Chapter 5Chapter 5

Preparing and Researching the Preparing and Researching the SpeechSpeech

The General PurposeThe General Purpose

To informTo inform

To persuadeTo persuade

To entertainTo entertain

The Specific PurposeThe Specific Purpose

Identifying precisely what it is your Identifying precisely what it is your want your audience to know, want your audience to know, believe, feel, or do.believe, feel, or do.– To inform the audience about how to To inform the audience about how to

set up a dwarf shrimp aquarium.set up a dwarf shrimp aquarium.– To persuade the audience to begin To persuade the audience to begin

saving for retirement as soon as they saving for retirement as soon as they graduate college.graduate college.

– To entertain the audience with 3 stories To entertain the audience with 3 stories about student pranks at Trevecca. about student pranks at Trevecca.

Central Idea (or Central Idea (or Thesis)Thesis) What you say in early in the What you say in early in the

speech that tells the audience speech that tells the audience what your speech is about what your speech is about

Should be a direct, complete Should be a direct, complete sentence.sentence.

Supporting Material Supporting Material (“Grounds” or (“Grounds” or “Support”)“Support”)

Evidence that backs up your Evidence that backs up your claims (main points & claims (main points & subpoints)subpoints)

Types of SupportTypes of Support

Illustration or Example: A specific instance Illustration or Example: A specific instance (may be real or hypothetical)(may be real or hypothetical)

Analogy: comparison, pointing out Analogy: comparison, pointing out similarities between the known & unknown.similarities between the known & unknown.

Numerical Data: Percentages, ratios, Numerical Data: Percentages, ratios, averages, “statistics”averages, “statistics”

Expert & Nonexpert Opinions: Quotations Expert & Nonexpert Opinions: Quotations from someone with special knowledge of the from someone with special knowledge of the subject; use “nonexpert” opinion judiciouslysubject; use “nonexpert” opinion judiciously

Restatement: saying something in different & Restatement: saying something in different & reinforcing ways (in text, but not usually reinforcing ways (in text, but not usually included in lists like this) included in lists like this)

Other Types of Other Types of Support (not in the Support (not in the text)text) Explanations: Tell “why;” implicit or explicit Explanations: Tell “why;” implicit or explicit

“because”“because” Descriptions: Word picturesDescriptions: Word pictures Narratives: Extended examples or stories Narratives: Extended examples or stories

(real or hypothetical)(real or hypothetical) Facts: statements that can be documented Facts: statements that can be documented

as true/accurate. as true/accurate.

““Supporting Supporting Materials” v. Materials” v. “Sources”“Sources” Supporting materials are the Supporting materials are the

examples, quotations, statistics, examples, quotations, statistics, explanations, etc. that make up explanations, etc. that make up your speech.your speech.

Sources are Sources are wherewhere you find those you find those examples, quotations, statistics, examples, quotations, statistics, explanations. . . .explanations. . . .

For Your Speech . . .For Your Speech . . .

You must have at least You must have at least four four different different sourcessources (information from four (information from four different places).different places).

You should have a variety of sources.You should have a variety of sources. You must identify each source you use, You must identify each source you use,

as you present the information. as you present the information. Associate specific information with Associate specific information with

specific sources. specific sources.

Citing SourcesCiting Sources

For each source, you should For each source, you should identify:identify:– the name of the source (magazine, the name of the source (magazine,

book, interviewee, website, etc.)book, interviewee, website, etc.)– the name of the author (if the name of the author (if

identified).identified).– a date of “publication.”a date of “publication.”

Citing Dates of Citing Dates of SourcesSources

– Depending on publication, date may Depending on publication, date may be “year”, “month/year,” be “year”, “month/year,” “month/day/year.”“month/day/year.”

– For website, give “last updated” For website, give “last updated” date or your access date.date or your access date.

– For interview, give date of interview.For interview, give date of interview.