage Site - An Analysis
Development and maintenance of various amenities and facilities to fulfill
the basic needs and wants of the tourists are very much significant to all the tourism
destinations. The requirement of the facilities vary from destination to destination
depends on the typology of the destination and category of the tourists visiting the
destination. The quality and standard of service must be ensured at the destination.
The important amenities and facilities for catering to the basic needs for the tourists
at Hampi destination are,
01. Tourism Information Center: One tourism information office is functioning
at Hampi under the direct control Department of Tourism Office, Hospet, a
regional office comes under the Department of Tourism, Government of
Kamataka. This tourism information office is located in a small room inside the
premises Veerupaksha Temple and managed by a tourism information officer.
This information office equipped with a few brochures and folders which are
distributed free of cost to the tourists. In addition to the tourism information
office at Hampi, another office is functioning near to the KSRTC bus terminal
at Hospet and yet another at the Hospet railway station. According to the
tourism information officer Hampi, a few tourists approach the information
centre for information. This information center is acting as the office for the
recognized tourist guides working at Hampi. This office room is a small capsule
lacking the basic facilities and bundles of brochures and folders are dumped
inside the room. A few guides are available in this office rest of them are either
wandering throughout the site or waiting at crucial pickup points for the clients.
02. Police Station: A police station is operational at Hampi from the year 2008
which is situated in the eastern comer of the Hampi Bazaar headed by a Sub-
inspector with half a dozen police men and two police women. The facilities
181
inside the police station are inadequate for the destination. According to the
Station In-charge, the criminal complaints registered in the police station are
very less, especially against foreign tourists. The police station maintains a
Foreigners Arrival and Departure Register and a display of guidelines and do
and don'ts at the destination. Apart from the regular police, two green police
have been appointed to Hampi for exclusively facilitating for both domestic and
international tourists.
03. Banks and Money Exchange: Banking and money exchange are one of the
most required facilities of tourists at the destination. Hampi does not have any
banks as such and banking facility is available at Hospet. Hospet has branches
of 11 nationalized banks such as State Bank of Mysore, State bank of India,
Bank of India, Syndicate Bank, State Bank of Hyderabad, Vaisya Ing Bank,
Andra Bank, Corporation Bank, Indian bank, Canara bank and the Lakshmi
Vilas bank Ltd.
04. Sanitation and Drinking Water Facilities: Department of Tourism, Hospet
has constructed a comfort station and toilet inside the Hampi very near to the
Lotus Mahal and operating on pay and use basis. The facilities and hygienic
conditions of the toilet and comfort station are very poor and substandard. The
drinking v^ater facility maintained by the Department of tourism has been
nonfimctional and very unclean.
05. Guide Facility: As per the information given by the Assistant Director,
Department of Tourism, Hospet, a total of 47 approved guides are working at
Hampi out of that 34 guides are given 10 days guide training by Department of
Tourism and ASI. The guiding work is very seasonal (December-February peak
season) and they are very low paid. Majority of the tourist will not choose a
guide until unless they are persuaded or motivated by the repeated request of
the guides. The tourists who visit Hampi as a part of an organized tour are
usually escorted by a guide. The selection of Guides is done by the Department
182
of Tourism, Hospet on temporary basis against the application submitted by the
applicant as a response to its advertisement. As a policy matter, applicants
belong to SC/ST categories and local people are usually recruited as guides by
the department to empower the down trodden community. The department does
not pay salary to the guides instead the training and development expenses of
the guides shall be managed by the department.
Table - 4.4; Tourists Guides Working at Hampi SI. No 01
02
03
04
05
Particulars
Total number of Tourist Guides
Trained Tourist Guides
Qualification: Below SSLC
SSLC
PUC
B.A
B. Com
BA and Diploma in Tourism
BA, LLB and Diploma in Tourism
Language Kannada Proficiency ^^^^.^^
French
Locality Bellary district
Number of Guides
47
34
01
16
11
10
04
04
01
47
25
03
47
Source: Field Survey
The above table shows that out of 47 recognized tourist guides working at
World Heritage Site Hampi, 34 are trained by District tourism department and
all of them are the local people residing in the district of Bellary. The
educational qualification is concerned, 34% are SSLC qualified, 23% qualified
PUC, 21% qualified BA, 0.08% qualified B Com and BA with Diploma in
Tourism and only one person (0.02%) qualified BA, LLB and Diploma in
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Tourism. The statistics shows that around 50% of guides can speak in English
and 03 of them are even speak French language too.
06. Shopping Facilities at Hampi: The Hampi bazaar offers lots of shopping
avenues for the domestic and international tourists ranging from food and
beverage items to pooja materials for worship. Majority of the shops at the
Hampi bazaar have been evacuated recently treating as encroachment to the
heritage area but still a few shops are functioning to cater to the basic needs of
the tourists. Bicycles, scooters and bikes are available for tourists on rent basis.
Handicrafts and souvenir shops reflecting the culture and traditions of
Kamataka are seen in an around. A few bookshops with Hampi tourism guide
books, photographs, Brochures, etc are also seen.
Management Structure of Hampi Archaeological Tourism Destination - An Analysis
The archaeological heritage constitutes the basic record of past human
activities. Its protection and proper management is therefore essential to enable
people to study and interpret it on behalf of and for the benefit of present and future
generations. The natural and cultural heritage is a material and spiritual resource,
providing a narrative of historical development. It has an important role in modem
life and should be made physically, intellectually and/or emotively accessible to the
general public. Programmes for the protection and conservation of the physical
attributes, intangible aspects, contemporary cultural expressions and broad context,
should facilitate an understanding and appreciation of the heritage significance by
the host community and the visitor, in an equitable and affordable manner. Since
domestic and intemational tourism is among the foremost vehicles for cultural
exchange, conservation should provide responsible and well managed opportunities
for members of the host community and visitors to experience and understand that
community's heritage and culture at first hand. Each archaeological site requires a
well planned and systematic management system for scientific preservation and
conservation and interpretation and dissemination of heritage knowledge for the
184
benefits of the humanity. The protection of heritage cannot be based upon the
application of archaeological techniques alone but also transcending the heritage
knowledge from generation to generation through effective and efficient heritage
education techniques. Planned heritage tourism development is a solution for
transcending cultural values to humanity. It requires a wider basis of professional
and scientific knowledge and skills. The archaeological heritage site like Hampi
Group of Monuments, the heritage values are not only those physical buildings but
also the intangible culture and traditions interweaved with the monuments, for such
sites and monuments the participation of local cultural groups is essential for their
protection and preservation. For these and other reasons the protection of the
archaeological heritage at Hampi must be based upon effective collaboration
between professionals from many disciplines. It also requires the cooperation of
government authorities, academic researchers, private or public enterprise, and the
general public. These include the responsibilities of public authorities and
legislators, principles relating to the professional performance of the processes of
invention, survey, excavation, documentation, research, maintenance, conservation,
preservation, reconstruction, information, presentation, public access and use of the
heritage, and the qualification of professionals involved in the protection of the
archaeological heritage.
An effective archaeological heritage management system at Hampi requires various
management elements such as an integrated management system and policy,
cooperation and coordination of various stake holders, a well maintained visitor
management system, an effective heritage interpretation and education system,
facilities management system, involvement of local community in all aspects of the
heritage management system, a well defined conservation and preservation policy
etc.
185
Management Structure of World Heritage Site, Hampi
Hampi as a world Heritage Site, Archaeological Site and as a well known
heritage tourism destination of Kamataka is managed and monitored by various
national and international bodies. Each authority has its own objectives and policies
towards the management of Hampi. The structure of the Hampi Management
System is as follows (Figure - 4.4).
Figure - 4.5: Hampi Management Structure
Hampi Archaeological Heritage Site
Hampi Development
Authority
1 State Archaeology
Departement ,
Local Bodies
Village Panchayath
N World Heritage Development
Authority
Zilla Panchayath
Department of Tourism, Govt, of
Kamataka
"Kamataka State Tourism
Development Corporation
District Tourism Department
Arcaeological Survey of India
y c \
KSTDC, Office, H ospet
KSTDC Mayura Bhubaneshwari
Hotel
ASI Regional office, Kamalapur
Hampi heritage area is managed by the following authorities.
1. Hampi World Heritage Development Authority
2. Archaeological Survey of India
3. Kamataka State Archaeology Department
4. District Commissioners of Koppal and Bellary
5. Village Panchayath, Town Panchayath and Zilla Panchayath
186
6. Irrigation Department and Dam authorities
Hampi heritage area is monitored by the following authorities.
1. At international level by UNESCO
2. At National level, ASI, Directorate, Delhi
3. Regional level by ASI circle office and ASI Regional Office, Kamalapur
4. Micro level by the range office and security guards posted at the monument
Role of Archaeological Survey of India in Management of Hampi
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), as an attached office under the
Department of Ministry of Tourism and Culture, is the premier organization for the
archaeological researches and protection of the cultural heritage of the nation.
Maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national
importance is the prime concern of the ASI. Besides it regulate all archaeological
activities in the country as per the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and
Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958. It also regulates Antiquities and Art
Treasure Act, 1972.
There are at present more than 3650 ancient monuments and archaeological sites
and remains of national importance. The Circles look after the research on these
monuments and conservation activities, while the Science Branch with its
headquarters at Dehradun carries out chemical preservation and the Horticulture
Branch with its headquarters at Agra is entrusted with the laying out gardens and
environmental development. For the maintenance of ancient monuments and
archaeological sites and remains of national importance the entire country is divided
into 24 Circles. The organization has a large work force of trained archaeologists,
conservators, epigraphist, architects and scientists for conducting archaeological
research projects through its Excavation Branches, Prehistory Branch, Epigraphy
Branches, Science Branch, Horticulture Branch, Building Survey Project, Temple
Survey Projects and Underwater Archaeology Wing.
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ASI has two circles in Kamataka, Bangalore and Dharwad circle and Bangalore
circle maintains 207 archaeological sites while Bangalore circle is taking care of
299 archaeological sites. A total of 507 monuments are maintained by ASI in
Kamataka through two circles. Hampi Group of Monuments comes under the
Dharwad circle consists of 56 various monuments protected by ASI following the
norms and regulations put forward by the UNESCO. UNESCO provides continuous
guidance and expertise for the repair, maintenance, renovation and conservation of
these monuments.
ASI Regional Office, Kamalapur
ASI is functioning at Hampi through its regional office which is located at
Kamalapur, 3 kms away from Hampi. The major functions of this office are
maintenance, preservation, renovation and repair of the monuments at Hampi and
they also regulate the tourism activities inside Hampi. One beautiful and well
equipped archaeological museum has been set up in Kamalapur by ASI for
preserving the portable heritage elements of this region for betterment of heritage
education and preservation. ASI office at Kamalapur has one Senior Conservation
Assistant, one Conservationist, one Surveyor and one Office Assistant. Out of 20
Monument Attendants, 9 are female. Around 300 daily wage workers and 30
security guards are also working at Hampi as a part of ASI. Archaeological Survey
of India collects an entry fee of Rs 10 from domestic tourists and Rs 250 firom
foreign tourists. ASI is not maintaining a Systematic collection and usage of tourist
statistical data at Hampi. They maintain a record of only the number of foreign and
domestic tourist arrivals at the site based on the number of tickets sold. The State
Archeology Department of Kamataka also organizes certain heritage awareness
programmes at Hampi.
Hampi World Heritage Management Authority
Hampi World Heritage Management Authority constituted under Hampi
World Heritage Area Management authority Act 2002 for the local planning and
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development. The Heritage Area defined under the Hampi World Heritage Area
Management Authority Act, 2002 covers 236.46 Km of area out of which nearly
172 Km^ area to the north of the river comprising 29 revenue villages, 14 from
Hospet taluka and 15 from Gangavati taluka. It is funded by both centre and state
governments.
Hampi world heritage area management authority basically deals with providing
design solutions and guidelines for local development. The technical wing of
authority comprising of architects, engineers and surveyors, study the drawings
submitted for building construction permission within the LPA (local planning area)
as well as check on site and in accordance with the norms laid down in the master
plan comment on feasibility of the building. Apart from these, various projects
falling under tourism sector and development of tourism is also being taken care of
The technical wing of Hampi world heritage area management authority also
provides consultancy services to various other government bodies to name few are,
archeological survey of India, public works department, Zilla Panchayat, etc.
The Master plan was prepared by the Hampi World Heritage Area
Management Authority (HWHAMA) as part of its mandate to protect cultural,
natural heritage and regulate development in the Local Planning Area. The plan was
prepared under Kamataka Town and Country Planning Act - 1961 with the
assistance of the Department of Town and Country Planning, Government of
Kamataka. According to the information revealed by the Commissioner of
HWHAMA during the interview, the Hampi Master Plan 2021 is prepared by
extensive consultation with the local people and all stake holders of the heritage
site. The major functions of HWHAMA are,
a. To carry out a survey of the Heritage Area and prepare reports on the surveys
so carried out.
b. To prepare development plan of the Heritage area.
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c. To cause to be carried out such works as are contemplated in the
development plan.
d. To formulate as many schemes as .are necessary for implementing the
development plan of the Heritage Area.
e. To secure and co-ordinate execution of the development plan, town planning
schemes and the development of the Heritage Area in accordance with the
said plan and schemes.
f To raise finance for any project or scheme for the development of the
Heritage Area and to extend assistance to the local authorities in the Region
for the execution of such project or scheme.
g. To do such other acts and things as may be entrusted by the State
Government or as may be necessary for or incidental or conducive to, any
matters which are necessary for furtherance of the objects for which the
Authority is constituted.
h. To entrust to any local authority or other agency for the work of execution of
any development plan or town planning scheme or development of the
Heritage area.
i. Kamataka Industrial Areas Development Board, the Kamataka State Road
Transport Corporation and such other bodies as are connected with
development a activities in the Heritage Area.
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Figure - 4.6: Organization Structure of HWHAMA
Planning officer
_L
Chairman, Deputy Commissioner, Bellary
I Co- Chairman, Deputy Commissioner, Koppal
I Commissioner
T Junior Town
Planning
H. X
2L
Account Super Visor
:i.
Project Manager
ZL
Town Planning
Supervisor
T ±
Architect GIS Analyst
T *
Surveyor Coordinators
2L
Structural Engineers
2 L
Computer Operator
Archaeologis ts
Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation, KSTDC, Hospet
Kamataka State Tourism Development Corporation or KSTDC is yet another
component of the Hampi management system. KSTDC is an entity under the
Ministry of Tourism, Government of Kamataka, was set up by the govemment to
promote tourism within the state. The aim of KSTDC was to provide infrastmcture,
conveyance and other facilities to tourists visiting Kamataka. Part of mission is also
to promote unknown tourist spots in Kamataka. KSTDC is mainly concentrating on
tourist facilities and amenities at the destination. It is one of the largest tour
operating organization of Kamataka, dedicated to professional tour packaging to
cater the varying needs of the tourists. KSTDC has its own regional offices in all
districts of Kamataka and offers standard accommodation under the banner KSTDC
hotels and resorts. It also provides various transportation facilities ranging from
luxury coach services to personalized tourist taxi services.
191
The KSTDC tourism information office is located very near to the KSRTC bus
terminal, Hospet. This tourism information office is managed by an Assistant
Manager with the assistance of a peon and driver. The KSTDC office offers tourism
information to all walk in guests and offers daily tour package to tourists who has
done telephonic or online reservation or walk in basis. The tour packages cost Rs
250 per head which is commenced by 9.30 and finishes by 6.30. Hospet railway
station is also holds a tourism information office managed by KSTDC. It also
operates one three star hotel at Hospet and one tourist home at Kamalapur. The
famous Luxury train service. The Golden Chariot, is also managed by KSTDC in tie
up with Indian Railways.
Department of Tourism, Government of Karnataka
Department of Tourism, Government of Karnataka is also a dominant player
in the management of Hampi world Heritage site. Regional Office of the
Department of tourism, Bellary district is located at Hospet under the control of an
Assistant Director. The Department of Tourism is looking after the infrastructural
facilities for tourists at the Hampi World Heritage Site. The main operational areas
of the department are tourists guide selection and training, marketing and promotion
of the destination, development of tourist utility services, drinking water and
sanitation facilities, management of battery powered vehicles at the destination,
managing the tourism information office at Hampi, monitoring and approval of
hotels, guest houses and lodging facilities, development of entertainment facilities
for the tourists, ensuring heritage interpretation and guiding etc.
Zilla and Village Panchayats
The local bodies like the Zilla and Village Panchayats of Bellary district also
assist the tourism development of Hampi by developing infi-a and superstructure
facilities for the tourists. Development and maintenance of common facilities like
roads, bus terminals, common utility facilities, water supply management, sewage
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and solid waste management, bus terminals, bus waiting sheds, etc at the Hampi
region is managed by the Zilla and Village Panchayats of Bellary district.
Conclusion
This mainly chapter deals with the descriptive analysis of the tourism
resources of Hampi as archaeological tourism destination for domestic as well s
international tourists and it emphasizes on the assessment and evaluation the
archaeological heritage tourism management system existing at the World Heritage
Site Hampi as an archaeological world heritage. Even though, the art and
architecture of the archaeological site is the major attraction for the tourists, as a
tourism destination, Hampi also offers a wide range of tourism attractions such as
cultural, natural and historical attractions. The supply and demand part of the
tourism is also explained by evaluating the statistical data on tourism arrivals and
receipts at Hampi. The management system of Hampi is found very complicated
since various organizations are participating in the management process where there
is no proper coordination and cooperation. Most of the organizations are lacking a
prospective vision and developmental policy which can protect and conserve the
monuments by developing sustainable archeological heritage tourism. A few
management stake holders are exclusively looking for tourism development by
ignoring the archeological resource protection while others are exclusively aimed at
protection of the archeological resources. And moreover, there is overlapping of
roles and fiinctions which are leading to words conflicts. So there is a need for
formulating and designing an effective management policy which is capable of
sustainable tourism developmental by protecting the archaeological resources. An
assessment of infra and super structural facilities and amenities available at the
destination for tourist consumption and its inadequacies are discussed in this
chapter.
193
References
1. Gethin Chamberlain (2012), India's Hampi heritage site families face
eviction from historic ruins, The Observer, Sunday 27 May 2012
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Heritage at Risk, Archaeology, Publication of Archaeological Institute of
America Volume 65 Number 6, November/ December 2012
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5. Annual Report 2010, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India
6. Annual Report 2011, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India
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Through its Monuments, Manohar and American Institute of Indian Studies,
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8. Fritz, J.M. and G. Michell, editors, (2001), New light on Hampi: Recent
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Core, 2 volumes, Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Mysore
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Vijayanagara, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
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