Chapter 2

Turmoil Over Taxation

France is out of the Ohio River Valley

Conflicts with Indians in Ohio River Valley

Pontiac’s War

• Chief Pontiac led attack on British troops at Fort Detroit

• after several skirmishes, Indians cannot count on help from French

• Indians stop fighting and leave

Proclamation of 1763

because of Pontiac’s War – British should not settle on western frontier

• imaginary line along crest of Appalachian Mountains

• forbid colonists to settle west of line• meant to bring order to western lands• 10,000 troops to enforce law

• colonists are angry– the land is theirs, why not settle it– must pay for additional troops

• many settlers ignore the proclamation and moved west anyway

• one colonist – Daniel Boone – crossed the Cumberland Gap, settled in Louisville, KY

New TAXES

French and Indian War – costly – put Britain deeply in debt

To pay for war – English Parliament approves new taxes

Sugar Act• new tax on molasses

(valuable in triangular trade)

• colonists avoided it by smuggling molasses into the colonies

• colonists bribed tax collectors

• tax was lowered to make it easier for British officials to bring smugglers to trial

Stamp Act

Parliament passed another tax• legal documents – wills, diplomas,

marriage papers, newspapers, almanacs, playing cards, dice

• all items had to carry a stamp showing that tax had been paid

tax used in Britain and other countries to raise money

MA – Lt. Gov Hutchinson – angered by taxes

• threw rocks at agents• tarred and feathered agents• riots in Boston, New York City,

Newport, CharlestonBritain – angry• spent a great deal of money to

protect colonies against the French• British at home paying much

higher taxes than the colonists

“NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION”

• colonists claimed the taxes went against the principle of no taxation without representation – based upon the Magna Carta

• only colonial representatives had the right to pass taxes

• colonists did not elect representatives to Parliament

• Parliament had no right to tax them• colonists willing to pay taxes if taxes were

passed by their own colonial legislature

Nine colonies sent delegates to NYC – Stamp Act Congress

• drew up petitions to King George III and to Parliament

• delegates rejected Stamp Act and stated that Parliament had no right to tax colonies

• Parliament ignored petition• colonists boycotted British goods• trade fell off by 14%, Parliament

repealed (canceled) the Stamp Act

Townshend Acts

Charles Townshend – in charge of British treasury

• taxed glass, paper, paint, lead, tea

• taxes were low – colonists still objected

• Parliament did not have the right to tax them without their consent

• new ways to collect taxes

Writs of Assistance• officers allowed to inspect ship’s

cargo without giving a reason• colonists protested – violated their

rights as British citizens• under British law, gov’t officials

could not search a person’s property without a good reason for suspecting a crime had been committed

Colonists signed agreements to stop importing goods taxed by Townshend Acts

Sons of Liberty – mock hangings, burn effigies – meant to threaten tax collectors

Daughters of Liberty – paraded, signed petitions, organized a boycott of British cloth

Key Players in the Colonies

Samuel Adams – Boston, MA –

against British

John Adams (cousin)important MA leader

– skilled lawyer

Mercy Otis Warren – wrote plays making

fun of British officials

Abigail Adams(wife of John)- wrote letter

supporting colonists and for greater rights for

women

George Washington – VA – protested

Townshend Acts

Patrick Henry – VA – speeches in

House of Burgesses

Thomas Jefferson – VA – supported colonists

Quartering Act

• colonists had to provide housing, candles, bedding, beverages, to soldiers stationed in the colonies

Boston Massacre

British troops in Boston protect customs officers

• night, March 5, 1770 – outside a Boston customs house

• colonists shouted insults at “lobsterbacks”– threw snowballs, oyster shells, chunks of

ice at soldiers

• soldiers panicked – fired into crowd• five people lay dead

– Samuel Maverick – 17 yr. old white youth– Crispus Attucks – African American sailor

• colonists protest incident – called it a massacre

Paul Revere – Boston silversmith created engraving showing British soldiers firing on unarmed colonists

Sam Adams – wrote letters to build outrage about shooting

• soldiers arrested – tried in court• John Adams – defended soldiers – they

deserved a fair trial– show the world that the colonists believed

in justice

• heaviest punishment – branding on the hand

Committee of Correspondence• wrote letters and pamphlets reporting

to other colonies on events in MA• major tool of protest in every colony

Parliament repealed most of the Townshend Acts

repealed Quartering Act

retained tax on tea – British still had power to tax colonies

From Protest to Revolution

tax still exists on tea

British Parliament kept tea tax as symbol of its right to tax the colonies

15 million pounds of tea sat unsold in British warehouses

Tea Act

• to help British East India Company– gave the company a monopoly to sell tea

directly to the colonists

• colonists still pay tea tax, but do not have to pay higher price charged by tea merchants

• tea itself would cost less• colonists protested – they had been cut

out of the tea trade

• forced Americans to buy tea from the East India Company

• British trick to make colonists accept taxation

• colonists boycott tea• Daughters of Liberty –

make “liberty tea” – raspberry leaves

• Sons of Liberty – do not allow tea cargo to be unloaded

Boston Tea Party

• 3 ships docked in Boston harbor• colonists disguised as Indians,

dump chests of tea into harbor• 342 chests of tea floated in Boston

harbor (45 tons)

Effects of Boston Tea Party• some colonists cheered protest

against unfair British laws• some colonists worried this would

encourage lawlessness• Britain punished MA – Intolerable

Acts

Intolerable Acts

1. Parliament shut down Boston port – harbor to remain closed until colonists paid for tea destroyed

2. forbade MA colonists to hold town meetings more than once a year without the governors’ permission

3. allowed custom officers and other officials who might be charged with major crimes to be tried in Britain or Canada instead of MA

4. passed a new Quartering Act – colonists have to house British soldiers in their homes

Quebec Act• set up government

for Canada• gave religious

freedom to French Catholics

• extended borders of Quebec to Ohio and Missouri Rivers

Colonists angry – they claimed ownership of these lands

First Continental Congress

Sept. 1774 – meeting in PhiladelphiaDelegates from 12 colonies attended – GA not

there• passed a resolution to help MA• agreed to boycott all British goods• stop exporting goods to Britain until

Intolerable Acts repealed• each colony set up a militia

– army of citizens who serve as soldiers during emergency

• delegates agree to meet again in May 1775

Minutemen• men kept muskets at hand; ready

to fight at a minute’s notice• collected weapons and gunpowder