CHAPTER 5:CHAPTER 5:ANCIENT GREECEANCIENT GREECE

1750 B.C. – 133 B.C.1750 B.C. – 133 B.C.

Section 1: Early People of Section 1: Early People of AegeanAegean

•EuropaEuropa- daughter of the king of - daughter of the king of Phoenicia married the king of Phoenicia married the king of Crete.Crete.– Continent of Europe bares her Continent of Europe bares her

name.name.•CreteCrete-not much is known about -not much is known about

this civilization.this civilization.– Called the Minoans after Minos, Called the Minoans after Minos,

legendary king of Crete (1750-legendary king of Crete (1750-1500 B.C.).1500 B.C.).

•Success based Success based on tradeon trade

•Acquired ideas Acquired ideas and and technology technology from Egypt from Egypt and and Mesopotamia.Mesopotamia.

• Knossos – palace Knossos – palace in the empire.in the empire.– Included many Included many

religious religious shrinesshrines a a sacred place sacred place like a chapel or like a chapel or an alter.an alter.

– Walls were Walls were covered with covered with colorful colorful frescofresco colorful painting colorful painting on wet plaster.on wet plaster.

•Around 1400 the Minoans Around 1400 the Minoans vanished.vanished.– Possible reasons:Possible reasons:

•Volcanic eruptionVolcanic eruption

•EarthquakeEarthquake

•Tidal waveTidal wave

•Invaders-the most possible Invaders-the most possible reasonreason–These invaders were the These invaders were the Mycenean’sMycenean’s

Mycenaean’s 1400 -1200 Mycenaean’s 1400 -1200 B.C.B.C.

• Indo-European peopleIndo-European people

•Conquered Greece and CreteConquered Greece and Crete

•They were sea tradersThey were sea traders

•Passed on Egyptian & Passed on Egyptian & Mesopotamian influences to later Mesopotamian influences to later Greeks.Greeks.

•Developed numerous city-states Developed numerous city-states in Greece.in Greece.

Trojan WarTrojan War1250 B.C.1250 B.C.

•May have May have started due to started due to economic economic rivalries rivalries between between Mycenae and Mycenae and Troy (trading Troy (trading city in Asia city in Asia Minor).Minor).

LegendLegend

• Trojan Prince kidnapped Helen, wife Trojan Prince kidnapped Helen, wife of a Greek King.of a Greek King.

• Mycenaean’s sailed to Troy to rescue Mycenaean’s sailed to Troy to rescue her.her.

• War started and lasted 10 years.War started and lasted 10 years.

• Troy would be burned down by the Troy would be burned down by the Mycenaean’s.Mycenaean’s.

• Mycenaean’s would collapse later after Mycenaean’s would collapse later after taking over Troy.taking over Troy.

• Dorian’s would move in the area.Dorian’s would move in the area.• Between 1100 – 800 B.C. Greek Between 1100 – 800 B.C. Greek

civilization took a step back. civilization took a step back. – People forgot skill and did little writing.People forgot skill and did little writing.– Except for two epic poems the Iliad and Except for two epic poems the Iliad and

the Odyssey.the Odyssey.– Both written about the time of the Both written about the time of the

Trojan War, by a blind poet named Trojan War, by a blind poet named Homer.Homer.•EpicsEpics- narrative poems celebrating heroic - narrative poems celebrating heroic

deedsdeeds

•These two These two epics tell us epics tell us about the about the VALUES of the VALUES of the ancient ancient Greeks.Greeks.

Section 2: Rise of Greek City-Section 2: Rise of Greek City-StatesStates

• Mediterranean and Aegean Seas Mediterranean and Aegean Seas were central to development of were central to development of Greek civilizations.Greek civilizations.

• Greece is part of the Balkan Greece is part of the Balkan PeninsulaPeninsula– Mountains divided the peninsula into Mountains divided the peninsula into

isolated valleys.isolated valleys.

• Small Small city-statescity-states arose: political arose: political units made up of a city and the units made up of a city and the surrounding lands.surrounding lands.– Greeks defended their city-states.Greeks defended their city-states.

•The seas provided safe harbors for ships.

•Greeks expanded the Phoenicians alphabet, which became the basis of all western alphabets.

• 750 B.C. – 750 B.C. –

population growth population growth

forced people to forced people to

move. Greek move. Greek

colonies took root colonies took root

from Spain to Egypt.from Spain to Egypt.

• Polis:Polis: Greek city- Greek city-

states that were the states that were the

fundamental fundamental

political units in political units in

ancient Greece.ancient Greece.

•Built on two levels: Built on two levels: Fortified hilltop was the Fortified hilltop was the acropolis. Temples dedicated acropolis. Temples dedicated to gods and goddesses were to gods and goddesses were built there.built there.Flatter ground walled the Flatter ground walled the

main main city with its marketplace, city with its marketplace, theater, theater, public buildings, and public buildings, and homes.homes.•Men spent time debating issues Men spent time debating issues and there were festivals for gods and there were festivals for gods and goddesses.and goddesses.

• From 750 B.C. there were many From 750 B.C. there were many different ways of ruling:different ways of ruling:– MonarchyMonarchy a government in which a government in which

a king or queen exercises central a king or queen exercises central power.power.

– AristocracyAristocracy rule by a landholding rule by a landholding elite.elite.

– OligarchyOligarchy power is in the hands power is in the hands of a small, powerful elite, usually of a small, powerful elite, usually from the business class.from the business class.

Warfare:Warfare:• Shift from bronze to Shift from bronze to

iron weaponsiron weapons

• HoplitesHoplites an item an item of armor or of armor or equipment.equipment.

• Formed large Formed large phalanxphalanx a massive a massive formation of heavily formation of heavily armed foot soldiers.armed foot soldiers.

• Ordinary people were Ordinary people were defending the city-defending the city-states.states.

SpartaSparta• Located on the Peloponnesus PeninsulaLocated on the Peloponnesus Peninsula

• Defeated Mycenaean’s became helots Defeated Mycenaean’s became helots in the Spartan army.in the Spartan army.– Helots outnumbered the Spartans 8 Helots outnumbered the Spartans 8

to 1to 1

• Maintained an aristocracyMaintained an aristocracy

• Didn’t develop trade or industry just Didn’t develop trade or industry just agricultureagriculture

• Spartans isolated themselves from Spartans isolated themselves from other Greeksother Greeks

Emphasized militaryEmphasized military• Spartan boys: left home at age 7, strict Spartan boys: left home at age 7, strict

military education, no shoes, hard beds.military education, no shoes, hard beds.

• At age 20 they could marry, but live in At age 20 they could marry, but live in the barracks for 10 more years, and eat the barracks for 10 more years, and eat there 40 more years. Age 30 joined the there 40 more years. Age 30 joined the assembly.assembly.

• Spartan girls: underwent physical Spartan girls: underwent physical training to prepare them for motherhood. training to prepare them for motherhood. Ran, wrestled, and played sports. Their Ran, wrestled, and played sports. Their role was more than other city-states.role was more than other city-states.

• Sickly children were abandoned to die.Sickly children were abandoned to die.

•Spartans Spartans emphasized a emphasized a totalitarian totalitarian philosophy: philosophy: the individual the individual exists to serve exists to serve the state.the state.

AthensAthens

• North of SpartaNorth of Sparta

• Under aristocracy wealthy got wealthy Under aristocracy wealthy got wealthy while the ordinary people suffered.while the ordinary people suffered.

• Simple professions were losing money.Simple professions were losing money.– Farmers: some had to sell land; some Farmers: some had to sell land; some

sold themselves and their families to sold themselves and their families to pay their debts.pay their debts.

Athens shifted to a democracyAthens shifted to a democracy*After clashes with aristocrats and *After clashes with aristocrats and common people Athens jumped to their common people Athens jumped to their democracy.democracy.• Only free males counted as citizensOnly free males counted as citizens• Women, slaves, and foreigners were Women, slaves, and foreigners were

excludedexcluded• Women had little to do with city lifeWomen had little to do with city life• Girls received no educationGirls received no education• Boys attended school, received Boys attended school, received

military training, athletic competitionmilitary training, athletic competition• Boys were encouraged to explore Boys were encouraged to explore

their optionstheir options

• Solon (594 BC)- given full power to Solon (594 BC)- given full power to run the government.run the government.– Fighting broke out again and Solon leftFighting broke out again and Solon left

• Tyrants soon won supportTyrants soon won support

• Pisistatus: became the 1Pisistatus: became the 1stst tyrant in tyrant in Athens (546 BC)Athens (546 BC)– Helped the peasantsHelped the peasants

• Cleisthenes- set up the Council of Cleisthenes- set up the Council of 500- proposed laws and counseled 500- proposed laws and counseled the assembly.the assembly.

• Made the assembly a genuine Made the assembly a genuine legislature.legislature.

Forces of UnityForces of Unity• Spoke the same languageSpoke the same language

• Common festivalsCommon festivals

• Prayed the same godsPrayed the same gods

• Same ancient heroesSame ancient heroes

• Temples and festivalsTemples and festivals

• Non-Greeks-outsiders were called Non-Greeks-outsiders were called BarbariansBarbarians people that didn’t speak people that didn’t speak Greek.Greek.

•Greeks were polytheistic.Greeks were polytheistic.– Gods lived on Mt. OlympusGods lived on Mt. Olympus– Zeus-king of the Gods.Zeus-king of the Gods.– Aphrodite-goddess of loveAphrodite-goddess of love– Ares-god of warAres-god of war– Athena-goddess of wisdom, Athena-goddess of wisdom,

also Athens was named after also Athens was named after her.her.