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Chapter 9Chapter 9Addressing Population IssuesAddressing Population Issues
Overview of Chapter 9Overview of Chapter 9
o Population and Quality of LifePopulation and Quality of Life• Population and Chronic HungerPopulation and Chronic Hunger• Economic Effects of Population GrowthEconomic Effects of Population Growth
o Reducing the Total Fertility RateReducing the Total Fertility Rate• Culture and FertilityCulture and Fertility• Social and Economic Status of WomenSocial and Economic Status of Women• Family Planning ServicesFamily Planning Services
o Government Policies and FertilityGovernment Policies and Fertility• China, India, Mexico, Nigeria, EuropeChina, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Europe
o Achieving Population StabilizationAchieving Population Stabilization
Basic Requirements of LifeBasic Requirements of Life
o Balanced DietBalanced Dieto Clean WaterClean Watero Decent ShelterDecent Sheltero Adequate ClothingAdequate Clothing
Population and Quality of LifePopulation and Quality of Life
o Difficult to meet basic needs in Difficult to meet basic needs in developing countriesdeveloping countries
o Problems associated with Problems associated with overpopulation:overpopulation:• Environmental degradationEnvironmental degradation• HungerHunger• Persistent povertyPersistent poverty• Economic stagnationEconomic stagnation• Urban deteriorationUrban deterioration• Health issuesHealth issues
Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity
o Carrying Capacity (K)Carrying Capacity (K)• The maximum number of individuals of a The maximum number of individuals of a
given species that a particular environment given species that a particular environment can support for an indefinite period, can support for an indefinite period, assuming no changes in the environmentassuming no changes in the environment
o Overuse of land can cause a decrease Overuse of land can cause a decrease in carrying capacityin carrying capacity
o Uncertain what the carrying capacity of Uncertain what the carrying capacity of the earth is for humansthe earth is for humans
Human Carrying CapacityHuman Carrying Capacity
o In order to estimate human carrying In order to estimate human carrying capacity assumptions must be made capacity assumptions must be made about our quality of lifeabout our quality of life• Should everyone in the world have the same Should everyone in the world have the same
standard of living as the average US citizen?standard of living as the average US citizen?• If so, planet could only support a fraction of the If so, planet could only support a fraction of the
humans if everyone had the barest minimum of humans if everyone had the barest minimum of food, clothing, and shelterfood, clothing, and shelter
• What future technology might be developed What future technology might be developed that would change the carrying capacitythat would change the carrying capacity
Developing NationsDeveloping Nations
o On a national level, developing countries On a national level, developing countries have the largest rates of population have the largest rates of population increaseincrease• Often have the fewest resources to support their Often have the fewest resources to support their
growing numbersgrowing numbers
o If a country is to support its human If a country is to support its human population, it must have either the population, it must have either the agricultural land to raise enough food for agricultural land to raise enough food for those people or enough of other natural those people or enough of other natural resources, such as minerals or oil, to provide resources, such as minerals or oil, to provide buying power to purchase food.buying power to purchase food.
Population and Chronic HungerPopulation and Chronic Hungero Food insecurityFood insecurity
• Condition in which people live with chronic hunger and malnutritionCondition in which people live with chronic hunger and malnutrition• More than 800 million people in the world do not have food securityMore than 800 million people in the world do not have food security
• 86 countries are considered low income and food deficient86 countries are considered low income and food deficient• FAO estimates that as many as 2 billion people face food insecurity FAO estimates that as many as 2 billion people face food insecurity
intermittently as a result of poverty, drought, or civil strifeintermittently as a result of poverty, drought, or civil strife
Population and Chronic HungerPopulation and Chronic Hunger
o Effects of Chronic HungerEffects of Chronic Hunger• Weakened immune systemWeakened immune system• Illness and diseaseIllness and disease
• MalariaMalaria• MeaslesMeasles• DiarrheaDiarrhea• Acute respiratory illnessAcute respiratory illness
• Accounts for 90% toAccounts for 90% to
95% of world’s hungry95% of world’s hungry
peoplepeople• Famine only accounts for 5% to 10%Famine only accounts for 5% to 10%
Population and Chronic HungerPopulation and Chronic Hunger
o Solving the Food ProblemSolving the Food Problem• Control population growthControl population growth• Promote economic development of Promote economic development of
developing countries without adequate developing countries without adequate food suppliesfood supplies
• Provide access to food and land resources Provide access to food and land resources to those who live in areas without themto those who live in areas without them
Hunger and Child MortalityHunger and Child Mortality
Economic Effects of Population Economic Effects of Population GrowthGrowth
o Two viewpoints from economists:Two viewpoints from economists:• Population growth stimulates economic Population growth stimulates economic
development and technological innovationdevelopment and technological innovation• Rapidly expanding population hampers Rapidly expanding population hampers
developmental effortsdevelopmental efforts
o Most observations support the second Most observations support the second viewpointviewpoint
o Developmental efforts are also Developmental efforts are also hampered by debt from past hampered by debt from past development attemptsdevelopment attempts
Debt in Developing CountriesDebt in Developing Countries
o If a country is to raise its standard of If a country is to raise its standard of living, its economic growth must be living, its economic growth must be greater than its population growthgreater than its population growth• Many developing nations have realized Many developing nations have realized
economic growths due to loans from banks economic growths due to loans from banks and governments of highly developed and governments of highly developed nations, or the World Bank or the nations, or the World Bank or the International Monetary FundInternational Monetary Fund
• Many nations have difficulty raising their Many nations have difficulty raising their standards of living due to tremendous debtsstandards of living due to tremendous debts
Reducing the Total Fertility RateReducing the Total Fertility Rate
Three major influences on total fertility Three major influences on total fertility raterate
1.1. Cultural traditionsCultural traditions
2.2. Social & economic status of womenSocial & economic status of women
3.3. Family planningFamily planning
Cultural Cultural TraditionsTraditions
o Culture influences and Culture influences and controls individuals’ controls individuals’ behaviorsbehaviors
o Marriage ageMarriage ageo Couple is expected to Couple is expected to
have large number of have large number of childrenchildren• Due to high infant and Due to high infant and
child mortality rateschild mortality rateso Children often work in Children often work in
family businessfamily business• Provide support for aging Provide support for aging
parentsparentso Religious valuesReligious values
Social & Economic Status of WomenSocial & Economic Status of Women
o Gender inequality is common worldwideGender inequality is common worldwideo DisparitiesDisparities
• Political participationPolitical participation• Social statusSocial status• Economic statusEconomic status• Health statusHealth status• Legal rightsLegal rights• EducationEducation• Employment andEmployment and
earningsearningsSingle most important factor affecting high total fertility rates is Single most important factor affecting high total fertility rates is
low status of womenlow status of women
Illiteracy in 2002Illiteracy in 2002
Marriage Age and FertilityMarriage Age and Fertility
o Total fertility rate is affected by the Total fertility rate is affected by the average age women marry, which is average age women marry, which is determined by the laws and customs of determined by the laws and customs of the society in which they livethe society in which they live• Women who marry are more apt to bear Women who marry are more apt to bear
children than women who do not marrychildren than women who do not marry• The earlier a woman marries, the more The earlier a woman marries, the more
children she is likely to havechildren she is likely to have
Educational Opportunities and Educational Opportunities and FertilityFertility
o Women with more educationWomen with more education• Marry laterMarry later• Have fewer childrenHave fewer children
Educational Opportunities and Educational Opportunities and FertilityFertility
o Education increases the probability that Education increases the probability that women will know how to control their women will know how to control their fertility, and it provides them with fertility, and it provides them with knowledge to improve the health of their knowledge to improve the health of their familiesfamilies• Decrease in infant and child mortalityDecrease in infant and child mortality
o Children who are educated have a Children who are educated have a greater chance of improving their living greater chance of improving their living standards, partly because they have standards, partly because they have more employment opportunitiesmore employment opportunities
Family Planning ServicesFamily Planning Services
o Traditionally family planning services Traditionally family planning services have focused on maternal and child have focused on maternal and child health, including prenatal care to help health, including prenatal care to help prevent infant and maternal death or prevent infant and maternal death or disabilitydisability
o In many countries men make In many countries men make reproductive decisions regarding reproductive decisions regarding contraceptivescontraceptives
Family Planning ServicesFamily Planning Services
o Family planning services offer Family planning services offer information to both men and women information to both men and women on:on:• SexualitySexuality• ContraceptionContraception• STDsSTDs• ParentingParenting
Family Planning ServicesFamily Planning Services
o Most effective when they are designed Most effective when they are designed with sensitivity to local social and with sensitivity to local social and cultural beliefscultural beliefs• Do not try to force people to limit their Do not try to force people to limit their
family sizes, rather attempt to convince family sizes, rather attempt to convince people that small families are acceptable people that small families are acceptable and desirableand desirable
Contraceptive Use Among Married Contraceptive Use Among Married Women of Reproductive AgeWomen of Reproductive Age
Green Bar – Contraceptive Use
Red Bar – Total FertilityRate
Government Policies and Fertility- Government Policies and Fertility- ChinaChina
o Largest population in the world Largest population in the world o Controversial Family Planning PolicyControversial Family Planning Policy
• 1971- Chinese Government pursued birth 1971- Chinese Government pursued birth control seriouslycontrol seriously
• 1979- Incentives to promote later 1979- Incentives to promote later marriages and one-child familiesmarriages and one-child families
• Medical care, schooling for child, preferential Medical care, schooling for child, preferential housing, retirement fundshousing, retirement funds
• Brought about rapid and drastic decrease Brought about rapid and drastic decrease in fertilityin fertility
Government Policies and Fertility- Government Policies and Fertility- ChinaChina
o Law – controversial and unpopularLaw – controversial and unpopular• Compromised freedom of choiceCompromised freedom of choice• Social pressure to abort a second childSocial pressure to abort a second child• Pressure to abort/kill female first childPressure to abort/kill female first child
• More boys than More boys than girls in Chinagirls in China
o Law more Law more relaxed in rural relaxed in rural ChinaChina
Government Policy and Fertility- Government Policy and Fertility- IndiaIndia
o Severe population pressureSevere population pressure• 1950- first country with government-1950- first country with government-
sponsored family planningsponsored family planning• Did not work due to language/cultural barriersDid not work due to language/cultural barriers
• 1976- introduced incentives and 1976- introduced incentives and compulsory sterilizationcompulsory sterilization
• Unpopular and failureUnpopular and failure• Recent years- government focused on Recent years- government focused on
educationeducation• Much more effective, but TFR still above Much more effective, but TFR still above
replacement levelreplacement level
Government Policy and Fertility- Government Policy and Fertility- MexicoMexico
o Young age structureYoung age structure• Huge potential for population growth: 33% Huge potential for population growth: 33%
of population is under age 15of population is under age 15• Positive growth momentumPositive growth momentum
o 1974- government imparted 1974- government imparted educational reform, family planning, educational reform, family planning, health carehealth care• Very successfulVery successful
Government Policy and Fertility- Government Policy and Fertility- NigeriaNigeria
o Population challengePopulation challenge• Largest population of any African countryLargest population of any African country
o Very high reproductive potential: 43% Very high reproductive potential: 43% of population is less than age 15of population is less than age 15
o Current National Population PolicyCurrent National Population Policy• Improving health careImproving health care• Population educationPopulation education
Government Policy and Fertility- Government Policy and Fertility- EuropeEurope
o Population concernPopulation concern• Proportion elderly Proportion elderly
people in population is people in population is increasingincreasing
• Due to low TFRDue to low TFR
o Decrease in population Decrease in population could cause decrease could cause decrease economic growtheconomic growth
Achieving Population Achieving Population StabilizationStabilization
o How can developing country governments How can developing country governments help?help?• Increase $$ allotted to public health and family Increase $$ allotted to public health and family
planning servicesplanning services• Education on affordable, safe, effective methods of Education on affordable, safe, effective methods of
birth controlbirth control• Increase average level of educationIncrease average level of education
• Especially for womenEspecially for women
o How can developed country governments How can developed country governments help?help?• Provide financial supportProvide financial support• Supporting research and development of new birth Supporting research and development of new birth
control methodscontrol methods
