Chapter 21Civil War Battles / Politics and End

1861-1865

BATTLES / *________________-• North: The Civil War would last no longer than 90s days (wrong)

_____________________ (July, 1861)-30 miles south of Washington, D.C.-If successful – promotion of Union Army (could possibly lead to the ________________________________________/ proves secession was discredited - destroyed the *90 Days War theory- Confederate victory - ____________________________ - (Confederate Leader)- Union thought it was going to be VERY EASY to defeat the ConfederacyImportance: (1) showed each side how important it was to ____________________________________(2) proved it will be “_______________-” (90 day theory)(3) The war took a 9 month “time-out” to ____________________________*Southerners – overconfidence *(Winning may not be beneficial)*Northerners – losing was good!? *(Forced them to focus on strategy)

“Tardy George” McClellan and the ____________________________

• George McClellan (From West point) was appointed to “prepare” the Union (Army of the Potomac)

• Problem: always planned, and never fought!• Lincoln: claimed he wanted to “borrow the army” to advance it himself to Richmond,

VA if McClellen wouldn’t• Lincoln said McClellan had “the slows” and urged him to MOVE!• Problem: Overcautious• Lincoln accused him as having “the slows” Goal: from the Anaconda Plan – ____________________________McClellan: FINALLY moves toward Richmond, VA with hisWater-borne campaign : _____________________ (1862)TURNING POINT IN PENINSULA CAMPAIGN:

_______________________ to protect WashingtonAnd focus on Robert E. Lee’s devastating counterattack at theSeven Days Battle (1862)

Capturing Richmond, VA

• McClellan moves up the Yorktown Peninsula• TURNING POINT: Robert E. Lee attacks to

“SAVE” Richmond, VA in the SEVEN DAYS BATTLE and drove McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign back out to sea- MAJOR Confederate victory- Lincoln’s reaction: McClellan is demoted

Union’s Official Plan takes PlaceANACONDA PLAN

(1) _______________________(2) Move down the _________________ to split the

Confederacy(3) ____________________________(4) Divide and crush the South by marching through

________________________Created by: Winfield Scott (Mexican-American War hero)Why anaconda? It was slow in process – this plan lasted to the end of the war

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scott-anaconda.jpg

War at Sea• Northern “leaks” in the Southern Blockade (3,500 miles of coast to patrol) - Smugglers (Blockade runners) brought goods into the South / jumped off in the Caribbean / had papers that sited Canada as the destination but had intensions to get into the SouthRESULT: Ironclad Ship Warfare_________________ (S) (renamed The Virginia )V. _____________________(N) birth of the “ironclad ship” – ships made with an iron exterior

The Monitor and the Merrimack battled in Chesapeake Bay in 1862. The Merrimack (Virginia) was chased away.

TURNING POINT IN NAVAL HISTORY:(a) the days of ______________ were ending(b) the days of _______________ were changing to steam.

2nd Battle at Bull Run and Antietam Creek, Maryland

• Remember: Confederacy won the 1st oneAfter the disastrous Peninsula Campaign (McClellan), General John Pope REPLACED McClellan.- Robert E. Lee defeats Pope at the 2nd Bull Run battle and show the SOUTH IS WINNING!____________________________________________________________________________________- Robert E. Lee’s “ego” gets to him and decides to invade _________________, Maryland (1862)

*_____________________________ in Civil WarLEE’s Possible Goal:

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

- Lincoln’s response: Reinstate McClellan! (Social pressures)*Lee’s Plans - Cigars*McClellan is removed for the 2nd and FINAL time after Antietam

Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation

After the victory at Antietam, Lincoln announces his plans to free the slaves in Confederate Territories and it will take place on __________________

“Weapon of War”Reasons:(1) Only freed the slaves _____________________________, not the Border states. Didn’t want

to upset them!(2) The North _____________________________, which the British favored (pinned the South in a corner because they supported slavery)

Problem: a president can’t just “proclaim” something like this…the Union would HAVE to win the war for this to take place.

Southern reaction: ANGER! (Lincoln is trying to start more slave rebellions)

Constitution supported slavery …. and will be changed with the 13th Amendment (abolition of slavery as a nation) 8 months after the Civil War was over in 1865

African Americans for the Union

• Volunteers were scarce, African Americans were then allowed to fight for the Union (180,000)

• *54th RegimentLeader: ___________Location: _________________Attack: Ft. Wagner in S.C. in 1863

___________________________ - A.A. Union soldiers surrendered and were massacred after they surrendered to Confederate soldiersBattle cry: “Remember Ft. Pillow!”

Lee’s Last Lunge

Lincoln appoint General A.E. Burnside (Sideburns) to head the Army of the Potomac

-Fredericksburg, VA (1862) Nicknamed: Burnside’s Slaughter Pen (10,000 Union soldiers were killed)

_Chancellorsville, VA (1863) – Lee sent “Stonewall” Jackson to attack the Union *Confederate Victory

- Stonewall Jackson gets shot by his own men“I have lost my right arm”

- Lee

Battle of Gettysburg / War in the East

• Gettysburg, PA• 3 day battle (July 1-3, 1863)• South won the first 2 days• North one the last day and the battle• Most noted battle: _______________, led by

Robert E. Lee (15,000 troops in an open field)• *Gettysburg = __________________________No more Southern victories after their loss at Gettysburg / “countdown clock has started”

Gettysburg Address

• Autumn of 1863• Dedication of cemetery• Delivered by Lincoln• 2 minutes speech• *Former President of Harvard spoke for 2 ½

hours before Lincoln• Point / Goal:

Vicksburg / War in the West• Union general: _______________-(later president) will lead the Union chargeGrant

- West Point Grad- War hero of Mexican-American War- Drunk / made $50 a day in his father’s leather shop

*** 1st victories: ___________________________- in Tennessee________________________One day after Union victory at Gettysburg• Point / Goal: under the Anaconda Plan, splitting the Confederacy along

_________________________________was a vital angle• Outcome: (1) Union Victory / gained Mississippi back from Confederate control and took out a

pivotal area of “Western” resources supplying the South(2) __________________: seize _____________________*Vicksburg = ________________________________

Sherman Scorches the South• Anaconda Plan is working!General _______________________will march across Georgia and South Carolina to “__________________________-”- Started in Chattanooga, Tennessee and marched down to Atlanta, GA. Burnt it

down and worked his way to Savannah, GA.“______________________________”

- What was destroyed? EVERYTHINGFarms, railroads, houses, crops, warehouseseven civilians were not safe Main Focus: “___________” / “Shermanizing” the South *Starts in Chattanooga, Tennessee*Stops: Atlanta, GA / Savannah, GA / Columbia, SC / Bentonville, NC

Politics of War• Lincoln had his opposition____________________– led by _______________________ - formed the _________________________________________(formed in late 1861) - Main agenda: resent and fight against the promotion of ______________________________ Democrats in the North - lacked a leader (divided)

“____________________________” (supported Lincoln) vs. “____________________________”(Supported McClellen) vs. “Copperheads”Copperheads: against emancipation / draft / Lincoln – general support for the SouthMost famous Copperhead: Clement L. Vallandigham*Outspoken –tried to be Governor of Ohio – failure / sentenced on treasonous sedition in OhioLiterature in reaction

The Man Without a Country (1863) by Philip NolanPopular with the North – stimulated Northern devotion“Damn, the United States, I wish I may never hear of the United States again!”

- VallandighamResult:

How did Lincoln win in 1864Election of 1864(Rep.)Lincoln Platform: ______________________v. (Dem.) McClellan: Lincoln has mismanaged the war (*___________________________________)• Created the “________________” – combination of the (1) ______________________ and (2) ________________________ (supported Lincoln’s war) –RSULT: Republican Party passed out of existence! (Temporarily) *Opposition – Lincoln’s lack of forceLincoln’s running mate – _____________ (War Democrat from Tennessee) • Famous Slogan: “You don’t change horses midstream”

• Electoral Votes: 212-21

The End of the Civil War*** Grant’s “_______________________”-Location: Virginia-Blueprint: small attacks (simultaneously) – no assistance to other frontsPossible Peace agreement: ____________________________Involved: Lincoln and Confederate GeneralsNegotiations: Lincoln (Union / Unconditional Surrender)Confederacy (Independence) Outcome: Nothing*Union finally captures Richmond, Virginia and burns it to the ground*Lee is cornered at ____________________________April of 1865, Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at

Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia.

The Martyrdom of Lincoln Only a few days after the South's surrender, Lincoln was assassinated. He was shot by _______________________ in the head while attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington.

Post Civil War…

1. It showed the resilience of the U.S. The nation had put itself through the ultimate test, and had survived.

2.Slavery was erased from the United States (13)3.It put the U.S. onto the world stage as a major player and set up the U.S. to soon be the world leader.4. What to do with 4 million freed African Americans5. What to do with the Southern States (Reconstruction topic 65-77) President or Congress?