Chapter 2Chapter 2BiochemistryBiochemistry

The Chemistry of LifeThe Chemistry of Life

pHpH Measure of acidity (acid) or alkalinity Measure of acidity (acid) or alkalinity

(basic)(basic) Scale Scale

0-140-14 Acid– b/w 1-6.9Acid– b/w 1-6.9

Ex: stomach acid, urine, lemon juiceEx: stomach acid, urine, lemon juice Base– b/w 7.1-14Base– b/w 7.1-14

““alkaline” refers to a basealkaline” refers to a base Ex: intestinal fluid, bloodEx: intestinal fluid, blood

Neutral - 7Neutral - 7 Look at pH scale pg.44 Look at pH scale pg.44

DissociationDissociation

The process by which compounds The process by which compounds break apart when they are break apart when they are

“dissolved” in water “dissolved” in water

CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES THATCHEMICAL SUBSTANCES THAT

NEUTRALIZE SMALL NEUTRALIZE SMALL

AMOUNTS OF EITHER ACIDS OR AMOUNTS OF EITHER ACIDS OR BASESBASES

BuffersBuffers

Buffers Cont-Buffers Cont-

Needed to maintain a pH of 7 Needed to maintain a pH of 7 (neutral)(neutral)

What characteristic of life would What characteristic of life would maintaining this balance be? maintaining this balance be? __________________________________ ***Basic or acidic solutions denature ***Basic or acidic solutions denature

proteins (changes their shape) -- make proteins (changes their shape) -- make it where they can’t work****it where they can’t work****

OCCURS WHEN AN ACID ISOCCURS WHEN AN ACID IS

COMBINED TO THE SAME AMOUNT OF A COMBINED TO THE SAME AMOUNT OF A BASEBASE

RESULTS IN THE PRODUCTION OFRESULTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF

SALT + WATERSALT + WATER

NeutralizationNeutralization

****************************************************************************************

Atoms and Their Atoms and Their InteractionsInteractions

Elements Elements

•Substances that cannot be Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler broken down into simpler

substancessubstances•Found on the periodic tableFound on the periodic table

ElementsElements

25 are essential to living organisms25 are essential to living organisms C, H, O, NC, H, O, N 90% of human mass90% of human mass Remember “CHNOPS”Remember “CHNOPS”

the smallest the smallest particles of an particles of an

element that has element that has the characterisitics the characterisitics

of that elementof that element

atomatom

Living organismsLiving organisms Made of atoms– found inside cellsMade of atoms– found inside cells

Protons Protons ElectronsElectrons NeutronsNeutrons

Put 2 or more atoms together you get elementsPut 2 or more atoms together you get elements 109 elements total109 elements total Ex: OEx: O22, O, O33

2 or more elements together you get a 2 or more elements together you get a compoundcompound

Ex: HEx: H22O, CO, C66HH1212OO66

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

QSR #4QSR #4

1. Give the symbols for the following 1. Give the symbols for the following elements:elements: Carbon____Carbon____ Hydrogen____Hydrogen____ Sulfur____Sulfur____ Nitrogen____Nitrogen____ Phosphorus____Phosphorus____

2. What is the chemical formula for water?2. What is the chemical formula for water?____ Carbon dioxide?______ oxygen?_______ ____ Carbon dioxide?______ oxygen?_______ Carbon monoxide?______ glucose?_______Carbon monoxide?______ glucose?_______

All of the chemical All of the chemical reactions that reactions that

occur within an occur within an organism are organism are referred to as referred to as

MetabolismMetabolism

Chemical equationsChemical equations

Reactants Reactants ProductsProducts SubscriptsSubscripts Ex: Photosynthesis and respiration Ex: Photosynthesis and respiration

equationsequations Write in your notes and memorize!!!Write in your notes and memorize!!!

solutionsolutionSolvent – present in the Solvent – present in the greatest greatest amount, and amount, and dissolves other substancesdissolves other substancesSolute – dissolves in the Solute – dissolves in the

solventsolventEx: Kool-aid?Ex: Kool-aid?Ex: atmosphere?Ex: atmosphere?

Solutions cont-Solutions cont-

THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTETHE AMOUNT OF SOLUTEDISSOLVED IN A SOLVENTDISSOLVED IN A SOLVENT

CONCENTRATIONCONCENTRATION(The higher the solute the higher the (The higher the solute the higher the

concentration)concentration)Ex: urine, salt water, orange juiceEx: urine, salt water, orange juice

The opposite of very concentrated –The opposite of very concentrated –

higher solvent concentrationhigher solvent concentration

diluteddiluted

A SOLUTION IN WHICH NO MOREA SOLUTION IN WHICH NO MORE

SOLUTES CAN DISSOLVESOLUTES CAN DISSOLVE

Saturated SolutionSaturated Solution

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Carbon Compounds Carbon Compounds

Organic Molecules– molecules that Organic Molecules– molecules that contain mostly Carbon (C) and contain mostly Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)Hydrogen (H)

3 Structures of Carbon:3 Structures of Carbon: Straight chainsStraight chains Branched chainsBranched chains RingsRings

Straight ChainStraight Chain

H  H  H  H  H  H  HH  H  H  H  H  H  H      | | | | | | |      | | | | | | | H -C- C- C-C- C- C- C - H H -C- C- C-C- C- C- C - H | | | | | | | | | | | | | | H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

Carbon needs 4 bonds to be Carbon needs 4 bonds to be stable!!! stable!!! 

Branched ChainBranched Chain

Carbon RingCarbon Ring

C CC C

C CC C

C CC C

QSR #4QSR #4

1. Draw a simplified view of a carbon 1. Draw a simplified view of a carbon ring.ring.

2. All compounds are either organic or 2. All compounds are either organic or inorganic. Organic means they contain inorganic. Organic means they contain primarily ___ atoms.primarily ___ atoms.

3. Carbon needs ___ electrons to be 3. Carbon needs ___ electrons to be stable.stable.

4. Draw C4. Draw C44HH1010 as a straight chain and a as a straight chain and a branched chain and Cbranched chain and C44HH88 as a ring. as a ring.

BiochemistryBiochemistry

Review: Most common elements in Review: Most common elements in living things are?living things are? C, H, O, & N = 90% of your body massC, H, O, & N = 90% of your body mass

CompoundsCompounds

MacromoleculesMacromolecules Large moleculesLarge molecules

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, & nucleic Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, & nucleic acidsacids

Made of subunits called monomersMade of subunits called monomers Ex: Starch is a polymer of what Ex: Starch is a polymer of what

monomer?monomer?

QSR #10QSR #10 1. Vinegar has a pH of 3 which means its 1. Vinegar has a pH of 3 which means its

an ________ while detergent has a pH of an ________ while detergent has a pH of 11 making it a strong __________.11 making it a strong __________.

2. Which is the stronger base…11 or 14? 2. Which is the stronger base…11 or 14? ________

3. Unbalanced pH levels can be harmful 3. Unbalanced pH levels can be harmful to cells, thus _________ in your blood help to cells, thus _________ in your blood help to maintain a balanced pH.to maintain a balanced pH.

4. Other than balancing pH levels, what’s 4. Other than balancing pH levels, what’s one more example of homeostasis?one more example of homeostasis?

BiochemistryBiochemistry

Review: Most common elements in Review: Most common elements in living things are?living things are? C, H, O, & N = 90% of your body massC, H, O, & N = 90% of your body mass

Building Blocks of Building Blocks of CellsCells

4 Main classes of organic compounds:4 Main classes of organic compounds:

ORGANIC = CONTAINS CARBON ORGANIC = CONTAINS CARBON (C)(C)

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Lipids (fats)Lipids (fats) ProteinsProteins Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

CarbsCarbs

Made of C,H,OMade of C,H,O Include: Include:

FruitsFruits VeggiesVeggies starchesstarches

Carbohydrates (also called Carbohydrates (also called polysaccharides) polysaccharides)

2 JOBS:2 JOBS: 1. provide the body with 1. provide the body with

SHORT SHORT TERM energyTERM energy

Like sugars and starchesLike sugars and starches 2. Provide structural 2. Provide structural

support in cell support in cell wallswalls

Ex: Cellulose – we can’t Ex: Cellulose – we can’t digest (don’t have enzymes digest (don’t have enzymes for it)for it)

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

3 types:3 types: 1. Monosaccharides – simple sugars1. Monosaccharides – simple sugars

Found in sugars that come from plants ex: Found in sugars that come from plants ex: fruitfruit

1 sugar1 sugar Ex: Glucose & fructose – natural sugars Ex: Glucose & fructose – natural sugars

found in fruits found in fruits EASIEST TO BREAK DOWN FOR ENERGY EASIEST TO BREAK DOWN FOR ENERGY

– but it doesn’t last long at all– but it doesn’t last long at all ““sugar high”sugar high”

2. Dissacharides – (2 2. Dissacharides – (2 monosaccharides)monosaccharides) 2 sugars – still easy to break down2 sugars – still easy to break down Provides energy for a little longerProvides energy for a little longer Ex: Sucrose/table sugar – candy, sweet Ex: Sucrose/table sugar – candy, sweet

teatea Ex: Lactose – milk sugar – milk, yogurtEx: Lactose – milk sugar – milk, yogurt

3. Polysaccharides – “Complex carbs”3. Polysaccharides – “Complex carbs” **these are your STARCHES**these are your STARCHES

Many sugars (made of more than one Many sugars (made of more than one sugar)sugar)

HARDEST TO BREAK DOWN – thus it HARDEST TO BREAK DOWN – thus it provides energy the longestprovides energy the longest Ex: Starch– long chain of sugarsEx: Starch– long chain of sugars

food storage by plants (roots)food storage by plants (roots) Ex: potatoes and riceEx: potatoes and rice

Glucose -- simple sugar

Fructose – also a simple sugar

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

QSR #11QSR #11 1. Monosaccharides are made of only ___ 1. Monosaccharides are made of only ___

sugar and are found in _________ and sugar and are found in _________ and veggies…not _________ sugar.veggies…not _________ sugar.

2. Carbs consist of 3 elements: ___, ____, ____2. Carbs consist of 3 elements: ___, ____, ____ 3. The main function of carbs is to provide 3. The main function of carbs is to provide

_________ for our cells, with ______________ _________ for our cells, with ______________ providing us with the most energy.providing us with the most energy.

4. Sucrose, or “_______ sugar”, is made of 2 4. Sucrose, or “_______ sugar”, is made of 2 monosaccharides (________ and fructose), monosaccharides (________ and fructose), thus sucrose and ________ are disaccharides.thus sucrose and ________ are disaccharides.

LipidsLipids Do not dissolve in waterDo not dissolve in water

nonpolarnonpolar 2 types 2 types

Saturated – solid at room Saturated – solid at room temp temp Ex: meats and cheesesEx: meats and cheeses

Unsaturated – liquid at room Unsaturated – liquid at room temptemp Ex: olive oilEx: olive oil

Includes fats, Includes fats, phospholipids, waxes, and phospholipids, waxes, and oilsoils

CaloriesCalories

CaloriesCalories 1g of fat = 9 calories1g of fat = 9 calories 1g of carbs = 4 calories1g of carbs = 4 calories

Types of lipidsTypes of lipids

A. Phospholipids – provide support A. Phospholipids – provide support for cell membranesfor cell membranes

B. Cholesterol – also found in cell B. Cholesterol – also found in cell membranesmembranes

LipidsLipids Monomers are fatty acids:Monomers are fatty acids:

Long chains of C-H bonds with a glycerol endLong chains of C-H bonds with a glycerol end

Fats/oils– Fats/oils– Plant fats: olive oil and peanut oilPlant fats: olive oil and peanut oil Animal fats: butter and meatAnimal fats: butter and meat

Used for Used for Energy storageEnergy storage InsulationInsulation Protective coveringProtective covering

SATURATED

SATURATED

UNSATURATED

ProteinsProteins

Made of subunits called amino acids Made of subunits called amino acids (which are used to build cells)(which are used to build cells) 20 different amino acids– your body can 20 different amino acids– your body can

make 12, so where do the others come make 12, so where do the others come from?from?

Made of C,H,O,N and sometimes SMade of C,H,O,N and sometimes S Ex: Hair and horns are made mostly Ex: Hair and horns are made mostly

of proteinof protein What are some foods high in protein?What are some foods high in protein?

ProteinsProteins

Amino acids are held together by Amino acids are held together by Peptide BondsPeptide Bonds

Thus AA’s often form long chains Thus AA’s often form long chains called called PolypeptidesPolypeptides

Proteins are often large molecules Proteins are often large molecules consisting of hundreds of AA’sconsisting of hundreds of AA’s

Macromolecules and Macromolecules and MonomersMonomers

Last slideLast slide

Example of a MacromoleculeMonomer

polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate)

monosaccharide (simple sugar)

fat (a lipid) glycerol, fatty acid

protein amino acid

nucleic acid nucleotide

A protein that A protein that changes the rate of changes the rate of

a chemical a chemical reactionreaction

EnzymeEnzyme

EnzymesEnzymes

Catalyst thatCatalyst that Speed Speed up the digestion up the digestion of food and other chemical reactionsof food and other chemical reactions

Act like a lock and key mechanismAct like a lock and key mechanism

SubstrateSubstrate: specific reactants that an : specific reactants that an enzyme acts onenzyme acts on Ex: Amylase is an enzyme (found in saliva) Ex: Amylase is an enzyme (found in saliva)

that recognizes the substrate Starch – thus that recognizes the substrate Starch – thus initiating the break down of starchinitiating the break down of starch

Enzymes Enzymes

Factors that change the shape of Factors that change the shape of

enzymes (i.e. proteins) – affecting enzymes (i.e. proteins) – affecting their function to control chemical their function to control chemical reactions in your body:reactions in your body: 1. High temperatures1. High temperatures 2. Unbalanced pH levels2. Unbalanced pH levels

QSR #8QSR #8 1. Proteins are made of subunits called 1. Proteins are made of subunits called

______ _________.______ _________. 2. They also act as _______ helping control 2. They also act as _______ helping control

the speed of digestion.the speed of digestion. 3. Enzymes work specifically to fit certain 3. Enzymes work specifically to fit certain

________(s) in a lock and key type ________(s) in a lock and key type mechanism.mechanism.

4. What are 2 things that can alter the 4. What are 2 things that can alter the shape and effectiveness of enzymes?shape and effectiveness of enzymes? A.A. B. B.

5. Amylase is the _______ and starch is the 5. Amylase is the _______ and starch is the ________.________.

6. The substrate attaches to an enzyme at 6. The substrate attaches to an enzyme at its _______ ________its _______ ________

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Stores cellular/hereditary Stores cellular/hereditary informationinformation

Made of monomers called Made of monomers called nucleotidesnucleotides ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate – has the ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate – has the

structure of a nucleotide, just with 3 structure of a nucleotide, just with 3 phosphate groupsphosphate groups ATP is a compound that supplies energy to ATP is a compound that supplies energy to

your cellsyour cells

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

2 kinds2 kinds DNADNA

Deoxyribonucleic acidDeoxyribonucleic acid Double strandedDouble stranded

RNARNA Ribonucleic acidRibonucleic acid Single strandedSingle stranded

Structure of nucleotidesStructure of nucleotides

Contain 3 parts:Contain 3 parts: 1. a phosphate group (unless its ATP, 1. a phosphate group (unless its ATP,

then it has 3 phosphate groups)then it has 3 phosphate groups) 2. a pentose sugar ( 5-C sugar)2. a pentose sugar ( 5-C sugar) 3. Nitrogen base3. Nitrogen base

Several of these nucleotides linked Several of these nucleotides linked together make DNA and RNA strandstogether make DNA and RNA strands

Outline for TestOutline for Test 1. pH (acids, bases, neutral, buffers, etc.)1. pH (acids, bases, neutral, buffers, etc.) 2. Atoms, elements, and compounds2. Atoms, elements, and compounds 3. Solutions3. Solutions

Solutes vs solventSolutes vs solvent Concentrated vs dilutedConcentrated vs diluted

4. The 4 Organic compounds 4. The 4 Organic compounds (macromolecules)(macromolecules) CarbohydratesCarbohydrates LipidsLipids ProteinsProteins Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

Section Assessment pg. Section Assessment pg. 167167

1.1. List 3 important functions of lipids in List 3 important functions of lipids in living organisms.living organisms.

Long-term energy storage, insulation, and Long-term energy storage, insulation, and protective coatingsprotective coatings

2.2. Describe the process by which polymers Describe the process by which polymers in living things are formed from smaller in living things are formed from smaller molecules.molecules.

Polymers form when one monomer loses an Polymers form when one monomer loses an H+ ion and another loses an OH- to H+ ion and another loses an OH- to form water. A covalent bond forms form water. A covalent bond forms between the monomers.between the monomers.

3.3. How does a monosaccharide differ How does a monosaccharide differ from a disaccharide?from a disaccharide?

A disaccharide is made of two simple A disaccharide is made of two simple sugars called monosaccharides.sugars called monosaccharides.

4.4. Enzymes are proteins that Enzymes are proteins that facilitate chemical reactions. facilitate chemical reactions. Based on your knowledge of Based on your knowledge of enzymes, what might the result be enzymes, what might the result be if one particular enzyme if one particular enzyme malfunction or was not present. malfunction or was not present.

The chemical reaction would The chemical reaction would proceed extremely slowly.proceed extremely slowly.

5. 5. Make a table comparing Make a table comparing polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. List these 4 and nucleic acids. List these 4 types of biological substances in the types of biological substances in the first column. In the next two first column. In the next two columns, list the subunits that columns, list the subunits that make each substance and functions make each substance and functions of each in organisms. In the last of each in organisms. In the last column, provide some examples of column, provide some examples of each from the chapter. each from the chapter.

MoleculesMolecules SubunitsSubunits FunctionsFunctions ExamplesExamples

PolysacchaPolysaccharidesrides

MonosaccMonosaccharidesharides

For energy For energy storage storage and and structural structural componentcomponentss

Starch, Starch, glycogen, glycogen, and and cellulosecellulose

LipidsLipids Fatty Fatty Acids and Acids and GlycerolGlycerol

Long-term Long-term energy energy storagestorage

Animal Animal fats and fats and vegetable vegetable oilsoils

ProteinsProteins Amino Amino AcidsAcids

Structure Structure and and enzymesenzymes

Muscle, Muscle, immunity immunity proteins, proteins, enzymesenzymes

Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids

NucleotideNucleotidess

Store Store informatioinformationn

DNADNA

RNARNA

6.1 Atoms and Their 6.1 Atoms and Their InteractionsInteractions

Atoms are the basic building blocks of all Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter. matter.

Atoms consist of a nucleus contain protons Atoms consist of a nucleus contain protons and neutrons. The positively charged and neutrons. The positively charged nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of rapidly nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of rapidly moving, negatively charged electrons.moving, negatively charged electrons.

Atoms become stable by bonding to other Atoms become stable by bonding to other atoms through covalent or ionic bonds.atoms through covalent or ionic bonds.

Components of mixtures retain their Components of mixtures retain their properties---components of solutions do not.properties---components of solutions do not.

6.1 Vocabulary6.1 Vocabulary

AcidAcid AtomAtom BaseBase CompoundCompound Covalent bondCovalent bond ElementElement ionion

Ionic bondIonic bond IsotopeIsotope MetabolismMetabolism MixtureMixture MoleculeMolecule NucleusNucleus pHpH solutionsolution

6.3 Life Substances6.3 Life Substances

All organic compounds contain All organic compounds contain carbon atoms.carbon atoms.

There are 4 principal types of There are 4 principal types of organic compounds that make up organic compounds that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.proteins, and nucleic acids.

VocabularyVocabulary

Amino acidAmino acid CarbohydrateCarbohydrate EnzymeEnzyme IsomerIsomer LipidLipid

Nucleic acidNucleic acid NucleotideNucleotide Peptide bondPeptide bond PolymerPolymer proteinprotein

Understanding Main Understanding Main IdeasIdeas

1.1. What are the basic building blocks What are the basic building blocks of all matter? of all matter?

c.c. AtomsAtoms

2.2. Which feature of water explains Which feature of water explains why water has high surface why water has high surface tension?tension?

c. Water is a polar moleculec. Water is a polar molecule

3.3. Which of the following describes an isotope of Which of the following describes an isotope of the commonly occurring oxygen atom which has the commonly occurring oxygen atom which has 8 protons, and 8 neutrons?8 protons, and 8 neutrons?

a. 8 electrons, 8 protons, and 9 a. 8 electrons, 8 protons, and 9 neutronsneutrons

4.4. Which of the following will form a solution?Which of the following will form a solution?

c. Salt and waterc. Salt and water5.5. Which of the following applies to a water Which of the following applies to a water

molecule?molecule?

d. Water molecules have a negatively d. Water molecules have a negatively charged end and positively charged charged end and positively charged endend

6.6. Which of the following carbohydrates is Which of the following carbohydrates is a polysaccharide?a polysaccharide?d. Starchd. Starch

7. Which of the following pairs is 7. Which of the following pairs is unrelated?unrelated?

d. Starch—nucleic acidd. Starch—nucleic acid8.8. An acid is any substance that formsAn acid is any substance that forms

c. Hydrogen ionsc. Hydrogen ions9.9. Which of these is NOT made up of Which of these is NOT made up of

proteins?proteins?d. cellulosed. cellulose

10.10. Which of the following is NOT a Which of the following is NOT a smaller subunit of a nucleotide?smaller subunit of a nucleotide?

d. Glycerold. Glycerol

11.11. An enzyme ____ chemical An enzyme ____ chemical reactionsreactions

speedsspeeds

12.12. A calcium atoms has 20 protons A calcium atoms has 20 protons and ___ electronsand ___ electrons

2020

13.13. A ____ bond involves sharing of electrons. A ____ bond involves sharing of electrons. covalentcovalent

14.14. The first energy level of an atoms holds ___ The first energy level of an atoms holds ___ electrons; the second energy level holds 8 electrons; the second energy level holds 8 electrons.electrons.22

15. In a water molecule, each ____ atom shares 15. In a water molecule, each ____ atom shares one electron with the single ___ atom.one electron with the single ___ atom.hydrogen; oxygenhydrogen; oxygen

16.16. A substrate fits into an area of an enzyme A substrate fits into an area of an enzyme called the called the active siteactive site

17.17. Hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium are Hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium are examples of examples of

ElementsElements18.18. Long chains of amino acids Long chains of amino acids

connected to each other by a ___ connected to each other by a ___ bond form a ____.bond form a ____.

peptide; proteinpeptide; protein19.19. Diffusion is the process in which Diffusion is the process in which

molecules move from ___ molecules move from ___ concentration to a ____ concentration.concentration to a ____ concentration.

high; lowhigh; low

20.20. The positively charged ___ atoms of one The positively charged ___ atoms of one water molecule attract the negatively water molecule attract the negatively charged ____ atom of another water charged ____ atom of another water molecule.molecule.

hydrogen; oxygenhydrogen; oxygen21.21. Magnesium atom has 12 electrons. When it Magnesium atom has 12 electrons. When it

reacts, it usually loses two electrons. How reacts, it usually loses two electrons. How does this loss make magnesium more does this loss make magnesium more stable?stable?

The underlying energy level is a The underlying energy level is a filled layer. filled layer.

22.22. Explain why water and a sponge Explain why water and a sponge would not be effective in cleaning up would not be effective in cleaning up a grease spill.a grease spill.Water is a polar molecule; it Water is a polar molecule; it will not attract the nonpolar will not attract the nonpolar grease. grease.

23.23. Explain why carbon is the most Explain why carbon is the most critical element to living things.critical element to living things.

Carbon is the building block Carbon is the building block element of the 4 basic element of the 4 basic substances (carbohydrates, substances (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) found in all known acids) found in all known living organisms.living organisms.

24.24. If heating a white substance If heating a white substance produces a vapor and black produces a vapor and black material, how do you know the material, how do you know the substance was not an element.substance was not an element.

The substance was a The substance was a compound because 2 new compound because 2 new substances were formed by substances were formed by the chemical reaction.the chemical reaction.