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Chapter 26 Similarity, Interactive Act ivation, and Mapping: An Ov erview Robert L. Goldstone and Douglas L. Medin Speaker: 안안안

Chapter 26 Similarity, Interactive Activation, and Mapping: An Overview

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Chapter 26 Similarity, Interactive Activation, and Mapping: An Overview. Robert L. Goldstone and Douglas L. Medin Speaker: 안성용. Introduction. Similarity Dogs and wolves appear similar. Why? They share many properties Property listing and matching There is more to similarity - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Chapter 26 Similarity, Interactive Activation, and Mapping: An Overview

Chapter 26

Similarity, Interactive Activation, and Mapping: An Overview

Robert L. Goldstone and Douglas L. Medin

Speaker: 안성용

Page 2: Chapter 26 Similarity, Interactive Activation, and Mapping: An Overview

Introduction• Similarity

– Dogs and wolves appear similar.• Why?• They share many properties

– Property listing and matching– There is more to similarity

• More structured representation• More sophisticated process

• Purpose– Human scene comparison 에서 mapping process 에 대해 설명– New experimental finding – Interactive activation model of mapping and similarity

Page 3: Chapter 26 Similarity, Interactive Activation, and Mapping: An Overview

Mapping process in comparison

• Perception of motion• People must create correspondence between the s

eparate image frames• Maximize the overall similarity between the frames

– In the Top display, dot 3 mapped into dot 2– In the bottom display, dot 1 mapped into dot 2

• Mapping is constrained by local affinities and by global consistency

• 기존의 모델들은 거의 global consistency 를 고려하지 않는다 .

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Page 4: Chapter 26 Similarity, Interactive Activation, and Mapping: An Overview

Models of Similarity and Mapping

• Multidimensional Scaling(MDS)– Geometrical model of the data– 각 object 는 N-Dimensional space 에 point 로 나타남 .

• Tversky’s Contrast model– SIM(A,B)=α·F(A∩B)-β*f(A-B)-х*f(B-A)

• 문제점– Object aligning 이나 feature weighting 이 comparison 과

독립적으로 진행된다 .– Conjunction of property

• Feature 의 개수가 exponential 하게 증가한다 .– MOP 와 MIP 가 어떻게 similarity 에 영향을 미치는지에 대한

실험적인 증거가 없다 .

Page 5: Chapter 26 Similarity, Interactive Activation, and Mapping: An Overview

Experimental Support for Alignment in Comparison

• MIPs increase similarity more than MOPs

• (2Mops-1MOP)>(1MOP-0MOPs) why?– Influence of a MOP depends on the

other feature matches• True mapping Vs false mapping

– True mapping, 즉 MIP 가 많을 수록 similarity 가 높을 것이다 .

• MOP decrease mapping accuracy

AB

CD

Similarity Mapping Accuracy

True mapping

False mapping

One dimension change

Two dimensions change

Two MIP 7.1 6.6 91% -

One MIP, one MOP 6.5 5.5 90% 83%

One MIP 6.4 6.0 90% 85%

No match 5.5 4.9 89% 83%

One MOP 5.5 4.8 86% 76%

Two MOP 5.9 5.3 86% 62%

Page 6: Chapter 26 Similarity, Interactive Activation, and Mapping: An Overview

Other Experimental Finding • MIPs and Feature Distribution

– Feature match 가 집중되어 있을 수록 similarity 는 상승한다 .• (AAAA, BBBB) | (AAAA, XXXX) similarity=5.2• (AAAA, BBBB) | (AAAX, XXXB) similarity=4.8

• Nondiagnostic Feature and Mapping Accuracy– Correspondence 를 구분하는데 도움이 되지 않는 feature match 도 mapping

accuracy 를 상승시킨다• (AAAA, AAAB) | (XXXA, XXXB) false mapping=33%• (AAAA, AAAB) | (AAAA, AAAB) false mapping=17%

• The time course of MIPs and MOPs– MOPs 는 프로세스의 이른 시점에서 similarity 에 강력한 영향력을 행사한다 .– 시간이 지남에 따라 Global consistency 를 적용되기 시작한다 .

• Sensitivity to Feature of Aligned and Unaligned Object – Aligned object 의 feature 에 대해 더 민감하다 .

Page 7: Chapter 26 Similarity, Interactive Activation, and Mapping: An Overview

A Brief Overview of SIMA

• Link– Consistent 가 있는 node 들끼리는

excitatory link 를 그렇지 않으면 inhibitory link 를 연결한다 .

– Matchvalue 가 0.5 보다 크면 feature-to-feature node 의 activation 을 증가시킨다 .

• Node– Feature-to-feature 나 object-to-

object 의 관계를 나타낸다 .– 각 node 는 0 과 1 사이의 acti

vation 값을 가진다 .– Activation 이 높을 수록 해당 no

de 에 관련된 feature 나 object들의 correspondence 가 강하다는 것을 의미한다 .

– Feature-to-feature node 에는 activation 이외에도 matchvalue라는 것이 있다 .

– 각 node 는 다른 node 들과 activation 을 주고 받는다 .

Page 8: Chapter 26 Similarity, Interactive Activation, and Mapping: An Overview

A Brief Overview of SIMA

• net input to node i

• New activation of node at time t+1

• similarity

•n: number of afferent link

•Aj(t): activation of node j

•Wij: weight of link

•MAX: maximum activation

Cycle 이 진행될 수록 node의 activation 은 global consistency 에 영향을 받는다 .

Page 9: Chapter 26 Similarity, Interactive Activation, and Mapping: An Overview

Evaluation of SIAM

• SIAM 에는 feature match 가 in of place 인지 out of place 인지 판단할 수 있는 능력이 있다 .

• Time course prediction• Nondiagnostic feature 도 match 가

이루어진다면 activation 을 높이므로 mapping accuracy 를 높일 수 있다 .

• Aligned object 에서 일어나는 feature (mis)match 에 대해서 더 sensitive 하다 .

Page 10: Chapter 26 Similarity, Interactive Activation, and Mapping: An Overview

Conclusion

• The act of comparing things naturally involves aligning the parts of the things to be compared

• Similarity assessments are well captured by an interactive activation process between feature and object correspondence– Feature and object alignment mutually influence each other

• What counts as a feature match, and how match it will count, depends on particular things being compared