Chapter 2

Traditions of Teaching

Created shortly before the U.S. entered World

War I

Social Studies

Fred Morrow Fling

Source methodJackdawsPrimary sourcesLed to list on page 41Problem – when students used too many primary

sources, they lost the big picture and connections

History and Creation of Social Studies

National Council for the Social StudiesCreated by the American Historical Association in 1921

History began to loose its central role.Historians rarely participate today

History and the Social Studies Projects

1960’sJerome Bruner

The Process of Education• People began to doubt the need for history • Was historical information important in a rapidly changing world?

Many professors created innovative projects.Led to project-based learning in the social studies.MACOSValues education – many called for students to decide on

whether or not things were right or wrong.

History and the Decision-Making Model

InterdisciplinaryShirley Engle and Anna OchoaHistory was a place to go for data but did not need

to be studied by itself.Authors hate this one and outline their beliefs on

pages 44-45.

History on the Wane

U. S. history is in most state constitutions.World history does not have such luck.Social studies also included

Civics/governmentEconomicsWorld GeographySociologyProblems of Democracy

By the 80’s, world history was all but gone.

History Returns

Diane RavitchUnder-secretary of Education Wrote California Social Studies CurriculumEliminated the Expanding Horizons philosophyRelied on work of Bruno Bettelheim

Bradley Commission on History in SchoolsNational Council for History EducationHabits of mind, page 15

A Nation at RiskGOALS 2000 – funded history, not social studies

Social Studies Defined

Social studies includes history, but should not be dominated by it.

History got funding, but NCATE chose the NCSS standards to mold accreditation.

As states wrote standards they looked at both.Found history standards laborious; found social

studies as good organizers.States adopted the new Ravitch curriculum.

Including Georgia

History Makes a Revival Again

Senator Robert ByrdAmerican History Grants

President BushWhite House Forum on American History, Civics, and

ServiceEliminated funding from his budgetFailed to change NCLB to include history or social

studies

Internal Disputes

History warsArguments for whose history should be taught

Lynne CheneyGary NashVoted down in CongressRe-written, did not change muchWe are still using these.