Chapter 8 (Pronouns) – You Must Be Able To · Chapter 8 (Pronouns) – You Must Be Able To: Know pronouns as vocabulary with gender, number, and person. ... Comes before the noun

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Chapter 8 (Pronouns) – You Must Be Able To:

� Know pronouns as vocabulary

with gender, number, and person.

– E.g., נהא א א א נהת� נהת� נהת� ת� = ‘you’ (2fp)

� Distinguish the interrogative particle from the article

� Translate texts with a/an:

– Independent personal pronoun

– Relative pronoun

– Interrogative pronoun or particle

– Demonstrative pronoun

– Demonstrative adjective

8-1


� Independent Personal Pronouns

� Relative Pronoun

� Interrogative Pronouns

� Interrogative Particle

� Demonstratives

Chapter 8 (Pronouns): Agenda 8-2


Independent Personal Pronouns

� These are always the subject of a clause in Hebrew.

– I, you, she, he, it, they

– NOT me, my, her, him, his

– Call them ‘subject pronouns’

8-3


Independent Personal Pronouns

Singular Plural

1C ‘I / we’ ניא / נכיא חנוא נ�2M ‘you’ תהא םת א 2F ‘you’ ת א נהא ת�3M ‘he / it / they’ אהו מה/ םה ה�3F ‘she / it / they’ אהי נ / ןה הה�

8-4

Memorize as vocabulary

with person, gender, & number.

E.g., תהתהתהתהא א א א �� ‘you (ms)’


First-Person is Common Gender

Singular Plural


8-5

1st person is gender-independent, just like English.

Common gender means both masculine & feminine.

i.e., Women and men say “I” and “we” the same way.


Subject Pronoun Memory Aids:

Singular Plural


8-6

• 1st person begins with אאאאננננ• 2nd person begins with א א א א ת� ת� ת� ת�• 3rd person begins with ה� ה� ה� ה�

• MP ends in מהמהמהמה////םםםם(‘men’ or ‘monks’)

• FP has נהנהנהנה////ננננ (‘nuns’)


Subject Pronoun Memory Aids:

Singular Plural


8-7

• Who is he? He is she.

• אאאאהוהוהוהו . is ‘he’.

• אאאאהיהיהיהי . is ‘she’.

• Remember the אאאא . in תהתהתהתהא א א א• תהתהתהתהא א א א . is ‘you’ (2ms)

• תהתהתהתהע ע ע ע . is ‘now’


Independent Personal Pronoun Practice

צדיקאני נביא 1.

חנו בעיר 2. הגד!להאנ�

הרעיםהם האנשים 3.

יש הט!בא ה אהו4.

החכמההאשה היא 5.

I am a righteous prophet.

We are in the great city.

They (m) are the evil men.

He is the good man.

She is the wise woman.

8-8






� Demonstratives



Relative Pronoun אשראשראשראשר� This word is part of the vocabulary for chapter 8

– Memorize to translate into English just like the other

vocabulary words.

� The spelling never changes

– Unlike Greek (which has 17 different spellings)

� It has no gender, number, or case

– Unlike Greek (which has 24 possible parsings)

� Example (Deut 1:1)

– משהמשהמשהמשהדבר דבר דבר דבר אשר אשר אשר אשר הדברים הדברים הדברים הדברים אלה אלה אלה אלה – These are the words which Moses spoke.

8-10


Interrogative Pronouns מימימימי and מה)מה)מה)מה)/מהמהמהמה� These two words are part of the vocabulary for chapter 8

– Memorize to translate into English just like the other

vocabulary words.

– E.g., on a quiz, you may be given מימימימיand then have to write “who?”

� They are usually the first word in their clause.

– E.g., שמך)שמך)שמך)שמךמהמהמהמה( OR אתן)לךאתן)לךאתן)לךאתן)לךמה מה מה מה OR הגיד לךהגיד לךהגיד לךהגיד לךמי מי מי מי� Mnemonics:

– Who? Me? (מימימימי)

– What, Ma? (מהמהמהמה or (מה)מה)מה)מה or מהמהמהמה or ((מה)מה)מה)מה

8-11


Translation Practice

ירירירירע ע ע ע )ה )ה )ה )ה ךךךךשר בת!שר בת!שר בת!שר בת!א א א א םםםםד ד ד ד א א א א ה ה ה ה 1.

תהתהתהתהא א א א מי מי מי מי 2.

אאאאמה)הימה)הימה)הימה)הי3.

מה שירמה שירמה שירמה שיר4.

תה מהתה מהתה מהתה מהע ע ע ע ו ו ו ו 5.

The man who [is] in

the middle of the city.

Who [are] you? (ms)

What [is] it? (fs) What song? And now what?

8-12






� Demonstratives



Interrogative Particle ה ה ה ה� English puts a question mark “?” at the end

of every sentence that asks a question.

� Hebrew puts the interrogative particle ה ה ה ה at the

beginning of a sentence that asks a yes-no question.

– Translate it as a question mark?

– Mnemonic: sounds like “Huh?”

� Some yes-no questions lack the interrogative particle.

� Questions that ask who? or what? use מימימימי or מהמהמהמה

8-14


Article vs. Interrogative

Article

ה. ה. ה. ה. Except b4 G or ררררה ה ה ה b4 ה� ה� ה� ה� ,רררר ,עעעע ,אאאא

(not b4 unaccented ע ע ע ע)

ה ה ה ה b4 ח� ח� ח� ח� or

unaccented ( ע ע ע ע ,ה ה ה ה ,ח ח ח ח)

ה ה ה ה b4 הההה or חחחח without ....

Interrogative

ה ה ה ה Except b4 G or ....

ה ה ה ה b4 G with ....

ה ה ה ה b4 G or ....

8-15


Article or Interrogative?

Not on the 1st word of a clause

Not on a word acting like a noun

ה. ה. ה. ה. ה ה ה ה ה ה ה ה ה ה ה ה ה ה ה ה

Article

Interrogative

Article

Article

Interrogative

Complicated

Interrogative except

ambiguous before חחחח ,הההה,

SQiN ‘eM LeVY with

Shewa

8-16


Practice Translating with Article or Interrogative

םםםםהדבריהדבריהדבריהדברי1.

חדחדחדחדא א א א ה ה ה ה 2.

ןןןןהמ המ המ המ 3.

the (words/things)

the one

from?

8-17






� Demonstratives



Singular Plural

M♂♂♂♂ this / these זהלהא�

F♀♀♀♀ this / these תאז

Singular Plural

M♂♂♂♂ that / those אהו מה/ םה ה�F♀♀♀♀ that/those אהי נ / ןה הה�

Two Sets of Demonstratives

Near demonstratives: This, These, οὗτος

8-19

Far demonstratives: That, Those, ἐκεῖνος


Demonstratives Act as Adjectives or as Pronouns

� Demonstrative adjective

– Modifies a noun just as an attributive adjective does.

– E.g., these men

– E.g., that woman

� Demonstrative pronoun

– Takes the place of a noun as the subject of a clause.

– E.g., This is her daughter.

– E.g., That is her daughter.

� Several grammarians argue that the Hebrew

distant demonstratives never act as pronouns.

8-20


Demonstrative Adjective

� Modifies noun. (E.g., this woman, those men)

� Comes after the noun. (Dem. Adjective Always After)

� Always has the article (Dem. Adjective Always Article)

� Matches noun in Gender and Number

– “this woman” (fs) is האשה האשה האשה האשה הזאתהזאתהזאתהזאת– “those men” (mp) is האנשים האנשים האנשים האנשים ההםההםההםההם or מה מההה� מההה� מההה� האנשים האנשים האנשים האנשים הה�

� Mnemonic:

Demonstrative Adjective Always After noun,

and Always has the Article

8-21


Demonstrative Adjective Like Attributive Adjective

� Both modify a noun

� Both always after the noun

� Both match noun in gender, number, and definiteness.

� BUT demonstrative adjective always has article.

– Because it always modifies a definite noun.

Attributive Adjective Demonstrative Adjective

ט!בט!בט!בט!באיש איש איש איש (a good man)

ט!בהט!בהט!בהט!בהאשה אשה אשה אשה (a good woman)

הט!בהט!בהט!בהט!בהאיש האיש האיש האיש (the good man) הזההזההזההזההאיש האיש האיש האיש (this man)

הט!ב!תהט!ב!תהט!ב!תהט!ב!תהנשים הנשים הנשים הנשים (the good women) נההנשים הנשים הנשים הנשים נההה� נההה� נההה� הה� (those women)

8-22


Demonstrative Pronoun

� Takes the place of a noun as the subject of a clause.

– E.g., “This is her daughter.”

� Comes before the noun (Pronoun Perpetually Precedes)

� Does not have the article (Pronoun dePrived of article)

� Matches noun in Gender and Number

– “This is the queen” (fs) is זאתזאתזאתזאת המלכההמלכההמלכההמלכה– “This is the king” (ms) is לך לךהמ� לךהמ� לךהמ� זהזהזהזה המ�

� Mnemonic:

Demonstrative Pronoun Perpetually Precedes the Noun,

and Perpetually dePrived of the article

8-23


Demonstrative Pronoun Like Predicate Adjective

� Both match noun in gender and number.

� Both never have the article.

� BUT demonstrative pronoun always comes before the noun.

� They substitute for different things:

– A predicate adjective is a verb substitute.

– A demonstrative pronoun is a noun substitute.

Predicate Adjective Demonstrative Pronoun

ט!בט!בט!בט!בהאיש האיש האיש האיש or האישהאישהאישהאיש ט!בט!בט!בט!ב(The man is good)

האישהאישהאישהאיש זהזהזהזה(This is the man)

ט!בט!בט!בט!באיש איש איש איש or אישאישאישאיש ט!בט!בט!בט!ב(A man is good)

אישאישאישאיש זהזהזהזה [rare]

(This is a man)

8-24


Identifying Demonstratives

Demonstrative Adjective Demonstrative Pronoun

הזההזההזההזההאיש האיש האיש האיש האישהאישהאישהאיש זהזהזהזה

Modifies noun

(E.g., “this man”)

Subject of clause (usually)

(E.g., “This is the man.”)

Matches noun in gender &

number & definiteness

Matches noun in gender &

number

Adjective Always After Noun,

Always Article

Pronoun Perpetually Precedes,

Perpetually dePrived of article

After Noun Precedes Noun

Has Article Lacks Article

8-25


Near Demonstrative Translation Practice

הזההזההזההזהיש יש יש יש א א א א ה ה ה ה 1.

ישישישישא א א א ה ה ה ה זה זה זה זה 2.

לה םםםםנשינשינשינשיא א א א ה ה ה ה 3. לההא� לההא� לההא� הא�

לה4. להא� להא� להא� םםםםנשינשינשינשיא א א א ה ה ה ה א�

שה שה שה שה א א א א ה ה ה ה 5. הז הז הז תתתתאאאאהז

.6 ז ז ז שהשהשהשהא א א א ה ה ה ה תתתתאאאאז

לה םםםםהנשיהנשיהנשיהנשי7. לההא� לההא� לההא� הא�

לה8. להא� להא� להא� םםםםהנשיהנשיהנשיהנשי א�

1. This man

2. This is the man.

3. These men

4. These are the men.

5. This woman

6. This is the woman.

7. These women

8. These are the women.

8-26


Far Demonstrative Translation Practiceאאאאההוההוההוההויש יש יש יש א א א א ה ה ה ה 1. ישישישישא א א א ה ה ה ה אאאאהוהוהוהו2.

םםםםהה הה הה הה םםםםנשינשינשינשיא א א א ה ה ה ה 3.

מה םםםםנשינשינשינשיא א א א ה ה ה ה 4. מההה� מההה� מההה� הה�

םםםםנשינשינשינשיא א א א ה ה ה ה םםםםה ה ה ה 5.

אאאאההיההיההיההישה שה שה שה א א א א ה ה ה ה 6.

שהשהשהשהא א א א ה ה ה ה אאאאהיהיהיהי7.

ןןןןהה הה הה הה םםםםהנשיהנשיהנשיהנשי8.

נה םםםםהנשיהנשיהנשיהנשי9. נההה� נההה� נההה� הה�

םםםםהנשיהנשיהנשיהנשי ןןןןה ה ה ה 10.

1. That man

2. (That/He) is the man.

3. Those men

4. Those men

5. (Those/They) are the men.

6. That woman

7. (That/She) is the woman.

8. Those women

9. Those women

10. (Those/They) are the women.

8-27


Mixed Translation Practice

הישרהישרהישרהישרהשפט השפט השפט השפט הואהואהואהוא1.

להישרים השפטים ישרים השפטים ישרים השפטים ישרים השפטים 2. לההא� לההא� לההא� הא�

לה3. להא� להא� להא� הישריםהישריםהישריםהישריםהשפטים השפטים השפטים השפטים א�

להלהלהלהא� א� א� א� ה ה ה ה הזקנים הזקנים הזקנים הזקנים חכמים חכמים חכמים חכמים 4.

םםםםהה הה הה הה מהנביאים הרעים מהנביאים הרעים מהנביאים הרעים מהנביאים הרעים הזההזההזההזההמשפט המשפט המשפט המשפט קשה קשה קשה קשה 5.

מן)העםמן)העםמן)העםמן)העם

1. (He/That) is the upright judge.

2. These judges are upright.

3. These are the upright judges.

4. These elders are wiser

than those wicked prophets.

5. This judgment is

too difficult for the people

8-28


Memorize the Pronouns as Vocabulary

� Know the gender and number

– E.g., ז ז ז תתתתאאאאז is ‘this’ (FS)

– E.g., להלהלהלהא� א� א� א� is ‘these’ (CP)

� Independent personal pronouns also have person

– E.g., ניניניניא א א א is ‘I’ (1cs)

– E.g., אאאאהוהוהוהו . is ‘he’ (3ms) or ‘that’ (ms)

8-29

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Chapter 8 (Pronouns) – You Must Be Able To · Chapter 8 (Pronouns) – You Must Be Able To: Know pronouns as vocabulary with gender, number, and person. ... Comes before the noun