Chapter 2: Alternatives, Objectives, and StrategiesChapter 2:Alternatives, Objectives, and Strategies Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge Final EIS/CCP 16 During our initial analysis,

Chapter 2:Alternatives, Objectives, and Strategies

Chapter 2: Alternatives, Objectives, and Strategies

2.1 IntroductionThis chapter describes the alternatives developed

in response to the issues and concerns discussed inChapter 1. The preferred alternative, or proposedaction, is also identified. Objectives and manage-ment strategies are used to describe what the Ser-vice would do over the next 15 years to implementeach of these alternatives. A summary table of thealternatives is at the end of the chapter (Table 4 onpage 75).

2.2 Formulation of AlternativesThe planning team and additional staff from the

Refuge, Regional Office, and Illinois DNR met at aworkshop from April 23 to 27, 2001, to develop alter-native management concepts. Four concepts weredeveloped and labeled: “Existing Management;Recreational Land Exchange; Open Land Manage-ment; and Forest Land Management.” The manage-ment concepts were described in a project updatethat was distributed at the Refuge and mailed to1,400 people on the planning mailing list in Septem-ber 2001. People were asked to comment on the con-cepts by November. We received approximately 39messages through e-mail, 62 individual letters and79 form letters, with approximately half of those let-ters including individual comments. We alsoreceived a petition with 485 names. Some peoplewrote in support of an alternative. Each alternativehad some supporters. Some people commented on aparticular aspect of an alternative. Some peoplesuggested variations of the concept alternatives. Asummary of the comments received is presented inAppendix H. Based on the comments received and

land cover data analysis, the alternatives wereamended and made more specific and an additionalalternative was added by the planning team andRefuge staff. The alternatives were also given titlesthat better describe their content.

2.3 Selecting the Preferred Alternative

In selecting a preferred alternative, we consid-ered environmental, economic, and social factorsand our ability to implement the actions necessaryto accomplish the alternatives. We based our deci-sion on how well the goals of the Refuge were metby each alternative and the environmental conse-quences of each alternative (See Chapter 4). Weselected Alternative E as our preferred alternative.Alternative E will fulfill our statutory mission andresponsibilities, and we have adequate authority toimplement it.

Crab Orchard NWR

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge Final EIS/CCP15


During our initial analysis, we considered Alter-native B as our “working” preferred alternative.However, Alternative B was abandoned as our pre-ferred alternative when we confronted the difficul-ties of implementing the land exchange, whichwould be an important part of Alternative B. If weexchange land, Federal regulations require that theland involved in the exchange be of approximatelythe same value. Our preliminary appraisal estimatesindicated that the Federal property in the proposedexchange exceeds the value of the Southern IllinoisUniversity property by as much as $20 million. Weevaluated the possibility of putting restrictive cove-nants on the exchanged property to reduce its valueand reducing the amount of property that might beexchanged, but we were unable to reach equal val-ues for the two properties. The exchange proposedin Alternative B could only be accomplished withCongressional action, which we did not want to pur-sue. We thought that the exchange would be politi-cally sensitive and that its resolution in thelegislative process would be lengthy and out of ourcontrol. Rather than pursue a course with an uncer-tain timetable and outcome, we chose an alternativethat is within our current authority to implement.

2.4 Summary of Alternatives

2.4.1 Alternative A: Current Management/No Action

2.4.1.1. BackgroundThe Council of Environmental Quality's regula-

tions (40 CFR §1502.14(d)) for implementing theNational Environmental Policy Act require that all

environmental impact statements include the alter-native of taking no action. In addition, some publiccomments favored the Refuge continuing on itspresent course. This alternative is being analyzed inresponse to the views of some of the public and tosatisfy the Council's regulations.

2.4.1.2. SummaryWildlife: Under this alternative the current man-

agement activities at the Refuge would continue.The Refuge would continue to provide sufficienthabitat for the needs of wintering geese. Currentmoist-soil management would continue. The Refugewould continue efforts to protect water quality byfocusing within the Refuge boundaries. Theseefforts would include using best management prac-tices on agricultural lands (including haying andgrazing) and stabilizing lakeshores. The Refugewould continue to avoid impacts to nesting baldeagles and Indiana bat habitat, continue current wil-derness management, grassland management,reforestation, and proceed with conversion of allnon-native pine plantations to native hardwood for-ests.

Recreation: All current recreation uses and pat-terns on the Refuge would continue. There would becontinued decline in support for swimming, powerboating and water-skiing. There would be a gradualincrease in the quality of other recreational facili-ties. However, at current levels of improvement, itwould take many years to bring the quality of thecampgrounds to standards comparable to others inthe area. Camping would be limited to a 2-week stay.Hunting, fishing, wildlife observation and photogra-phy, environmental education and interpretationwould continue at the current level with gradualimprovement. Management of public use in the wil-derness would continue at its current level.

Industry: Current industrial policies wouldremain in place and the Refuge would provide facili-ties for the existing tenants at fair market valuerental rates.

Agriculture: The amount of agricultural landwould remain fairly constant. However some lossmay occur through installing buffer strips neededfor soil and water protection. Current acreage ofhay fields and pastures would remain about thesame. All mowing of pastures, hay fields, and cloverfields would take place after August 1.

Ruddy Duck, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service



2.4.2 Alternative B: Reduced Habitat Fragmentation, Wildlife-dependent Recreation Emphasis With Land Exchange

2.4.2.1. BackgroundThrough the years the Refuge has been criticized

for its lack of support of the recreational purpose ofthe Refuge. Recreation on the Refuge drew thegreatest number of comments during the scoping ofissues. When the Refuge was established, the Direc-tor of the Service assured Congress that the Servicewould be able to manage for the four purposes of theRefuge. In 50 years of management, the Service hasnot been able consistently to provide facilities andmanagement for quality non-wildlife-dependent rec-reational experiences. Providing for swimming, pic-nicking, and power boating does not fit well with thecapabilities and resources of the Service. Under thisalternative the non-wildlife-dependent recreationthat would remain the responsibility of the Refugewould be guided by the philosophy of “consolidateand improve.”

Over the last decade habitat fragmentation hasbeen identified as a significant result of changingland use. Habitat fragmentation is known to havenegative effects on biological diversity. The numberof species that can live within a fragment is relatedto the size of the fragment. This effect has beenshown in both forest and grasslands (Turner et al.1998). Habitat fragmentation has been identified asa primary threat to area-sensitive songbirds in theMidwest (Robinson 1996). Many of the speciesaffected by habitat fragmentation are of concern tothe conservation community.

Under this alternative, management emphasiswould be on reducing habitat fragmentation andreconciling conflicts between the Refuge's recre-ation purpose and the Refuge System mission byfocusing on wildlife-dependent recreation on theRefuge while still providing a full spectrum of recre-ational activities in the area.

2.4.2.2. SummaryWildlife: Under this alternative some of the cur-

rent management activities at the Refuge would bemodified to provide greater benefits to wildlife. TheRefuge would continue to provide sufficient habitatfor the needs of wintering geese. Acreage of moist-soil management units would increase. The Refugewould continue efforts to protect water quality onthe Refuge, as well as start cooperative efforts with

landowners within the watershed. The Refugewould continue to protect nesting bald eagles andIndiana bat habitat. The Refuge would proceed withconversion of all non-native pine plantations tonative hardwood forests. The Refuge would managetwo large forest blocks to benefit area-sensitive for-est birds. The Refuge would maintain some earlysuccessional habitat. Pasture and hayfield manage-ment would change to provide more emphasis onhabitat quality for grassland birds. Removal of lin-ear forest habitat and hedgerows adjacent to agri-cultural fields would benefit Canada Geese andgrassland birds.

Recreation: The main point of this alternative is tooffer increased recreational opportunities byexchanging land in the developed northwestern por-tion of the Refuge for undeveloped land at anotherlocation. The Service would try to reconcile conflictsbetween the Refuge's recreation purpose and theRefuge System mission through a land exchangewith Southern Illinois University or other inter-ested parties. The recipient of the exchange wouldhave ownership and management responsibility forthe area and could offer non-wildlife-dependent rec-reational opportunities such as camping, boating, orswimming at their discretion. Under this alternativethe Refuge would slightly increase use restrictionson Crab Orchard Lake. Group camps would be man-aged to include the Refuge's environmental educa-tion program. The Refuge would focus on improvinghunting, fishing, wildlife observation and photogra-phy, environmental education and interpretation(the Refuge System's priority wildlife-dependentrecreational opportunities). The Refuge andexchanged lands would offer a spectrum of recre-ational opportunities ranging from developed, non-wildlife-dependent, recreation in the northwesterncorner of Crab Orchard Lake to wildlife-dependentopportunities at Little Grassy and Devils Kitchenlakes. Gas motors would be prohibited on the mostsouthern portion of Devils Kitchen Lake. The camp-ground at Little Grassy Lake would be upgraded.The campground at Devils Kitchen Lake would beclosed. Camping would be limited to a 2-week stay.The Refuge would take a more active approach towilderness management. Horseback use would beconfined to designated trails.

Industry: Under this alternative, the Refugewould update the industrial use policy with theintent of not promoting expansion and consolidatingthe areas occupied by industrial tenants. The Ser-vice would maintain roads, water and sewer servicesand tenants would be expected to maintain and



upgrade leased facilities as needed. The Servicewould seek not to compete with neighboring indus-trial parks. If an industrial tenant were to leave theRefuge and their facilities were suitable for occu-pancy, the Refuge would make them available fornew tenants.

Agriculture: The amount of row crops woulddecrease slightly. Current acreage of hay fields andpastures would remain about the same. All mowingof pastures, hay fields, and clover fields would takeplace after August 1 to protect nesting birds. TheRefuge would convert fescue pastures to other cool-season and native warm-season grasses over aperiod of 15 years and modify grazing regimes tobenefit grassland birds.

2.4.3 Alternative C: Open Land Management, Consolidate and Improve Recreation

2.4.3.1. BackgroundBoth grassland and forest species are negatively

affected by habitat fragmentation. Under this alter-native the Refuge would take advantage of the landsthat are already open and increase the size of exist-ing large blocks of open land for grassland depen-dent species, especially birds. Under this alternativethe Refuge would satisfy the Refuge's recreationpurpose as much as possible within Service budgetpriorities with increased emphasis on wildlife-dependent recreation.

2.4.3.2. SummaryWildlife: Under this alternative cropland and

grassland would increase slightly. Pasture and hay-field management would change to provide moreemphasis on habitat quality for grassland birds.Acres devoted to moist soil management wouldincrease. The Refuge would continue to provide suf-ficient habitat for the needs of wintering geese. TheRefuge would continue efforts to protect water qual-ity by focusing within the Refuge boundaries. TheRefuge would continue to protect nesting BaldEagles and Indiana bat habitat. The Refuge wouldmanage one large forest block to benefit area-sensi-tive forest birds. The Refuge would convert non-native pine plantations located south of Grassy Roadand outside the wilderness area to native hardwoodforests.

Recreation: To enhance non-wildlife-dependentrecreational activities, the Refuge would consolidatemarinas and picnic areas, upgrade existing boat

ramps and designate times and places for the vari-ous types of boating activities. Camping capacitywould be reduced, the quality of camping facilitieswould be upgraded and a 2-week maximum stay pol-icy would be implemented. A spectrum of recre-ational opportunities ranging from more developedrecreation at Crab Orchard Lake to less developedopportunities at Devils Kitchen Lake would be pro-vided. Camping at Devils Kitchen would be discon-tinued. Crab Orchard and Little GrassyCampgrounds would be upgraded to standards com-parable to others in the area. The Refuge wouldstudy the possibility of adding primitive campsitesto Devils Kitchen Lake, where gas motors would bepermitted. Opportunities for hunting, fishing, wild-life observation and photography, environmentaleducation, and interpretation would increase.Horseback use would be confined to designatedtrails.

Industry: Under this alternative, the Refugewould update the industrial use policy with theintent of not promoting expansion and consolidatingthe areas occupied by industrial tenants. The Ser-vice would maintain roads, water and sewer servicesand tenants would be expected to maintain andupgrade leased facilities as needed. The Servicewould seek not to compete with neighboring indus-trial parks. If an industrial tenant left the Refuge,the Refuge would not seek a new tenant for thevacant facility.

Agriculture: The amount of row crops wouldincrease slightly. Current acreage of hay fields andpastures would remain about the same. All mowingof pastures, hay fields, and clover fields would takeplace after August 1 to protect nesting birds. TheRefuge would convert fescue pastures to other cool-season and native, warm-season grasses over aperiod of 15 years and modify grazing regimes tobenefit grassland birds.

2.4.4 Alternative D: Forest Land Management, Consolidate and Improve Recreation

2.4.4.1. BackgroundBoth grassland and forest species are negatively

affected by habitat fragmentation. Under this alter-native the Refuge would take advantage of the natu-ral tendency and historical prevalence of forests inthe area and increase the size of large blocks of for-ests for forest interior species, especially birds.Under this alternative the Refuge would satisfy the



Refuge's recreation purpose as much as possiblewithin Service budget priorities with increasedemphasis on wildlife-dependent recreation.


rent management activities at the Refuge would bemodified to provide greater benefits to wildlife. TheRefuge would continue to provide sufficient habitatfor the needs of wintering geese. Acreage of moist-soil management units would remain the same. TheRefuge would continue efforts to protect water qual-ity on the Refuge. The Refuge would continue toprotect nesting bald eagles and Indiana bat habitat.The Refuge would proceed with conversion of allnon-native pine plantations to native hardwood for-ests. The Refuge would manage two large forestblocks to benefit area-sensitive forest birds. TheRefuge would maintain some early successionalhabitat. Pasture and hayfield management wouldchange to provide more emphasis on habitat qualityfor grassland birds, along with an emphasis on cat-tle production on pastures.

Recreation: To enhance non-wildlife-dependentrecreational activities, the Refuge would consolidatemarinas and picnic areas, upgrade existing boatramps and designate times and places for varioustypes of boating activities. Camping capacity wouldbe reduced, the quality of camping facilities wouldbe upgraded and a 2-week maximum stay policywould be implemented. A spectrum of recreationalopportunities ranging from more developed recre-ation at Crab Orchard Lake to less developedopportunities at Devils Kitchen Lake would be pro-vided. The campground at Little Grassy Lake wouldbe upgraded. Use of gas motors on Devils KitchenLake would be prohibited. The quality of hunting,fishing, wildlife observation and photography, envi-ronmental education, and interpretation opportuni-ties would improve without significant increases infacilities. Group camps would be managed to includethe Refuge's environmental education program.Horseback use would be prohibited.

Industry: Under this alternative, the Refugewould update the industrial use policy with theintent of not promoting expansion and consolidatingthe areas occupied by industrial tenants. The Ser-vice would seek not to compete with neighboringindustrial parks. If an industrial tenant left the Ref-uge, the Refuge would not seek a new tenant for thevacant facility.

Agriculture: The amount of row crops and hayfields would decrease slightly. Current acreage ofpastures would remain about the same. All mowingof pastures, hay fields, and clover fields would takeplace after August 1 to protect nesting birds. TheRefuge would increase forage diversity and userotational grazing in pastures to increase cattle pro-duction.

2.4.5 Alternative E: Reduced Habitat Fragmentation, Consolidate and Improve Recreation (Preferred Alternative)

2.4.5.1. BackgroundOver the last decade habitat fragmentation has

been identified as a result of changing land use.Habitat fragmentation is known to have significantnegative effects on biological diversity. The numberof species that can live within a fragment is relatedto the size of the fragment. This effect has beenshown in both forest and grasslands (Turner et al.1998). Habitat fragmentation has been identified asa primary threat to area sensitive songbirds in theMidwest (Robinson 1996). Many of the speciesaffected by habitat fragmentation are of concern tothe conservation community.

The Refuge recognizes that improvements in therecreation program are needed. Under this alterna-tive the Refuge would satisfy the Refuge's recre-ation purpose as much as possible within Servicebudget priorities with increased emphasis on wild-life-dependent recreation.


rent management activities at the Refuge would bemodified to provide greater benefits to wildlife. TheRefuge would continue to provide sufficient habitatfor the needs of wintering geese. Acreage of moist-soil management units would increase. The Refugewould continue efforts to protect water quality onthe Refuge, as well as start cooperative efforts withlandowners within the watershed. The Refugewould continue to protect nesting Bald Eagles andprotect, restore and/or enhance potential Indianabat habitat. The Refuge would proceed with conver-sion of all non-native pine plantations to native hard-wood forests. The Refuge would manage two largeforest blocks to benefit area-sensitive forest birds.The Refuge would maintain some early successionalhabitat. Pasture and hayfield management would



change to provide more emphasis on habitat qualityfor grassland birds. Removal of linear forest habitatand hedgerows adjacent to agricultural fields wouldbenefit Canada Geese and grassland birds.

Recreation: To enhance non-wildlife-dependentrecreational activities, the Refuge would consolidatemarinas and picnic areas, upgrade existing boatramps and designate times and places for the vari-ous types of boating activities. Under this alterna-tive the Refuge would slightly increase userestrictions on Crab Orchard Lake. Group campswould be managed to include the Refuge's environ-mental education program. Camping capacity wouldbe reduced, the quality of camping facilities wouldbe upgraded and a 2-week maximum stay policywould be implemented. A spectrum of recreationalopportunities ranging from more developed recre-ation at Crab Orchard Lake to less developedopportunities at Devils Kitchen Lake would be pro-vided. The campgrounds at Crab Orchard Lake andLittle Grassy Lake would be upgraded. Camping atDevils Kitchen Lake would be reduced to primitivesites only, and gas motors would be prohibited onthe most southeastern portion of the lake. Opportu-nities for hunting, fishing, wildlife observation andphotography, environmental education, and inter-pretation would increase. The Refuge would take amore active approach to wilderness management.Horseback use would be confined to designatedtrails.

Industry: Under this alternative, the Refugewould update the industrial use policy with theintent of not promoting expansion and consolidatingthe areas occupied by industrial tenants. The Ser-vice would maintain roads, water and sewer servicesand tenants would be expected to maintain andupgrade leased facilities as needed. The Servicewould seek not to compete with neighboring indus-trial parks. If an industrial tenant were to leave theRefuge and their facilities were suitable for occu-pancy, the Refuge would make them available fornew tenants.

Agriculture: The amount of row crops woulddecrease slightly. Current acreage of hay fields andpastures would remain about the same. All mowingof pastures, hay fields, and clover fields would takeplace after August 1 to protect nesting birds. TheRefuge would convert fescue pastures to other cool-season and native warm-season grasses over aperiod of 15 years and modify grazing regimes tobenefit grassland birds.

2.5 Alternatives Considered but Not Analyzed in Detail Reestablish pre-settlement habitat conditions: elim-inate lakes, remove sediment, restore vegetation topre-settlement conditions, eliminate non-nativeinvasive species.

This alternative was not analyzed in detailbecause reestablishing pre-settlement conditions isnot practical. The elimination of the lakes andremoval of sediment contained in lake bottomswould not only be cost prohibitive but would be seenby most Refuge users as inappropriate. The lakesprovide for a majority of Refuge visits, both wildlife-related and non-wildlife related. The elimination ofnon-native species is a worthy goal but not practical.The Refuge has been heavily infested by many non-native species, such as autumn-olive, Japanese hon-eysuckle, fescue and others. If they could be elimi-nated, it would take many years and require a cost-prohibitive investment in removal and treatment ofthese species. In addition, the Refuge purposes pre-clude complete reestablishment of pre-settlementconditions.

Eliminate all non-wildlife-dependent recreationalactivities

This alternative was not analyzed in detailbecause of the long history of non-wildlife-depen-dent recreation on the land prior to and after theestablishment of the Refuge. To attempt to elimi-nate this type of recreation through this planning

Glenn Smart



process would not be practical. The political turmoilthat would be created by such an alternative wouldstop the planning process.

Eliminate all picnicking

This alternative was not analyzed in detailbecause of the long established tradition of main-taining picnicking sites on the Refuge. Additionally,these sites are associated with other recreationalactivities such as bank fishing and/or wildlife obser-vation.

Have the industrial purpose removed from the Ref-uge purposes

This alternative was not analyzed in detailbecause suitable industrial infrastructure still existson the Refuge to support the munitions industry.The removal of industry as a purpose would be seenas a threat to the local economy and jobs.

Expand group camps

This alternative was not analyzed in detailbecause the Service is trying to reduce the numberof sites and facilities on national wildlife refuges thatare operated for limited use by individuals and orga-nizations.

Immediately close Crab Orchard Boat &Yacht Club

The Crab Orchard Boat & Yacht Club has a longhistory on the Refuge. It has constructed and main-tained the facilities that are on the site occupied bythe Club. This alternative was not analyzed in detailbecause the immediate closure of the facility wouldnot allow members to amortize their recent invest-ments in a reasonable amount of time.

2.6 Detailed Description of Alternatives and Relationship to Goals, Objectives and Strategies

In addition to setting goals as part of the CCPprocess, objectives and strategies that will helpspecify and achieve the goals were developed. Goalsare broad statements of the desired future condi-tion. Objectives are specific statements of what willbe accomplished to help achieve a goal. Strategiesspecify the activities that would be pursued to real-ize an objective.

Some of the alternatives emphasize one goal overanother, thus objectives and strategies differ amongsome alternatives. This section describes the objec-tives and strategies for each of the alternatives(Alternatives A, B, C, D and E) under the goals ofthe Refuge. Note that Alternative A represents theanticipated conditions if the current managementand trends continued.

Two land cover maps are included for each alter-native. One map depicts the expected land cover in2100, the other in 2015. The 2100 map depicts thelong-range landscape plan for an alternative.Because succession and restoration are slow pro-cesses, we have included the map for 2015 to depictwhat we think is reasonable to expect in the next 15years – the time horizon for the CCP – under eachalternative.

2.6.1 Features Common to All Alternatives

Canada Geese Goal

Provide enough food for wintering Canada Geese to support6.4 million goose-use-days annually, in support of the Missis-sippi Valley Population Canada Goose Management Plan.

Background: When established, the Refuge wasrecognized as being important to providing habitatfor wintering Canada Geese. The Refuge was alsoestablished with an agricultural purpose. The agri-cultural purpose and supporting wintering CanadaGeese are interrelated.

Objective 1

Provide enough food for wintering Canadageese to support 6.4 million goose-use-daysannually.

Strategies:

1. Maintain at least 4,000 acres in Refuge rowcrop program, actively manage moist-soilunits, and continue fall mowing aroundselected ponds.

2. Continue managing the Refuge agricultureprogram with methods that benefit CanadaGeese, such as: leave 25 percent of the corncrop unharvested, plant winter wheat insoybean fields each fall, use low tillageplanting techniques, keep fields in clover 2years out of the 5-year rotation.

3. Continue seasonal closure of east end ofCrab Orchard Lake.



Forest, Early Successional and Grassland Birds Goal

Maintain or enhance populations of forest, early successionaland grassland birds, with emphasis on priority species, asidentified in Partners in Flight Physiographic Area Bird Conser-vation Plans.

Background: The Refuge has about 25,000 acresof forest habitat. Most of this acreage is in old-fieldor second-growth hardwood forest cover on uplandand bottomland sites. Oaks are keystone speciesthat are essential to a healthy, diverse forest ecosys-tem in this region. Typically with a lack of distur-bance shade-tolerant trees increase in dominancewhile oaks steadily decrease, and understory diver-sity is greatly diminished. On many sites timberharvesting, prescribed burning, and other methodsof disturbance must occur for oaks to flourish. Pastforest management activities have included pre-scribed burning and the thinning of hardwoodstands to maintain tree health, promote mast pro-duction and control species composition. Our pro-posed management actions would apply these sametreatments in order to provide habitat for the fullspectrum of native plants and animals with anemphasis on the habitat needs of the resource con-servation priority species listed in Table 34 on page

131. No commercial timber harvesting would takeplace in the Crab Orchard Wilderness or anyresearch natural area.

Objective

Manage forest land to favor oak-hickory foresttypes on suitable sites with all age classes fromseedling stage to old-growth represented.Manage native, shade-tolerant tree species(such as sugar maple) to prevent wide-spreadsuccession to climax forest cover types.

Strategies

1. Write and implement a Habitat Manage-ment Plan following policy in the Fish andWildlife Service Manual (620 FW 1).

2. Apply appropriate silvicultural treatmentsto manage forest health, species composi-tion, and age structure. Treatments mayinclude non-commercial forest standimprovement treatments (girdling, cutting,and/or applying herbicide to individualstems), commercial timber cutting (thin-nings, improvement cuttings, and regenera-tion cuttings) and prescribed burning.Forest stand improvement treatments mayoccur in any forest type (up to 25,000 acres).Commercial timber cutting may occur inany forest type outside the Crab OrchardWilderness and research natural areas (upto 19,700 acres). Commercial harvest oper-ations are not likely to take place on morethan 400 acres annually on average, half ofwhich would be considered regenerationcuttings. Our preferred regeneration tech-nique is the shelterwood method. Morespecifically, the shelterwood method withreserves would be used in hardwood (andpine) stands where some hardwoods wouldbe left standing following the final removalcutting. Prescribed fire may be applied inupland forest (up to 23,000 acres of hard-wood and pine types), but not in bottomlandforest.

3. Reforest available open sites located out-side of the two large forest blocks(described in the Forest, Early Successionaland Grassland Birds Goal section underAlternative B on page 41) by plantingnative hardwoods, with preference given tooaks and hickories, to reduce forest frag-mentation. Examples of such sites would besmall agricultural fields (or portionsthereof) no longer being farmed, abandoned

Natural Area, Crab Orchard NWR



industrial areas, abandoned rights-of-way(roads, powerlines, and pipelines), andremediated contaminant areas.

4. Control exotic, invasive plants through inte-grated pest management practices.

Threatened and Endangered Species Goal

Maintain or enhance populations of federal and, where com-patible, state threatened and endangered species that occurat or near Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge.

Background: The Bald Eagle is the only federallydesignated threatened species known to occur onthe Refuge. The Indiana bat, which is federally clas-sified as endangered, is known to occur in proximityto the Refuge. Thirty-one state-listed threatenedand endangered species inhabit, or have inhabited,the Refuge (see Appendix E). Chapter 3 describesthe threatened and endangered species on the Ref-uge. Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act out-lines a mechanism for ensuring that actions takenby federal agencies do not jeopardize the existenceof any listed species. We conducted a “Section 7”review concurrent with preparation of the EIS.

Objective 1

Assure that federally listed species, state-listedspecies and federally proposed species and theirhabitats are protected.

Strategies:

1. No disturbance of bald eagles will takeplace during critical periods within protec-tive zones as described in the NorthernStates Bald Eagle Recovery Plan (USFWS,1983). Areas are designated closed throughsigning and brochures.

2. Forest management activities, such as thin-ning and prescribed burning, would requireclose coordination with U.S. Fish and Wild-life Service, Ecological Services personnel.These activities may require standard sur-veys to determine whether Indiana bats arepresent in a given forest unit or the activi-ties may be scheduled outside of the seasonwhen Indiana bats are likely to use Refugeforests.

Resident Fish and Wildlife Goal

Maintain or enhance resident fish and wildlife populationsconsistent with management activities for federal trustresources in cooperation with the Illinois DNR.

Background: There is a long history of public fish-ing, public hunting, and management of residentfish and wildlife species on the Refuge.

Objective 1

Manage Refuge fisheries with emphasis onmixed-species, warm-water sport fishing.

Strategy

1. Continue cooperative management of Ref-uge fisheries with Illinois DNR. Continuemanaging fish populations and habitatthrough activities such as: setting lengthand creel limits, seasonal closures of spawn-ing bed areas, habitat enhancements,annual surveys, and fish stocking.

Objective 2

Manage Refuge resident wildlife populations atlevels that allow opportunities for sport huntingof game species.

Strategies

1. Continue managing the Refuge agricultureprogram with methods that benefit residentgame species, such as: leave 25 percent ofthe corn crop unharvested, plant winterwheat in soybean fields each fall, use lowtillage planting techniques, keep fields inclover 2 years out of the 5-year rotation,delay mowing until after August 1, and useno insecticides.

2. Incorporate beneficial practices such asthose suggested in the Northern BobwhiteConservation Initiative: convert cool-seasonto warm-season grasses and burn and thinpine plantations.

3. Continue controlled hunting for turkey anddeer in the restricted use portion of theRefuge.

Outreach Goal

Visitors, cooperators, tenants, and local residents will under-stand Refuge goals, issues and activities. Service personnelwill understand the expectations and concerns of the generalpublic by being receptive to their feedback.

Background: During the scoping process, resi-dents of local communities reported they felt unin-formed by the Refuge about activities occurring on



the Refuge and about the reasons for certain activi-ties. To resolve this concern, the Refuge will com-municate more effectively with local communitiesand listen more attentively to community concerns.

In keeping with the history of public use on theRefuge, many non-wildlife oriented special eventshave been permitted on the Refuge. These specialevents have included organized running, bicycling,and swimming events, use of Refuge for “NationalHunting and Fishing Days” activities, and AmericanRed Cross Blood Drives.

The Refuge will continue to support specialevents that foster good community relations and aresponsored by nonprofit organizations. To be permit-ted, these events cannot damage Refuge habitats orfacilities, nor can they adversely impact fish andwildlife populations. In addition these events cannotinterfere with Refuge visitors and wildlife-depen-dent activities such as hunting, fishing, and environ-mental education. Permitted activities will belimited to one-time and annual events.

Objective 1

The positive attitude toward Refuge manage-ment will increase among visitors, cooperators,tenants, and local residents throughout the lifeof the plan.

Strategies

1. Issue press releases, hold Refuge openhouses and hold regularly scheduledforums.

2. Within 2 years of the Plan's approval, createand maintain a “listening log” of writtenand verbal public input submitted to theRefuge. Review this log quarterly andaddress voiced community concerns.

3. Provide annual reports on the “State of theRefuge.” Distribute these reports uponrequest at the Visitor Center and by mailand post the current year's report on theRefuge website.

4. Continue to permit selected annual and spe-cial events that are sponsored by nonprofitorganizations, provided they are compatibleand do not damage Refuge resources orinterfere with wildlife-dependent recre-ation.

Protection Goal

Protect the integrity of Refuge biological and culturalresources and the health and safety of visitors, industrialworkers, farmers, and Service staff.

Background: Past industrial practices at the Ref-uge contaminated some lands and waters. As aresult, in 1987 the Refuge was added to the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency's National Priori-ties List of contaminated sites. Studies have locatedmany sites of contamination within the former Illi-nois Ordnance Plant (IOP) resulting from militaryactivities that occurred during World War II or sub-sequent activities of private industrial tenants.Lands no longer used by industry are converted tohabitat for fish and wildlife. Some of these landshave been contaminated. These contaminants mayneed to be removed so that they do not adverselyimpact plants, fish, wildlife, or public health and wel-fare. Refuge visitors should be able to use thesehabitats for hunting, fishing, wildlife observationand other potential future uses without beingexposed to unacceptable levels of contaminants. TheService is seeking remedy for past acts of contami-nation through the Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse, Compensation, and Liability Act (CER-CLA), also known as “Superfund.” The Servicebelieves past acts of contamination should be reme-died with the best and most cost effective technolo-gies available. The Service also believes that theRefuge should not be burdened with residual con-tamination that may impair the ability of the Serviceto manage the Refuge for appropriate uses in thefuture.

The Refuge's law enforcement officers serve toprotect the natural and cultural resources, as well asthe health and safety of visitors, staff, and tenants.The Refuge depends on cooperative relationshipswith the Illinois DNR and several local sheriffdepartments.

The Refuge faces a significant challenge of con-trolling exotic and invasive plants to protect biologi-cal diversity, provide high quality habitats for fishand wildlife, and facilitate agriculture, recreation,and industry.

The Refuge contains many documented culturalresources, and other undiscovered sites probablyexist.

The Refuge manages 24 conservation easementswithin a 21-county area in southern Illinois. Inade-quate staffing levels have impeded proper manage-ment of the widely dispersed easements. Some of



the easements have not been surveyed or markedon the ground. The easements should be inspectedregularly, but some have not been inspected in over10 years. Without appropriate monitoring the ease-ments and their resources can not be protected fromencroachment.

Objective 1

Refuge lands and waters are safe for fish, wild-life, plants, and people.

Strategy

1. Work with USEPA, Illinois EPA, Depart-ments of Interior and Justice, and responsi-ble parties to remediate contaminated sites.Where contamination is left in place, orwhere there is potential for undiscoveredcontamination that may pose a risk fromexposure, institutional controls may be for-mulated. An institutional control plan wouldbe written by the CERCLA staff and madeavailable to Refuge management for imple-mentation.

Objective 2

Visitors will feel safe on the Refuge and illegalharvest of fish and wildlife will be reduced.

Strategy

1. Maintain full-time law enforcement staff.

Objective 3

Manage or eliminate invasive species on theRefuge.

Strategy

1. Write and implement an Integrated PestManagement (IPM) Plan following guid-ance developed by the Service's “PromisesInvasive Species Team.” The IPM plan willaddress target species control methods,mapping and monitoring.

Objective 4

Protect the cultural, historic, and pre-historicresources of federally-owned lands within theRefuge.

Strategies

1. Implement the Cultural Resource Manage-ment Plan for Cultural Resources withinthe Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge(Godfrey and Stubbs 2001).

2. Ensure archeological and cultural valuesare described, identified, and taken intoconsideration prior to implementing under-

takings. Notify the Regional Historic Pres-ervation Officer early in project planning orupon receipt of a request for permittedactivities.

3. Develop a step-down plan for surveyinglands to identify archeological resourcesand for developing a preservation program.

4. Complete accessioning, cataloging, invento-rying, and preserving the museum collec-tion at the Refuge in accordance with“Survey of Collections at Crab OrchardNWR” by Mayda S. Jensen.

Objective 5

Meet Service policy guidelines (“Administra-tion and Enforcement Procedures for Conser-vation Easement”) for 12 conservationeasements by 2007, for all easements by 2010.

1. Complete legal surveys on 50 percent (12tracts) of all conservation easements by2007 through contracted services. Completecontracted surves on the remaining tractsby 2010.

2. Conduct annual inspections of all conserva-tion easements.

3. Develop land use plans for 50 percent (12tracts) of the conservation easements andrestore grassland and wetland habitats on25 percent of these tracts by 2009.



4. Hire a permanent 6-month law enforcementofficer to conduct annual inspections,develop land use plans, and restore wetlandand grassland habitat projects.

Wilderness Goal

Protect the ecological integrity, preserve the wilderness char-acter, restore natural conditions to the extent practicable, andprovide opportunities for solitude and primitive recreationwithin the Crab Orchard Wilderness.

Background: As long as they do not alter naturalprocesses, the Wilderness Act of 1964 permits cer-tain activities within designated wilderness areas.The Crab Orchard Wilderness is a popular area forhunting, hiking, nature study, horseback riding, andmushroom picking. Prohibited activities, such ascamping and off-road vehicle use, occasionally occur.Horseback use and trails have developed inconsis-tent with the existing Wilderness ManagementPlan. The Wilderness Management Plan, which wasapproved in 1985, is dated and needs to be revised.

Suitability

In accordance with Refuge planning policy, thisEIS includes a wilderness review to identify Ser-vice-owned lands and waters within the planningunit that may qualify for inclusion in the NationalWilderness Preservation System. The Service hasidentified two tracts of land within the planning unitthat meet the criteria for Wilderness Study Areas:an 80-acre tract completely surrounded by the exist-ing Crab Orchard Wilderness and a 40-acre tractsurrounded on three sides by the Crab Orchard Wil-derness. Southern Illinois University owned bothtracts when the Crab Orchard Wilderness was des-ignated in 1976. The Refuge subsequently acquiredthe tracts through a land exchange in 1979. The twotracts are roadless, contiguous to designated wilder-ness, appear natural, and offer opportunities for sol-itude and primitive recreation. Both tracts arecurrently managed as a part of the Crab OrchardWilderness.

An additional 558-acre tract contiguous with thesouthern boundary of Crab Orchard NWR wasacquired in the same land exchange. Rocky ComfortRoad runs north-south through this tract. The 424acres west of the road are the site of a former South-ern Illinois University environmental educationcamp. The 134 acres east of the road are old fieldsthat are undergoing natural ecological succession.Neither portion of the 558-acre tract currentlymeets the criteria for naturalness.

There are no additional areas within the remain-der of the Crab Orchard NWR planning unit thatmeet the minimum criteria for a Wilderness StudyArea. The results of the wilderness inventory aredocumented in Figure 5.

The two parcels within the Crab Orchard Wilder-ness that were acquired after the Wilderness wasdesignated have wilderness characteristics andshould be recommended for wilderness designation.This will add consistency to the protection and man-agement of the Wilderness. The Wilderness will bemanaged in accordance with Service policy for Wil-derness management (6 Refuge Manual 8). All activ-ities in designated Wilderness will be carried out inconformance with the mandates of the WildernessAct and the establishing legislation for the CrabOrchard Wilderness, Public Law 95-557. The use ofmotorized vehicles and mechanical transport is pro-hibited, except in emergency situations.

Objective 1

Recommend the designation of two parcels (120acres) as Wilderness within 2 years of approvalof the CCP.

Strategy

1. Prepare and submit a Wilderness StudyReport. Service wilderness policy is cur-rently under revision. The direction of thenew policy will be followed when it isadopted.

Objective 2

Revise and implement the Crab Orchard Wil-derness Management Plan within 5 years ofapproval of the CCP.

Strategy

1. Prepare and implement a Wilderness Man-agement Plan. Service wilderness policy iscurrently under revision. The direction ofthe new policy will be followed when it isadopted.

Objective 3

Restore native hardwood forest on 325 acres ofpine and pine-hardwood forest in the CrabOrchard Wilderness within 15 years of approvalof the CCP.

Strategies

1. Thin the pine plantations (229 acres) andpine-hardwood stands (96 acres) in the Wil-derness to promote establishment andgrowth of native hardwoods. Thinning



Figure 5: Results of Crab Orchard NWR Wilderness Inventory



would be conducted in several phases over a10- to 15-year period to mimic the naturalprocess of succession where pines are grad-ually replaced by hardwoods. Individualpines would be killed by cutting, girdling orinjecting herbicide. No trees would beremoved from the site. Treatments wouldbe conducted so that the results wouldappear natural as much as possible. How-ever, trees along heavily used trails mayneed to be felled to avoid personal injury tovisitors, in which case this zone may appearunnatural for several years. Eventualremoval of all the non-native pines wouldrestore the natural vegetative cover of thearea and enhance wilderness characteris-tics.

2. Prescribed burn the pine and pine-hard-wood stands during the dormant season(November through March) on a 3- to 5-year cycle to enhance habitat conditionsand promote desirable hardwood regenera-tion. Control lines would be established byhand tools where necessary, using naturalfirebreaks as much as possible.

Objective 4

Control or eradicate invasive species (especiallyautumn-olive, multiflora rose, Amur honey-suckle, white poplar, and Oriental bittersweet)over the 15-year life of the CCP.

Strategy

1. Prepare and implement an Integrated PestManagement Plan following guidancedeveloped by the Service’s “Promises Inva-sive Species Team.”

Objective 5

Explore ways to increase cooperation with theU.S. Forest Service on management of the CrabOrchard Wilderness and the adjoining PantherDen Wilderness within 2 years of approval ofthe CCP (Figure 5).

Strategy

1. Contact the Forest Supervisor of the Shaw-nee National Forest and discuss ways ouragencies could work together in managingthe adjoining wildernesses.

Objective 6

Provide opportunities for primitive recreation,such as hiking, hunting, nature study and wildfood collection, over the 15-year life of the CCP.

Strategies

1. Continue current primitive recreationalopportunities.

2. Prepare and distribute a wilderness bro-chure and conduct interpretive programs toinform the public about primitive recre-ational opportunities available.

Objective 7

Within 5 years of approval of the CCP, deter-mine an appropriate level of opportunities tooffer equestrians based on an evaluation of thecurrent level and extent of horseback riding useand its effects on the Wilderness.

Strategy

1. Evaluate the current, unauthorized Riverto River route. Cooperate with partners toplan, construct, and maintain an authorizedRiver to River trail route through the Ref-uge.

Volunteers and Support Groups Goal

Volunteers and Refuge support groups will be stewardshippartners and strong advocates for the Refuge.

Background: Volunteers, support groups, andother partnerships strengthen Refuge activities andcontribute to making the Refuge an integral part ofthe community.

Objective 1

Improve Refuge support for volunteer andFriends of Crab Orchard NWR activities to apoint where at least 95 percent of volunteersand Friends members feel like valued contribu-tors to the success of Refuge programs andendeavors.

Strategies

1. Continue to manage volunteer and supportprograms in accordance with Service guide-lines detailed in “A Guidebook for Workingwith Volunteers.” Maintain an active liaisonwith support groups and partners.

2. Provide in-depth initial training to Refugevolunteers that will enable them to effec-tively and efficiently complete projects andresponsibilities. Encourage involvement indiverse volunteer activities that match vol-unteer interests.

3. Continue demonstrating Refuge apprecia-tion for volunteer contributions and Friendssupport annually through a Volunteer



Appreciation Banquet and other appropri-ate means. Present awards for servicehours in accordance with Service guide-lines.

2.6.1.1. Operational PoliciesArea Designations

Background: Twice since the establishment of theRefuge, the Service has published its land use policyin the Federal Register. These documents used theconcept of dividing the Refuge into three areas anddescribing the types of use that would be consideredwithin a particular area. This policy was last pub-lished in the Federal Register on September 6, 1961.It called for using Area I for “various forms of rec-reation, including public hunting and fishing inaccordance with State laws, picnicking, boating,swimming, and similar activities;” Area II for“industrial purposes;” and Area III “for use andadministration as a public recreation area on whichgroup recreation, group camps and private cabin orcottage site developments on lands zoned for thosepurposes.”

Since the publication of the policy describedabove, Congress has passed several laws governingthe management of the National Wildlife RefugeSystem. The most recent, the National Wildlife Ref-uge System Improvement Act of 1997 (Act) setsforth guiding principles for management of allnational wildlife refuges, such as wildlife-dependentrecreation having priority over non-wildlife-depen-dent recreation. It challenges the managers of CrabOrchard National Wildlife Refuge to balance Refugepurposes, which are “...conservation of wildlife andfor the development of agriculture, recreation,industrial and related purposes...,” with the RefugeSystem mission of “administering a national net-work of lands and waters for the conservation, man-agement, and where appropriate, restoration of fish,wildlife and plant resources and their habitats...”The Act states that: “... if a conflict exists betweenthe purposes of a refuge and the mission of the Sys-tem, the conflict shall be resolved in a manner thatfirst protects the purposes of the refuge, and, to theextent practicable, that also achieves the mission ofthe System.”

Proposed Policy: With this comprehensive conser-vation plan, the Service is attempting to balance itsmanagement responsibilities across all portions ofthe Refuge. Under all alternatives described inChapter 2 of this plan, the concept of classifyinguses of the Refuge into Areas I, II and III would bedropped. Only the industrial area of the Refuge, for-

merly known as either Area II or the Closed Area,would retain the designation of “restricted use area”because of safety and security concerns.

The safety and security concerns are associatedwith property protection, contaminants and thestorage of explosive materials. Under all alterna-tives described in Chapter 2 of this plan, the ware-house area on the east end of Ogden Road (Area 7)would be closed to the general public, thereby pre-cluding access to Blue Heron Pond for recreationalfishing.

Wildlife management is a major focus for alllands encompassed by the boundaries of CrabOrchard NWR.

Camping Length of StayBackground: People camped near Crab Orchard

Lake before the Refuge was established. In theearly days of the Refuge, camping was allowedthroughout the open areas of the Refuge. However,the dispersed camping caused unacceptable litterand resource damage. In order to minimize theproblems, four concession-operated campgroundswere constructed and camping was permitted onlyin the campgrounds. Crab Orchard Lake Camp-ground began operation in 1964. Since then, the Ref-uge campgrounds have been operated by bothconcessionaires and the Service at different times.

Refuge regulations have not limited the length ofstay for campers. By not limiting the length of stay,campers have been able to occupy a site for anentire season. The result is that sometimes familieson a short vacation or a weekend visit have limitedopportunity to camp in the most desirable sites nearthe water. Some people who have occupied sites forthe entire season have brought in equipment andmaterial that have created an atmosphere more typ-ical of a permanent trailer park than a campground.The lack of a length of stay regulation is unusual inpublic campgrounds. In order to provide a moreequitable opportunity to stay in desirable campingsites, we would establish a maximum length of stayat all Refuge campgrounds.

Proposed Policy: We would limit the length of stayat Refuge campgrounds to 14 nights comparablewith other Federal and State campgrounds in thearea. For the first 2 years, approximately one-half ofthe campsites would remain available for long-termcamping and the other half for stays up to 14 daysmaximum. The second 2-year period would permitup to one-third of campsites to be available for 28days and the remaining two-thirds would be limitedto 14-day maximum stays. Finally, beginning in the



fifth year, a 14-day maximum stay would apply to allcampsites. At the end of a camping stay, we wouldrequire persons to remove all camping equipmentfrom the campground for a minimum of 48 hours.Personal property such as trailers or recreationalvehicles may not be stored in the campground dur-ing this 48-hour period. In addition, a reservationsystem would be phased in for Refuge camp-grounds.

Group CampsBackground: Refuge policy that immediately fol-

lowed establishment of the Refuge had provisionsthat permitted group recreation, group camps andprivate cabin or cottage site development on landszoned for that purpose. The areas chosen for groupcamps were along the shoreline of the proposed Lit-tle Grassy Lake. Interest from organizations on howto establish a group camp in this area was shown asearly as December 1947.

The Service prioritized the availability of thisopportunity for planned group camping with thepolicy of first serving strictly youth camping groups,second youth/adult church camp educational pro-grams and last fraternal organizations. In 1950, theRefuge began reviewing applications for groupcamping from a number of organizations. The Ser-vice issued several group camping leases to organi-zations such as: The Boy Scouts of America, the GirlScouts, the Educational Council of 100 Inc., PioneerCommunications Club, Independent Order of OddFellows, The United Methodist Church, The Pres-byterian Church and others. Many of these organi-zations began using the area in 1952. Today thereare four group camps still operating on the Refuge:Pine Ridge Camp (Boy Scouts), Camp Cedar Point(Girl Scouts), Camp Carew (Presbyterian Church),and the United Methodist Church Camp.

Proposed Policy: Group camps would continue withthe requirement that they provide environmentaleducation as specified in current agreements. Theinfrastructure associated with the existing campswould not expand beyond current square footageoccupied by the camps. The camps would beassessed a fee for use of federal lands. Because theuse authorized under the agreements includes envi-ronmental education with no profit gained by thecamps, the fees will be minimal administrative anduse fees. If an organization decides to no longeroperate their camp, the Refuge would determine ifthe site should be closed or leased to another organi-zation based on Refuge's environmental educationgoals, the purpose and mission of the organization

wishing to occupy the camp, the condition of thefacilities and existing National Wildlife Refuge Sys-tem policies.

Recreational FeesBackground: Entrance fees were implemented in

1988 under the authorization of the EmergencyWetland Resource Act of 1986. The entrance feeprogram admitted anyone holding a permit andaccompanying passengers in their vehicle to theRefuge. In 1997, under authorization of the Omni-bus Consolidated Rescissions and AppropriationsAct of 1996, the entrance fee program was modifiedto a recreation use fee program. The user fee pro-gram requires all vehicles and boats using the Ref-uge to have a valid fee decal. In evaluating the usefee program as part of the comprehensive conserva-tion planning process, we recognized that the cur-rent program does not fairly implement the intent ofthe Federal Demonstration Fee Program.

Proposed Policy: We would implement a recre-ational fee program that is comparable to other feeprograms within the Service. These changes wouldbe consistent with the new Federal Lands Recre-ation Enhancement Act and increase conveniencefor the visiting public. The refuge would have anentrance fee as well as an expanded amenity recre-ation fee. Federal Duck Stamps, America the Beau-tiful Passes, and Crab Orchard Refuge annual,weekly and daily passes would permit entry to theRefuge. An expanded amenity recreation fee wouldbe charged in addition to the entrance fee for usingboat launching facilities and participating in quotahunts. Table 1 summarizes proposed recreationalfees.

Fishing TournamentsBackground: Five fishing tournaments are held

each year on the Refuge's three lakes under specialuse permits. Devils Kitchen Lake and Little GrassyLake each host one tournament. Crab OrchardLake hosts three tournaments. The tournamentsare well established and require minimal assistancefrom Refuge staff, although Refuge and IllinoisDepartment of Natural Resources officers do con-duct spot checks for violations during the tourna-ments. Anglers and biologists have expressedconcern over reduced fish populations because ofpost-release mortality and the lack of vegetation forspawning bass.

Proposed Policy: The five current fishing tourna-ments would continue on the Refuge's three lakes.However, if any of these five organizations decide todiscontinue a tournament, the event would be elimi-



nated and not replaced in the future. We will con-tinue to work with tournament organizers to reducepost-release mortality.

Fish-offsBackground: The three lakes receive many visits

from fishing clubs hosting events called “fish-offs.”A fish-off is defined as an organized club fishingevent having 20 boats or fewer. Recreational anglersand biologists have expressed concern over reducedfish populations and catch rates as a result of fishingpressure on Refuge lakes. In the past, the totalnumber of fish-offs has not been limited, and asmany as 95 Refuge-authorized fish-offs have beenheld in a single year, in addition to unauthorizedevents.

Proposed Policy: Organizers of fishing events mustobtain a fish-off use permit. The permit allows theorganizer to have one fish-off per lake, per year. Thetotal number of fish-offs allowed on the Refuge willbe determined annually by the Refuge Manager.

There is a $35 charge for the permit and the orga-nizer must follow terms and conditions of the per-mit.

Recreational and Technical Rock Climbing:Background: Crab Orchard NWR is not typically

considered a climber's destination, but somedemanding and varied rock climbs can be found inthe southern portions of the Refuge. Over the yearsRefuge visitors have inquired about climbing, butclimbing has never been officially permitted. Rockclimbing has occurred in the Devils Kitchen and Lit-tle Grassy areas. The Refuge has in the past dis-couraged rock climbing activities such as jumpingand diving from the rocks of Devils Kitchen Lake bynot permitting swimming in the lake and by closingthe area below the Crab Orchard Dam spillway topublic access. Climbing opportunities can be foundat nearby Giant City State Park.

Table 1: Proposed Recreational Entrance Fees and Federal Passes That Will Permit Entry

Fee Option Cost Eligibility Allows Entry to... Validation PeriodDaily Fee $2/vehicle Anyone Crab Orchard NWR 1 day

Weekly Fee $5/vehicle Anyone Crab Orchard NWR 7 consecutive days

Commercial bus $20 For buses up to 20 passengers

Crab Orchard NWR 1 day

Refuge Annua1l $15/vehicle Anyone Crab Orchard NWR 1 year (July 1 - June 30)

Duck Stamp $15 Anyone Any national wildlife refuge

1 year (July 1 - June 30)

Golden Eagle $65 Anyone Any federal fee area 1 year from month of purchase

Golden Age $10 Persons 62 years or older

Any federal fee area Lifetime

Golden Access Free Anyone who is permanently disabled

Any federal fee area Lifetime

Hologram2 $15 Anyone holding a National Park Pass

Any federal fee area 1 year from month of purchase

Daily boat launch fee $2/boat Anyone Crab Orchard NWR 1 day

Daily boat launch fee $2/boat Anyone Crab Orchard NWR 1 day

Weekly boat launch fee

$5/boat Anyone Crab Orchard NWR 7 consecutive days

Annual boat launch3 $10/boat Anyone Crab Orchard NWR 1 year (July 1 to June 30)

1. Additional passes for vehicles and boats may be purchased for $5.

2. The National Park Pass ($50) can be upgraded through the purchase of a $15 Golden Eagle hologram. The Golden Eagle hologramcan be affixed to the Park pass to allow for entrance into all federal fee areas. The National Park pass will not be available at theRefuge, but the hologram can be made available.

3. Additional passes for vehicles and boats may be purchased for $5.



Proposed policy: Recreational and technical rockclimbing would not be permitted on the Refuge.This includes free-style rock climbing, rappellingand technical rock climbing.

Scuba DivingBackground: Limited opportunities for scuba div-

ing do exist on Crab Orchard NWR, however thisactivity has never explicitly been permitted. Somevisitors have participated in this activity under theassumption that it was allowed. Due to the relativelyshallow and turbid condition of Crab Orchard Lakeand the fact that swimming is prohibited on DevilsKitchen Lake, Little Grassy Lake is the only loca-tion where a visitor could reasonably expect to par-ticipate in this activity.

Proposed Policy: Due to the fact that swimming isalready allowed in Little Grassy Lake, the lake isalready heavily used by youth camps, and it is a pop-ular fishing destination, we propose to prohibitscuba diving on the Refuge to reduce conflictsbetween these user groups.

TrappingBackground: Opportunities for trapping do exist

on Crab Orchard NWR. In the past, trapping hasbeen loosely regulated through special use permitsin areas designated by the refuge biologist. A maxi-mum number of 50 recreational trapping permitshad been determined, but due to changes in cultureand markets, that number does not reflect actualdemand.

Proposed policy: Limited trapping will be allowedin designated areas of the Refuge through specialuse permits. Carefully controlled trapping is consid-ered a management tool, and contributes to the hab-itat and wildlife management goals of the Refuge.In some cases it is the only means by which nuisancewildlife can be removed. The activity will be limitedin scope to areas of the Refuge that are identified bythe Refuge biologist, and carefully regulatedthrough the use of special use permits.

Dog Training:Background: Dog field trials were a part of the

Crab Orchard Creek Project before the establish-ment of Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge.Training of dogs has occurred sporadically on theRefuge, and is regulated through special use per-mits. In addition, dogs are allowed on the Refuge,provided they are leashed. Hunting is a prioritypublic use and supports the recreation purpose forwhich the Refuge was established, and well trained

hunting dogs contribute to this activity by locatingand retrieving game that may otherwise be lost.

Proposed policy: The training of dogs that are tobe used for hunting will be allowed in designatedareas of the Refuge through special use permits.This use does not include field trials or commercial/professional dog training, which remains prohibited.This use also does not include training of dogs fromsunset to sunrise, also known as “running” furbear-ers with dogs, which will also be prohibited.

2.6.1.2. FireThe following section contains detail about the

prescribed fire and wildland fire suppression proce-dures used on the Refuge. We have included detailhere to fully document the Refuge’s Fire Manage-ment Plan in compliance with the National Environ-mental Policy Act.

Prescribed FirePrescribed fire is used regularly on the Refuge as

a habitat management tool.

Periodic burning of grasslands reduces encroach-ing woody vegetation such as autumn-olive andencourages the growth of desirable species such asnative, warm-season grasses. Periodic burning ofpine and hardwood forest reduces encroaching, low-value, and shade-tolerant species and reduces haz-ardous fuel buildup. Fire also encourages regenera-tion of desirable species, enhances biodiversity, andimproves wildlife habitat. Additionally, prescribedburning in the wilderness will reduce encroachmentof undesirable species and encourage biodiversity.

Trained and qualified personnel perform all pre-scribed burns under precise plans. A burn is con-ducted only if it meets specified criteria for airtemperature, fuel moisture, wind direction andvelocity, soil moisture, relative humidity, and severalother environmental factors. The specified criteria(prescription) minimize the chance that the fire willescape and increase the likelihood that the fire willhave the desired effect on the plant community.

How often we burn established grassland andforest units depends on management objectives, his-toric fire frequency, weather conditions, and fund-ing. The interval between burns may be 2 to 5 yearsor longer. As part of the prescribed fire program, wewill conduct a literature search to determine theeffects of fire on various plant and animal species,and we will begin a monitoring program to verifythat objectives are being achieved.



The normal prescribed fire season begins Octo-ber 1 and ends March 31. Additionally, an open burnpermit is obtained from the Illinois EPA prior toeach burn season, and all EPA air quality standardsand guidelines are adhered to. We cannot and willnot start a prescribed fire without the approval ofthe Regional Fire Management Coordinator whenthe area is at an extreme fire danger level or theNational Preparedness level is V. In addition, we willnot start a prescribed fire without first gettingapplicable concurrence when local fire protectiondistricts or the State of Illinois have instituted burn-ing bans.

Spot fires and escapes may occur on any pre-scribed fire. The spot fires and escapes may resultfrom factors that cannot be anticipated during plan-ning. A few small spot fires and escapes on a pre-scribed burn can usually be controlled by the burncrew. If so, they do not constitute a wildland fire.The burn boss is responsible for evaluating the fre-quency and severity of spot fires and escapes and, ifnecessary, slowing down or stopping the burn oper-ation, getting additional help from the Refuge staff,or extinguishing the prescribed burn. If the existingcrew cannot control an escaped fire and it is neces-sary to get help from the Shawnee National Forestor Lake Egypt Fire Protection District, the escapewill be classified as a wildland fire and controlledaccordingly. Once controlled, we will stop the pre-scribed burning for the burning period.

We will use existing firebreaks, which we mayimprove through mowing or tilling. By policy, if wecontemplate any new firebreaks or below surfaceimprovements to existing firebreaks, the RegionalHistoric Preservation Officer will be consultedbefore the work begins.

Burn plans written by the Refuge staff documentthe treatment objectives, the prescription parame-ters, and the plan of action for carrying out a burn.A burn plan includes all the elements specified inthe Service's Fire Management Handbook. Detailsregarding fire resources and procedures can befound in the Refuge's Fire Management Plan.

Wildland Urban InterfaceWildland Urban Interface (WUI) is defined as

the area where houses meet or intermingle withundeveloped wildland vegetation. This makes theWUI a focal area for human-environment conflictssuch as wildland fires, habitat fragmentation, inva-sive species, and biodiversity decline. FIREWISE isa community safety program developed to educatethe public to the wildland urban interface and cor-

rective measures needed. Additional examplesinclude working toward a comprehensive socialawareness and support system to inform the publicconcerning the benefits of management ignition infire adapted ecosystems.

The WUI creates the need to reduce wildland andurban intermix fire threats. The fire managementprogram will mitigate any interface risks by a com-bination of mechanical fuels treatments near anybuildings and prescribed fire to reduce and elimi-nate hazard fuel loadings while creating wide buff-ers around developed areas and adjacent to privateproperty.

Mechanical Fuel TreatmentsMechanical fuel reduction is the use of mechani-

cal equipment (i.e. weed whackers, chainsaws, doz-ers, rubber tired skidders, chippers, mowers, etc.)to cut and remove, or prepare for burning, woodyfuels. Mechanical treatments are intended to help inachieving resource management goals and objec-tives, most often a combination of ecosystem resto-ration and reduction of high hazard fuel loadings.Mechanical fuel treatments must be described in afuels project plan. The plan will contain a prescrip-tion defining goals, objectives, and treatment meth-ods employed to achieve the objectives.

Mechanical fuel treatment is often used in con-cert with prescribed fire treatment. High hazardfuel conditions can be reduced while meeting struc-tural objectives in areas immediately adjacent tobuildings or on boundary areas through a mix ofmechanical treatment and prescribed fire. Mechani-cal treatment can be used as the primary method ofreaching structural goals while prescribed fire actu-ally removes and eliminates the hazardous fuels.The timing of the mechanical treatment to ensurethat soil compaction and disturbance does not occurduring wet season or times of high precipitation isimportant. Conducting mechanical treatments dur-ing frozen ground conditions or late in the growingseason tend to yield the best results.

Fire Prevention and DetectionIn any fire management activity, firefighter and

public safety will always take precedence over prop-erty and resource protection.

Historically, fire influenced the vegetation on theRefuge. Now, fires burning without a prescriptionare likely to cause unwanted damage. In order tominimize this damage, we will seek to prevent andquickly detect fires by:



# Discussing fire prevention at safety meetingsprior to the fire season and during periods ofhigh fire danger and periodically training staffin fire prevention.

# Posting warnings at visitor information stationsduring periods of extreme fire danger.

# Notifying the public via press releases andpersonal contacts during periods of extreme firedanger.

# Investigating all fires suspected of having beenset illegally and taking appropriate action.

# Depending on neighbors, visitors, cooperators,and staff to detect and report fires.

# Requesting additional resources from theIllinois Interagency Fire Dispatcher if adequateresources are not available locally.

Fire Suppression We are required by Service policy to use the Inci-

dent Command System (ICS) and firefighters meet-ing National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG)qualifications for fires occurring on Refuge prop-erty. Our suppression efforts will be directedtowards safeguarding life while protecting Refugeresources and property from harm. Mutual aidresources responding from cooperating agenciesmust meet the qualification standards of theiragency.

All wildland fires occurring on the Refuge andstaffed with Service employees will be supervisedby a qualified Incident Commander (IC). The ICwill be responsible for all management aspects ofthe fire. The IC will obtain the general suppressionstrategy from the Fire Management Plan, but it willbe up to the IC to implement the appropriate tac-tics. Minimum impact suppression tactics will beused whenever possible. As a guide, on low intensityfires (generally flame lengths less than 4 feet) theprimary suppression strategy will be direct attackwith hand crews and engines. On higher intensityfires (those with flame lengths greater than 4 feet)we may use indirect strategies of back fires or burn-ing out from natural and human-made fire barriers.The barriers will be selected based on their abilityto safely suppress the fire, minimize resource degra-dation, and be cost effective.

During periods of drought we may use severityfunding under guidelines of the Service Fire Man-agement Handbook to provide adequate fire protec-tion for the Refuge.

In suppressing a fire, we will:

# Use existing roads and trails, bodies of water,areas of sparse or non-continuous fuels asprimary control lines, anchor points, escaperoutes, and safety zones.

# Conduct backfiring operations from existingroads and natural barriers to halt the spread offire when appropriate.

# Use burnouts to stabilize and strengthen theprimary control lines.

# Use either direct or indirect attack methods,depending upon the situation. Using backfire incombination with allowing the wildland fire toburn to a road or natural firebreak would beleast damaging to the environment. However,direct attack by constructing control lines asclose to the fire as possible may be thepreferred method to establish quicker control.

# Use retardants on upland areas whenappropriate.

# Not use earth moving equipment (dozers,graders, plows) for suppression activities on theRefuge without the approval of the RefugeManager or his/her designated representative.

# Evaluate all areas where wildland fires occur onRefuge administered lands prior to the aerial orground application of foams and/or retardants.Only approved chemical foams and retardantswill be used (or not used) in sensitive areas suchas those with riparian vegetation.

# Not use wildland fire for resource benefits.# Keep engines on roads and trails to the fullest

extent possible. # Ensure additional resources are ordered

whenever it appears a fire will escape initialattack efforts, leave Service lands, or when thefire complexity exceeds the capabilities of theexisting command or operations.

# Monitor Refuge fires until declared out.# Conduct rehabilitation prior to firefighters

leaving the fire. All trash will be removed. Firelines will be refilled and water bars will beadded, if needed. Hazardous trees and snagswill be cut and all stumps will be cut as low aspracticable to the ground. Damage toimprovements caused by suppression effortswill be repaired, and a rehabilitation plan will becompleted if necessary. If re-seeding isnecessary, it will be accomplished according toService policy and regulations.


Chapter 2:Alternatives, Objectives, and StrategiesA

lternative A: Current M

anagement (N

o Action)

2.6.2 Alternative A: Current Management/No Action

2.6.2.1. Wildlife Conservation Goals

Canada Geese Goal

Provide enough food for wintering Canada geese to support6.4 million goose-use-days annually, in support of the Missis-sippi Valley Population Canada Goose Management Plan.

Background: When established, the Refuge wasrecognized as being important to providing habitatfor wintering Canada Geese. The Refuge was alsoestablished with an agricultural purpose. The agri-cultural purpose and supporting wintering CanadaGeese are interrelated. The importance of winteringrefuge habitat to the Mississippi Valley populationof Canada Geese has been recognized in populationmanagement plans. The Refuge has about 4,500acres of cropland, 1,000 acres of pasture, 700 acresof hay fields, and 450 acres of moist-soil units com-monly used by geese (see Figure 6 on page 36).Other goose management activities include seasonalclosure to boating on the east end of Crab OrchardLake and fall mowing around selected ponds.

Objective 1

Provide enough food for wintering CanadaGeese to support 6.4 million goose-use-days.

Strategy

1. Maintain 4,500 acres of cropland in agricul-tural production (Figure 6). Manage 1,000acres of pasture and 700 acres of hay fields.Manage 450 acres of moist-soil units. Con-tinue fall mowing around selected ponds.Maintain seasonal closure to boating on theeast end of Crab Orchard Lake.



Background: The Refuge has about 25,000 acres offorest habitat. Studies have shown that forest frag-mentation reduces nesting success of migratorybirds because of increased nest predation and para-sitism. The Refuge has carried out reforestationactivities in recent years to reduce fragmentation offorested habitats and retire former agriculturalfields and pastures.

The Refuge has about 3,300 acres of pine planta-tions. Most of the pine plantations were establishedbetween 1938 and 1941 by the USDA Soil Conserva-tion Service for the purpose of controlling soil ero-sion. Pines, which are not native to the Refuge,generally provide lower quality wildlife habitat thannative hardwoods. The existing plans call for thin-ning and prescribed burning pine plantations toencourage the growth of desirable, mast-producinghardwoods.

The Refuge has about 2,500 acres of early succes-sional habitat. Some migratory birds primarily useearly successional habitats, such as shrubland andfallow herbaceous fields. Without active manage-ment, these habitat types will succeed to forest.These habitat types are identified in Figure 6 onpage 36.

Refuge grasslands include pastures (1,000 acres),hay fields (700 acres), and native grasslands (240acres). Pastures and hay fields provide the majorityof the grassland habitat for migratory birds. How-ever, the pastures are relatively poor quality habitatfor many migratory birds because they are domi-nated by fescue, a non-native grass. Refuge hayfields are commonly mowed in spring and summerwhen migratory birds are nesting, which reducesnesting success. The presence of woody vegetationalong fence rows and roadsides tends to reduce thevalue of grasslands for some birds.

The Refuge has 4,500 acres in the row crop pro-gram. The crop rotation is generally corn/soybeans/corn/clover/clover. Grassland birds, such as the dick-cissel and eastern meadowlark, use clover fields fornesting habitat. Cooperative farmers commonlymow second year clover to make hay during thenesting season of migratory birds, which reducesnesting success.

The forest, shrubland and grassland resourceconservation priority bird species that would benefitunder this alternative are listed in Table 34 onpage 132. These priority bird species are a regionalsubset of the priority species found in Partners inFlight plans.

Objective 1

Complete about 240 acres of reforestation asoutlined under the existing Refuge reforesta-tion plan to benefit forest wildlife species.

Strategy

1. Conduct reforestation activities that mayinclude site preparation (mechanical clear-ing and/or applying herbicides to unwanted



ltern

ativ

e A

: Cur

rent

Man

agem

ent (

No

Act

ion)
Figure 6: Land Cover of Crab Orchard NWR, Alternative A, Current Management (No
Action) Projected Conditions 2015




anagement (N

o Action)

Figure 7: Land Cover of Crab Orchard NWR, Alternative A, Current Management (No Action), Projected Conditions, 2100



ltern

ativ

e A

: Cur

rent

Man

agem

ent (

No

Act

ion)
vegetation), planting hardwood tree seed-
lings, and follow-up mechanical or chemicaltreatments.

Objective 2

Accelerate succession of all (about 3,300 acres)pine plantations to native hardwood forest.

Strategy

1. Thin pine plantations to promote establish-ment and growth of native hardwoods. Mostthinning treatments will be conductedunder contract by commercial timber har-vesting firms. Conduct prescribed burningduring the dormant season (Novemberthrough March) on a 3- to 5-year cycle toenhance habitat conditions and promotedesirable hardwood regeneration.

Objective 3

Maintain 240 acres of native warm-seasongrassland to benefit grassland birds, such asnorthern bobwhite, eastern meadowlark, andHenslow's sparrow. (Figure 6)

Strategy

1. Prescribed burn all native warm-seasongrasslands on a 2- to 3-year cycle to favorgrassland vegetation and control undesir-able plants. Apply mechanical or herbicidetreatments to control vegetation, whenneeded.

Objective 4

Maintain 1,000 acres of pasture, 700 acres ofhay fields, and about 1,600 acres of clover fieldswith increased emphasis on habitat quality forgrassland birds.

Strategy

1. All mowing of pastures, hay fields, and clo-ver fields will take place after August 1.

Ducks, Shorebirds, and Other Waterbirds Goal

Maintain or enhance populations of ducks, shorebirds, andother waterbirds, with emphasis on priority species, as identi-fied in the North American Waterfowl Management Plan, U.S.Shorebird Conservation Plan, and North American WaterbirdConservation Plan.

Background: The Refuge has several types of hab-itat that support ducks, shorebirds, and otherwaterbirds: 9,100 acres of open water in artificiallakes and ponds, 1,900 acres of bottomland forest,and 500 acres of swamps, marshes, and wet mead-ows. The Refuge manages about 450 acres of these

wetlands to encourage the growth of moist-soilplants and aquatic invertebrates to provide food forwaterfowl, shorebirds, and other waterbirds.

Objective 1

Provide 350 to 450 acres of moist soil habitatduring fall, winter and spring for migratingshorebirds, waterfowl, and other waterbirds.

Strategy

1. Maintain dikes and water control struc-tures. Manipulate water levels and vegeta-tion to encourage production of food.

Water Quality Goal

Provide and manage for quality of water in streams and lakesat Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge.

Background: Water quality in streams and lakeson the Refuge is impacted by sedimentation, agri-cultural chemicals, and contaminants from pastindustrial uses.

Objective 1

Keep Refuge soil erosion and chemical inputs atlevels that do not impair water quality or fishand wildlife.

Strategies

1. Work with farmers to establish buffer stripsand keep livestock away from streams andponds. Continue using current soil andwater protection measures in the Refugefarm program: use no insecticides, use onlyService-approved herbicides, use minimumtillage practices, and use winter covercrops.

2. Continue cleanup of contaminated sites.Ensure Refuge industrial operations con-form to prescribed environmental stan-dards.

2.6.2.2. Recreation/Public Use Goals

Hunting, Fishing, Wildlife Observation and Photography, Inter-pretation and Environmental Education Goal

Hunters, anglers, viewers and photographers of wildlife, gen-eral visitors, and students enjoy high-quality experiencesthrough a variety of opportunities that promote an understand-ing and appreciation of the Refuge's natural and culturalresources and their management.

Background: The Refuge System ImprovementAct of 1997 identified six wildlife-dependent, prior-ity public uses that should be facilitated on NationalWildlife Refuges if compatible with the purposes of




anagement (N

o Action)

the refuge. These priority uses, specifically hunting,fishing, wildlife observation and photography, inter-pretation, and environmental education, are com-patible and can be facilitated at Crab Orchard.Under this alternative, facilities and programswould be provided at the levels and trends presentin 2001.

Objective 1

Provide hunting opportunities at the levelsoffered in 2001.

Strategies

1. In the public hunting area of the Refuge,continue the policy of providing huntingopportunities based on state hunting sea-sons and state and federal regulations.

2. In the restricted use area of the Refuge,maintain current hunting opportunities bypermit during shotgun deer and springshotgun turkey seasons. Maintain shotgundeer season hunting opportunities for youthand persons with disabilities.

3. Continue providing waterfowl huntingopportunities in the controlled waterfowlhunting area through an agreement with apartner organization.

Objective 2

Provide fishing opportunities at the levelsoffered in 2001.

Strategies

1. In the public fishing areas, continue the pol-icy of providing fishing opportunities basedon state and federal regulations.

2. Continue to provide bank and boat fishingopportunities in accordance with state andfederal regulations. Maintain existing Ref-uge boat ramps, fishing piers, and parkingfacilities.

Objective 3

Provide wildlife observation and photographyopportunities at the levels offered in 2001.

Strategies

1. Continue popular, established programsand tours like the October Discovery AutoTours, January Eagle Tours, and SpringWildflower Walks that enhance visitor expe-rience, bring visitors in closer proximity to

resources, and provide optimum seasonalopportunities for observation and photogra-phy.

2. Maintain existing photo blinds, observationblinds, and identified observation areas.

Objective 4

Provide interpretive opportunities and materi-als at the levels offered in 2001.

Strategies

1. Continue to maintain and replace damagedand outdated interpretive and informationpanels on Refuge kiosks, wayside exhibits,trails, ramps, and other facilities. Ensure allpanels comply with Service standards.

2. In cooperation with Refuge volunteers andother partners, conduct a variety of qualityinterpretive programs annually. Continuepopular and established interpretive pro-grams and special events, such as the Fami-lies Understanding Nature program andNational Wildlife Refuge Week.

3. Continue to plan interpretive auto tourroute, using existing roads, that will facili-tate opportunities for wildlife and culturalresource observation and provide visitorswith an overview of the Refuge, itsresources, and its management.

Objective 5

Provide environmental education programs andmaterials at the levels offered in 2001.

Strategies

1. Within 2 years of the plan’s approval,develop the environmental education por-tion of the Visitor Services Plan outlining a

Wilson’s Snipe, Crab Orchard NWR



ltern

ativ

e A

: Cur

rent

Man

agem

ent (

No

Act

ion)
comprehensive, curriculum-based approach
structured to be compatible with statelearning standards.

2. Continue the development and maintenanceof a multi-faceted environmental educationresource library, available for use by educa-tors and in Refuge educational programs,comprised of books, videos, posters, audiotapes, written materials, and environmentaleducation kits.

3. Continue currently-offered environmentaleducation programs done by request,including on-site and off-site programs, spe-cial educational events, group camp pro-grams, and special interest groupprograms.

4. Conduct an annual review of the Refugeenvironmental education program. Invitefeedback from area educators. Revise asnecessary.

Other Land- and Water-based Recreation Goal

Visitors will enjoy high quality, land- and water-based activi-ties that fulfill the recreation purpose of the Refuge.

Background: The Refuge was established with andhas a history of providing recreation that is not wild-life-dependent. Activities that fulfill the recreationpurpose of the Refuge but are not wildlife-depen-dent include motorboating and sailing, water-skiing,swimming, camping and picnicking. The Refuge hasbeen challenged to maintain the quantity and qual-ity of the facilities in support of these activitiesthroughout its existence. Under this alternative,facilities would be provided at the levels present in2001 and the quality would be improved as time andresources permitted. In the past, two areas were setaside for the Crab Orchard Boat & Yacht Club andThe Haven. The Boat & Yacht Club is a privateorganization requiring a membership for the use ofcampgrounds and a marina operated by the Club.The Haven is a facility that is operated and used bylocal veterans for rest and recreation.

Objective 1

Maintain and gradually improve the quality ofboat launches, marinas, beaches, picnic areas,and campgrounds at levels offered in 2001.

Strategy

1. Use recreation fee funds and compete forMaintenance Management System funds toimprove facilities. Follow guidelines forevaluating concession operations.

Customer Service Goal

Visitors of all abilities will feel welcome and enjoy a safe visitto an area that they recognize as a national wildlife refuge.

Background: Policy and guidance of the Servicedirects each refuge to meet basic standards in host-ing visitors. The guidance covers signs, kiosks, leaf-lets, facility and road maintenance, customerservice, and opportunities for visitor feedback.

Objective 1

Meet Service standards for signs, informationsources, facilities, and opportunities for visitorfeedback at the levels offered in 2001.

Strategy

1. Maintain and gradually improve kiosks,rest rooms, boundary signing, and opportu-nities for visitor feedback as time andresources permit.

Objective 2

Provide visitors with a safe and enjoyable visitand a feeling of security.

Strategies

1. Conduct annual safety inspections of allRefuge facilities and reaffirm compliancewith Service standards.

2. Maintain recognizable, consistent signs thatclearly identify public hunting areas.

3. Respond to notification of safety problemsand unsafe situations promptly and inaccordance with Service standards.

2.6.2.3. Agricultural Goal

Agricultural Goal

Provide opportunities for agricultural uses on Refuge landsthat help attain wildlife conservation goals.

Background: Agriculture, one of the specified pur-poses of the Refuge, has been a part of the land-scape since early settlement. After many years ofsoil depletion and erosion, beginning in the 1930sefforts have been made to implement better farmingpractices. On the Refuge, agriculture has been usedto benefit wildlife, chiefly wintering Canada geese.

Objective 1

Continue farming operations on about 4,500acres of row crops and 1,000 acres of pasturesand 700 acres of hay fields.



lternative B: Reduced H

abitat Fragmentation/W

ildlife-dependent Recreation With Land Exchange

Strategy

1. Maintain infrastructure (roads, fences) insupport of agricultural operations. Addresserosion with buffer strips. Enlist technicaloversight from the Natural Resource Con-servation Service and the University of Illi-nois Extension.

2.6.2.4. Industrial Goal

Industrial Goal

Provide an industrial complex and attendant utility and trans-portation infrastructure, which conform to prescribed safety,health, environmental and maintenance standards.

Background: The management of industry on theRefuge was reviewed in the early 1980s and anIndustrial Policy was established. Most of the goalsestablished under that policy have been accom-plished. Under this alternative, management wouldcontinue under the existing policy.

Objective 1

Meet the guidelines of the Industrial Policyestablished in December 1981.

Strategies

1. Maintain roads, as well as water and sewerlines, in industrial areas as appropriationsbecome available. Building and groundsmaintenance are the responsibility of thelessee in accordance with lease require-ments.

2. Remove buildings that are no longer suit-able for occupancy for reasons of contami-nation, safety or lack of structural integrityand restore to natural habitats.

2.6.2.5. Boundary ModificationThe authorized Refuge boundary would remain

unchanged.

2.6.3 Alternative B: Reduced Habitat Fragmentation/Wildlife-dependent Recreation Emphasis With Land Exchange

2.6.3.1. Land ExchangeEarly in this planning process, the Service indi-

cated an interest in exchanging land developed fornon-wildlife-dependent recreation, such as campingand marina operations, for undeveloped land adjoin-ing the Refuge. Southern Illinois University (SIU)and the Service have agreed upon a framework for aland exchange that included the following:

# The Service would exchange approximately 500acres located in the northwest corner of theRefuge for land located south and west of thecurrent boundary that is now owned by SIU(see Figure 8 on page 42 and Figure 13 onpage 57).

# Parcels in this 500 acres include the CrabOrchard Boat & Yacht Club, The Haven, CrabOrchard Campground, Lookout Point, TakePride Point (formerly Hogan's Point) and themarina areas known as Playport and Images.

# The land currently owned by the Service wouldbe exchanged with SIU with the expectation ofcomplementing the University's academicmission. Each of the above mentioned parcelswould be managed according to a mutuallyagreeable plan that essentially permits thecontinuation of existing non-wildlife-dependentrecreational uses. (A letter from SIU to theService outlining the proposed uses can befound in Appendix I on page 451.)

# The Service would retain a flowage easement onlands exchanged with SIU. Additionally, theService would maintain a reversionary interestsuch that if the lands were no longer used asoutlined in Appendix I, the land or individualparcels would revert back to Service ownership.

# The Service would manage the lands receivedfrom SIU as forest habitat. The area would beopen to the public for wildlife-dependentrecreation. Some of this second-growth forest,with proper management and time, may reach aquality sufficient for its inclusion in the CrabOrchard Wilderness. The approximate acreagefor the current land cover types of the SIUproperty are: pine forest, 8 acres; hardwoodforest, 1,569 acres; and old fields, 122 acres. Inaddition to the approximately 125 acres of



ltern

ativ

e B

: Red

uced

Hab

itat F

ragm

enta

tion/

Wild

life-

depe

nden

t Rec

reat

ion

With

Lan

d Ex

chan

ge
Figure 8: Lands Proposed for Exchange Between Crab Orchard NWR and Southern Illinois University





developed land, the land currently owned by theService that would be part of the exchange has aland cover that includes: pine forest, 150 acres;hardwood forest, 150 acres; agricultural, 40acres; and grassland/shrubland, 40 acres.


Canada Geese Goal


Background: When established, the Refuge wasrecognized as being important to providing habitatfor wintering Canada Geese. The Refuge was alsoestablished with an agricultural purpose. The agri-cultural purpose and supporting wintering CanadaGeese are interrelated. The importance of winteringrefuge habitat to the Mississippi Valley populationof Canada geese has been recognized in populationmanagement plans.

The Refuge’s approach to meeting the goal of 6.4million goose-use-days is to provide relatively largeamounts of a diverse array of food-producing habi-tats (Table 2). This approach provides relativelyhigh assurance that even if a major habitat fails toprovide, sufficient foods will be available in otherhabitats. The amount of these habitats would varyonly 1-2 percent under any CCP alternative(Table 2). The amount of goose food produced bythese habitats would vary up to 14 percent (Table 3).This leaves the Refuge with 4,300-4,540 acres of rowcrops, which agrees with the Illinois DNR recom-mendation of “Maintain 4,000-5,000 acres of agricul-ture in crop fields, as winter food for Canada geeseand other wildlife” (IDNR 2001).

Objective 1

Provide enough food for wintering Canadageese to support 6.4 million goose-use-days.

Strategy

1. Maintain 4,400 acres of cropland in agricul-tural production (Figure 9 on page 46).Manage 500 acres of moist-soil units. Con-tinue fall mowing around selected ponds.Maintain seasonal closure to boating oneast end of Crab Orchard Lake. Ensuretechnical oversight of the agricultural pro-gram. Remove woody fence rows and road-side vegetation.



Background: See the background provided inAlternative A.

Objective 1

Manage two portions of the Refuge as large for-est blocks to benefit area-sensitive forest birds.The first area (about 13,000 acres) extends fromthe southern end of Grassy Bay east to CaneyCreek, and south including the wilderness area.The second area (about 1,700 acres) extendsfrom the federal prison north and includes theCrab Orchard Creek bottomlands. This willinclude about 490 acres of reforestation of openhabitat to consolidate large blocks of forest hab-itat.

Table 2: Area of Food-producing Canada Goose Habitat by Alternative

Habitat Existing Condition

(acres)

Alt. A (acres)

Alt. B and E

(acres)

Alt. C(acres)

Alt. D(acres)

Corn 1,816 1,800 1,760 1,920 1,720

Wheat 908 900 880 960 860

Clover 1,816 1,800 1,760 1,920 1,720

Hay 800 700 600 700 500

Pasture 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

Moist Soil 450 450 500 500 450

Ponds and Lakes 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000

Misc. Mowed Areas 200 200 200 200 200

Total Acres 15,900 15,850 15,700 16,200 15,450

Percent of Existing Acres 100 99 98 101 97



ltern

ativ

e B

: Red

uced

Hab

itat F

ragm

enta

tion/

Wild

life-

depe

nden

t Rec

reat

ion

With

Lan

d Ex

chan

ge

Strategy

1. Reforest about 290 acres of crop fields, 130acres of fallow fields, and 90 acres of peren-nial grasslands. This may include site prep-aration, planting a cover crop, planting treeseedlings, and weed control treatments.

Objective 2

Accelerate succession of all (about 3,300 acres)pine plantations to native hardwood forest.

Strategy

1. Thin pine plantations to promote establish-ment and growth of native hardwoods. Insome cases, remove pine overstory torelease young hardwoods. Most silviculturaltreatments will be conducted under con-tract by commercial timber harvestingfirms. Conduct prescribed burning duringthe dormant season (November throughMarch) on a 3- to 5-year cycle to enhancehabitat conditions and promote desirablehardwood regeneration.

Objective 3

Maintain about 300 acres in early successionalhabitat.

Strategy

1. Use prescribed fire or mechanical treat-ment (mowing, discing) to disturb about 200acres every 3 to 5 years. Add about 100

acres of 30-foot-wide borders of nativewarm-season grasses in row crop fields inthe open portion of the Refuge.

Objective 4

Maintain 260 acres of native warm-seasongrassland.

Strategy

1. Prescribed burn all native warm-seasongrasslands on a 2- to 3-year cycle to favorgrassland vegetation and control undesir-able plants. Apply mechanical or herbicidetreatments to control vegetation, whenneeded.

Objective 5

Maintain 1,000 acres of pasture, 700 acres ofhay fields, and about 1,600 acres of clover fieldswith increased emphasis on habitat quality forgrassland birds.

Strategy

1. Remove 124 acres of linear forest habitatand 8 miles of hedge rows. Install fences tocreate paddocks within pastures to enablegreater control of grazing intensity. Con-vert fescue pastures to other cool-seasonand native warm-season grasses by prepar-ing the site and reseeding. The typical Ref-uge pasture would become three or fourpaddocks with a paddock of cool-seasongrass and two or three paddocks of native

Table 3: Millions of Potential1 Goose-use-days2 of Food by Habitat and Alternative

Habitat Existing Condition

(GUDs)

Alt. A (GUDs)

Alt. B and E (GUDs)

Alt. C (GUDs)

Alt. D (GUDs)

Corn 7.1 7.0 6.9 7.5 6.7

Wheat 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.1 1.9

Clover 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.9 3.5

Hay 2.9 2.5 2.2 2.9 1.8

Pasture 3.3 3.3 0.8 0.8 3.3

Moist Soil 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Ponds and Lakes3

Misc. Mowed Areas3

Total GUDs 19.5 19.0 15.9 17.7 17.7

Percent of Existing GUDs 100 97 82 91 91

1. Results do not reflect food losses due to low production, consumption by other animals, etc.

2. “Goose-use-day” is defined as enough food to feed one goose for one day.

3. Production is not calculated or included in total GUDs.






warm-season grasses. Cattle would enterthe cool-season grass paddock in the springswitch to the warm season grasses in thesummer, and move back to the cool seasongrass in the fall. The native warm seasongrass will provide the grassland birds withnesting, migration, and winter habitat. Veg-etation structure will be managed by theamount of grazing applied to each paddock.Most of the pasture grass would not requirefall mowing and would be taller than 6inches during the winter. All mowing of hayfields, pastures, and clover fields will takeplace after August 1.

Rationale for converting pasture fescue: Tallfescue (Festuca arundinacea) is a cool-sea-son, perennial grass native to Europe thatis invasive in many natural communities inthe U.S. Tall fescue has been planted forforage and soil conservation and now coversmore than 35 million acres in the U.S. (Ballet al. 1993). It has become the most abun-dant or dominant plant in many areas,including the Refuge's grasslands. Most(75-80 percent) tall fescue in the U.S. isinfected with a fungus (Neotyphodiumcoenophialum) that produces compoundsthat are toxic to insects (Breen 1994), smallmammals (Coley et al. 1995, Conover 1998),and birds (Conover and Messmer 1996,Madej and Clay 1991). Tall fescue oftenresults in loss of plant diversity (Clay andHolah 1999). Livestock losses related to tallfescue in the U.S. have been estimatedbetween $500 million and $1 billion annually(Ball et al. 1993).

Conversion of tall fescue pastures to nativewarm-season grasses and cool-seasongrasses with higher wildlife values will pro-vide several benefits: 1) reduce the abun-dance of an invasive, non-native species, 2)increase plant diversity, 3) increase plantproductivity, 4) improve forage for cattleproduction, and 5) improve pastures forwildlife production.



Background: See Alternative A.

Objective 1

Provide 450 to 500 acres of moist-soil habitatduring fall, winter and spring for migratingshorebirds, waterfowl, and other waterbirds.

Strategy

1. Construct about 100 acres of new moist-soilhabitat. Maintain dikes and water controlstructures. Manipulate water levels andvegetation to encourage production ofwaterfowl foods.

Water Quality Goal


Background: Natural processes along with varioushuman activities occurring in the watershed affectwater quality on the Refuge. Since the Refuge con-trols only a portion of the watershed, increasedefforts to protect water quality both on the Refugeand beyond its boundaries are essential. Urbaniza-tion of lands adjacent to the Refuge is likely to haveeven greater impacts on water quality in the future.

Objective 1

Improve the quality of water within the water-shed of the Refuge.

Strategies

1. Cooperate with Illinois Environmental Pro-tection Agency to monitor water quality.Identify landowners and land uses in thewatershed. Provide education and technicalassistance to landowners with particularlysensitive riparian areas. Work with munici-palities and developers to enhance on-sitestorm water retention.

2. Work with farmers to establish buffer stripsand keep livestock away from streams andponds. Continue using current soil andwater protection measures in the Refugefarm program: use no insecticides, use onlyService-approved herbicides, use minimumtillage practices, and use winter covercrops.

3. Continue cleanup of contaminated sites.Ensure Refuge industrial operations con-form to prescribed environmental stan-dards.



ltern

ativ

e B

: Red

uced

Hab

itat F

ragm

enta

tion/

Wild

life-

depe

nden

t Rec

reat

ion

With

Lan

d Ex

chan

ge
Figure 9: Land Covers of Crab Orchard NWR, Alternatives B and E, Projected Conditions 2015





Figure 10: Land Covers of Crab Orchard NWR, Alternatives B and E, Projected Conditions 2100



ltern

ativ

e B

: Red

uced

Hab

itat F

ragm

enta

tion/

Wild

life-

depe

nden

t Rec

reat

ion

With

Lan

d Ex

chan

ge


Background: The Refuge System ImprovementAct of 1997 identified six wildlife-dependent, prior-ity public uses that should be facilitated on NationalWildlife Refuges if compatible with the purposes ofthe refuge. These priority uses, which include hunt-ing, fishing, wildlife observation and photography,interpretation, and environmental education, arecompatible and can be facilitated at Crab OrchardNWR. While all of these uses are provided at theRefuge to some extent, support for some of theseuses has been inconsistent and the quality of experi-ence has been variable. Efforts to enhance visitorenjoyment by promoting understanding and appre-ciation of Refuge resources, management strate-gies, and purposes have had limited success. TheRefuge can provide high-quality experiences forthese priority wildlife-dependent users throughemphasis on and improvement of supporting facili-ties, programs, and materials over the next 15years. A high-quality experience includesuncrowded conditions, no conflicts with other users,a reasonable opportunity, and overall satisfaction.Understanding and appreciation of Refugeresources, management strategies, and purposesalso contribute to quality of experience and influ-ence visitor enjoyment.

Objective 1

Increase the quality of hunting opportunities toa level where at least 90 percent of huntersexperience uncrowded conditions, no conflictswith other users, a reasonable harvest opportu-nity, and satisfaction with their overall experi-ence. Instill a sense of awareness amonghunters of the Refuge as a component of theNational Wildlife Refuge System and of huntingas a wildlife management tool.

Strategies


2. In the restricted use area of the Refuge,maintain current hunting opportunities bypermit during shotgun deer and springshotgun turkey seasons. Maintain shotgundeer season hunting opportunities for youthand persons with disabilities and, within 3years of the plan's approval, provide thesegroups with opportunities for spring shot-gun turkey season hunting when popula-tions warrant.

3. Within 6 years of the plan's approval, estab-lish additional hunting programs to encour-age participation in the Refuge huntingprogram by non-traditional segments of thepublic such as youth, persons with disabili-ties, and women.

4. Administer goose hunts in the controlledarea through an agreement with a partnerorganization.

5. Continue to promote conservation practicesand increase hunter adherence to federaland state regulations through effectiveinformational brochures and signs.Increase the visibility of Refuge lawenforcement.

6. Over the life of the plan, enhance publicunderstanding of Refuge hunting opportu-nities, the role of hunting in wildlife man-agement, and the Refuge as a component ofthe National Wildlife Refuge System byincreasing the quality of maps, signs, andbrochures.

Objective 2

Increase the quality of fishing opportunities to alevel where at least 90 percent of anglers expe-rience uncrowded conditions, no conflicts withother users, a reasonable harvest opportunity,and satisfaction with their overall experience.Enhance angler understanding of the issues,strategies, and policies involved in Refuge fish-eries management and conservation. Instillanglers with a sense of awareness of the Refugeas a component of the National Wildlife RefugeSystem.






Strategies


2. Within 5 years of the plan's approval and incooperation with other partners, promotecurrent and develop additional fishingopportunities and programs to encourageparticipation by non-traditional segments ofthe public such as youth, persons with dis-abilities, and women.

3. Continue to provide bank and boat fishingopportunities in accordance with state andfederal regulations. Maintain existing Ref-uge boat ramps, fishing piers, and parkingfacilities. Study the feasibility for and con-struct accessible fishing facilities at LittleGrassy Lake and Devils Kitchen Lakewithin 4 years of the plan's approval.

4. Over the life of the plan, promote Refugefishing opportunities and encourage conser-vation practices such as catch-and-releasefishing through the development and main-tenance of high-quality maps, signs, bro-chures and the Refuge web page.

5. Ensure that the fishing public clearlyunderstands the fish consumption adviso-ries for Crab Orchard Lake through signsand brochures within 2 years of the plan'sapproval.

6. Over the life of the plan, provide insight toanglers regarding Refuge strategies,issues, and policies for fisheries manage-ment and conservation by redesigning anddeveloping more effective informationalsigns and brochures. Increase angler

awareness of the Refuge as a component ofthe National Wildlife Refuge System byimproving the quality and content of maps,signs, and brochures.

Objective 3

Ensure that viewing and photography opportu-nities meet the needs of 95 percent of partici-pants. Establish and maintain viewing andphotography opportunities for all major Refugehabitat types and optimum seasons.

Strategies

1. Within 2 years of the plan’s approval,develop an annual observation/photographyfact sheet for the Refuge that will include acalendar of established tours, programs,and events; information on identified andrecommended viewing and photographyareas; guidelines to enhance viewing enjoy-ment; and a Refuge map delineating trails,blinds, platforms, and identified viewingareas.

2. Continue popular, established programsand tours like the October Discovery AutoTours, January Eagle Tours, and SpringWildflower Walks that enhance visitor expe-rience, bring visitors in closer proximity toresources, and provide optimum seasonalopportunities for observation and photogra-phy and continually evaluate these pro-grams for effectiveness.

3. Within 2 years of the plan's approval,improve the existing photography/observa-tion blinds and platforms by adding camou-flage as needed to enhance viewingopportunities. Evaluate location of existingblinds and platforms and move as needed.Position interpretive and identification pan-els in or near blinds and platforms to pro-mote understanding and appreciation ofRefuge resources. Enhance panels to pro-mote awareness of the Refuge as a compo-nent of the National Wildlife RefugeSystem.

4. Within 5 years of the plan’s approval, evalu-ate need for and add additional blinds/plat-forms, including interpretive andidentification panels, where and if needed toensure observation and photography oppor-tunities in all major Refuge habitat types.Maintain all identified viewing and photog-raphy sites.Visitor using a spotting scope, Crab Orchard NWR



ltern

ativ

e B

: Red

uced

Hab

itat F

ragm

enta

tion/

Wild

life-

depe

nden

t Rec

reat

ion

With

Lan

d Ex

chan

ge
5. Over the life of the plan and in cooperationwith other partners, encourage utilizationof the Refuge for birding and other wildlifeobservation through development of infor-mational materials, programs, trails, tours,and special events. Promote the Refuge as asite for quality wildlife observation andphotography through participation inselected community and regional birding,nature, and photography festivals andevents.
6. Within 8 years of the plan's approval, iden-tify and create a Refuge birding trail thatmay include enhancement and coordinationof existing trails, viewing areas and signs,and creation of a birding trail brochure andmap.

7. Over the life of the plan, expand the Refugeweb site to promote wildlife observationand photography. Include updates on Ref-uge and area sightings of rare birds andother wildlife; profiles of selected season-ally-occurring and resident species; sug-gested optimal viewing times and locations;and current Refuge programs, facilities,tours, and other opportunities for observa-tion and photography.

Objective 4

Increase the effectiveness of the Refuge inter-pretive program such that 85 percent of partici-pants gain a better understanding of threeprimary concepts: (1) the value and unique pur-poses of the Refuge, (2) the Refuge as a compo-nent of a national network of refuges, and (3)the significance and mission of the NationalWildlife Refuge System. Heighten awareness ofconservation and stewardship concepts.Encourage participants to adopt conservationpractices and take positive actions that supportRefuge goals and the Refuge System mission.

Strategies

1. Within 3 years of the plan's approval,develop the interpretive portion of the Visi-tor Services Plan outlining a comprehen-sive, multifaceted approach emphasizingselected themes and key Refuge resources.Themes will be selected based on impor-tance to Refuge and System goals and rele-vance to surrounding communities. Allinterpretive materials, tours, facilities andprograms will focus on one or more of theseRefuge themes, along with the three basic

concepts of the Refuge and Refuge System.Refuge interpretive themes may be in a sto-ryline form that includes three or morethemes. Themes may include: Exploringthe Diversity of Wildlife, Understandingthe Past, Protecting the Balance, and Com-municating Visitor Opportunities.

2. Within 4 years of the plan’s approval, reno-vate and replace damaged and outdatedinterpretive and information panels on Ref-uge kiosks, wayside exhibits, trails, ramps,and other facilities. Ensure that all panelsand structures comply with Service stan-dards.

3. In cooperation with Refuge volunteers andother partners, conduct a variety of high-quality interpretive programs annually.Continue popular and established interpre-tive programs and special events, such asthe Families Understanding Nature pro-gram and National Wildlife Refuge Week.Ensure interpretive programming remainscurrent and dynamic by continually evalu-ating and creating new programs, incorpo-rating new ideas, updating information, andrevitalizing ongoing programs. Focus eachinterpretive program on one or more Ref-uge themes.

4. Over the life of the plan, upgrade the follow-ing Refuge trails to enhance interpretiveopportunities: Rocky Bluff Trail for neotro-pical migrants; Woodlands Trail for wildlifeobservation, fishing and accessibility; andHarmony Trail for wildlife observation.

5. Over the life of the plan and in cooperationwith Friends of Crab Orchard NationalWildlife Refuge and other partners, reviseRefuge interpretive brochures, handouts,and other written materials as needed toimprove consistency and to meet Servicestandards.

6. Within 1 year of the plan's approval, createa custom audiovisual program that providesvisitors with orientation information aboutthe Refuge. Ensure this program and avariety of other wildlife-related audiovisualprograms are made available for view at theVisitor Center and for use in interpretiveprograms.






7. Within 3 years of the plan's approval, estab-lish and maintain an interpretive auto tourroute, using existing roads, that will facili-tate opportunities for wildlife and culturalresource observation and provide visitorswith an overview of the Refuge, itsresources, and its management. Includeidentified stations with interpretive panels.

Objective 5

Increase the effectiveness of the Refuge envi-ronmental education program so that 90 per-cent of participants gain a better understandingand appreciation of the resources, purposes,and value of the Refuge and the Refuge System.Heighten awareness of conservation and stew-ardship concepts and encourage participants totake positive actions on the Refuge and in theircommunity that support Refuge goals and theRefuge System mission.

Strategies

1. Promote the use of the Refuge as an out-door classroom and incorporate nationalenvironmental education guidelines andstate learning standards into programs andmaterials.

2. Manage the environmental education pro-gram as described in Service policy.

3. Within 2 years of the plan’s approval,develop the environmental education por-tion of the Visitor Services Plan, outlining acomprehensive, curriculum-based approachstructured to be compatible with statelearning standards and national environ-mental education guidelines. Emphasizekey Refuge resources, the Refuge, theNational Wildlife Refuge System, andselected Refuge themes. These themes willbe based on importance to Refuge and Sys-tem goals and relevance to surroundingcommunities. All environmental educationmaterials, facilities, and programs will focuson one or more of these Refuge themes,along with the basic concepts of the Refugeand the Refuge System. Refuge themesmay be in a storyline form that incudesthree or more themes. Themes may include:exploring the diversity of wildlife, under-standing the past, protecting the balance,and communicating visitor opportunities.

4. Within 3 years of the plan's approval and incooperation with Friends of Crab OrchardNational Wildlife Refuge and other part-ners, create an array of environmental edu-cation kits, each focusing on one or moreaspects of Refuge themes. Educational kitswill include interactive materials and adetailed instructional and activity guidedesigned with a clear, consistent format andcoordinated with state learning standards.Develop and maintain a multi-faceted envi-ronmental education resource library, avail-able for use by educators and in Refugeeducational programs, comprised of books,videos, posters, audio tapes, written materi-als, and environmental education kits.

5. Within 4 years of the plan's approval and incooperation with other partners, establishan environmental education complex thatincorporates an outdoor amphitheater witheducational displays, a set of associatedtrails, the Refuge Visitor Center, and aneducator's trail specifically designed tofacilitate environmental education activi-ties and function as an outdoor classroom.

6. Within 4 years of the plan's approval and incooperation with other partners, create anEducator's Guide to Crab Orchard NationalWildlife Refuge that provides an orienta-tion, guidelines, grade-level and state learn-ing standards information, maps, and site-specific activities that focus on one or moreRefuge themes. Incorporate input fromarea educators to ensure that the Refugeguide meets area teachers' needs.

7. In cooperation with other partners, conductor host bi-annual teacher workshops thatencourage area educators to incorporateenvironmental education into their curricu-lum and to utilize Refuge materials, staff,and resources, both in the classroom andduring field trips. Within 5 years of theplan's approval, develop a Refuge-specificteacher workshop to demonstrate methodsfor combining use of the Educator's Guide,environmental education kits, and the edu-cator's trail. Explore continuing educationcredit options for all teacher workshops.

8. Over the life of the plan, establish a posi-tive, cooperative relationship with educa-tors and schools in surroundingcommunities. Promote use of the Refuge,



ltern

ativ

e B

: Red

uced

Hab

itat F

ragm

enta

tion/

Wild

life-

depe

nden

t Rec

reat

ion

With

Lan

d Ex

chan

ge
environmental education resources, andstaff through e-mail newsletters to educa-tors, the Refuge web page, informationalfliers and materials, targeted specialevents, and involvement in area parent-teacher and other organizations.
9. Continue currently-offered environmentaleducation programs done by request,including on-site and off-site programs, spe-cial educational events, group camp pro-grams, and special interest groupprograms. Over the life of the plan, expandthe environmental education program toinclude additional on-site and off-site pro-grams, special educational events, groupcamp programs, and special interest groupprograms. Develop pre- and post-visit activ-ities in addition to on-site activities.

10. Over the life of the plan, establish partner-ships with selected local schools, agencies,and nonprofit organizations to more effec-tively develop and expand environmentaleducation programs. Involve volunteers ineducational programs and explore thepotential for environmental educationinterns through Southern Illinois Univer-sity and John A. Logan College. Explorethe potential for creating a grant programto help area schools with field trip expenses.

11. Conduct a bi-annual review of the Refugeenvironmental education program. Invitefeedback from area educators. Revise asnecessary.


Visitors will enjoy high quality, land- and water-based activi-ties that fulfill the recreation purpose of the Refuge when theRefuge was established.

Background: The Refuge has not been able to pro-vide and maintain facilities and services in supportof non-wildlife-dependent recreation at the levelexpected by many visitors, as expressed in com-ments as part of this planning effort.

In order to better provide non-wildlife-dependentrecreation, under this alternative the portion of theRefuge that supports the majority of non-wildlifedependent recreation would be transferred toSouthern Illinois University in a land exchange. Theassumption is that SIU can provide more and betterquality facilities and services than the Refuge tosupport boating, water skiing, swimming, picnicking

and camping. The Refuge would concentrate itsresources on improving the quality of the six prior-ity wildlife-dependent uses.

Objective 1

Maintain the quality of non wildlife-dependentrecreation facilities and activities at the levelsoffered in 2001 until facilities are transferred ina land exchange. Improve the quality of facili-ties not a part of the exchange to industry stan-dards within 5 years of completion of exchange.

Strategies

1. Maintain picnicking at Greenbriar, WolfCreek, Harmony Trail, and Visitor Centerrecreation areas. Within 2 years of the landexchange convert the Cambria Neck recre-ational area to foot traffic only.

2. Explore the potential for a bicycle routewithin the restricted use area of the Refuge.The route would run mainly along old rail-road beds.

3. Continue current policies on swimming atDevils Kitchen, Little Grassy, and CrabOrchard Lakes. Swimming is prohibited atDevils Kitchen Lake, east of Wolf CreekCauseway at Crab Orchard Lake, allmarina areas, and within 100 feet of all boatramps, spillways, causeways, and dams.

4. Within 5 years of the plan's approval,upgrade boat ramps and associated parkingat Devils Kitchen, Little Grassy and CrabOrchard Lakes.

5. Continue current policies on lake zoning onCrab Orchard Lake (includes 150-foot no-wake zone along shoreline) with an addi-tional no-wake zone east of Highway 148and in some coves (see Figure 11). Imple-ment the zoning of motorized boating atDevils Kitchen Lake. Gas motors would beprohibited south of the southernmost boatramp on Devils Kitchen Lake and pondswithin the public use area of the Refuge .

6. Horseback use on the Refuge would be con-fined to public roads and a designated Riverto River Trail (see Figure 12) and erosiondue to trail use would be actively controlledthrough maintenance and/or seasonal clo-sures.






Figure 11: Crab Orchard Lake Watercraft Zoning Proposed Under Alternatives B, C, D and E



ltern

ativ

e B

: Red

uced

Hab

itat F

ragm

enta

tion/

Wild

life-

depe

nden

t Rec

reat

ion

With

Lan

d Ex

chan

ge

7. Camping at Devils Kitchen would be dis-continued. Little Grassy Campgroundwould be upgraded to standards compara-ble to others in the area.

8. The Crab Orchard Boat & Yacht Club andThe Haven would be included in the landexchange with SIU.



Background: Policy and guidance of the Servicedirects each refuge to meet basic standards in host-ing visitors. The guidance covers signs, kiosks, leaf-lets, facility and road maintenance, customerservice, and opportunities for visitor feedback.

Awareness of Crab Orchard National Wildlife Ref-uge as a national wildlife refuge can also influencevisitor experience and enjoyment.

Objective 1

Improve Refuge signs, kiosks, and facilities so90 percent of visitors feel welcome and secure,enjoy their visit, and recognize the area as anational wildlife refuge.

Strategies

1. Within 5 years of the plan's approval,develop and install distinct and consistentidentification markers that allow visitors torecognize and distinguish between eachtype of Refuge facility, including trails,observation platforms, photography blinds,bank fishing areas, public hunting areas,

Figure 12: Proposed Horseback Riding Trails on Crab Orchard NWR Under Alternatives B, C and E






and other similar locations. Design all suchmarkers in accordance with Service stan-dards.

2. Within 3 years of the plan's approval, reviseinformation on existing kiosks, trailheadand other identification markers, boundarysigns, structures and other such signs asnecessary to meet Service standards.

3. Within 5 years of the plan's approval, createand install additional kiosks where neededat Refuge access points to ensure all visi-tors are greeted and informed that they areentering a national wildlife refuge. Ensurethat all structures comply with Servicestandards.

4. Verify annually that visitors are welcomedand treated courteously by staff and volun-teers. Confirm customer service standardsduring employee and volunteer orienta-tions. Provide visitors with opportunitiesfor feedback through suggestion cards, ver-bal reports, written mail, and e-mailthrough the Refuge web page. Address cus-tomer service issues promptly and profes-sionally according to Service standards.

5. Within 2 years of the plan's approval,develop a Refuge brochure with detailedinformation on accessible facilities, trails,programs, and recreational opportunities atthe Refuge.

6. Conduct semi-annual safety inspections ofall Refuge facilities and reaffirm compli-ance with Service standards.

7. Maintain recognizable, consistent signs thatclearly identify public hunting areas.Increase awareness among non-hunting vis-itors of hunting areas and seasons througheffective signs and brochures.

8. Respond to notification of safety problemsand unsafe situations promptly and inaccordance with Service standards.Increase visibility of Refuge law enforce-ment, particularly during periods of heavyvisitation.


Agricultural Goal


Objective 1

Continue farming operations on about 4,400acres of row crops with greater emphasis onconservation practices.

Strategy

1. Maintain infrastructure (roads, fences) insupport of agricultural operations. Dropsmall, less profitable fields (less than 5acres) from row cropping and convert toother cover (about 15 fields totaling 52acres).Identify and drop farmed wetlandsfrom the farm program. Permit cooperatorto harvest corn remaining in the field in thespring. Emphasize Johnsongrass control.Prohibit mowing of clover in the crop rota-tion until after August 1. Enlist technicaloversight from Natural Resource Conser-vation Service and University of IllinoisExtension.

Objective 2

Continue farming operations on about 700 acresof hay fields with greater emphasis on conserva-tion practices.

Strategy

1. Prohibit mowing of hay until after August 1.Maintain an updated rate charge for hay.

Objective 3

Enhance nesting habitat for grassland birdswhile maintaining or increasing the value forgrazing on about 1,000 acres of pastures.

Strategy

1. Convert fescue pastures to other cool-sea-son grasses and native warm seasongrasses with higher wildlife value. Divideexisting pastures into three or four pad-docks with a paddock of cool season grassand two or three paddocks of native warmseason grasses. Rotate grazing cattleamong the paddocks during the season.Enlist technical oversight from NaturalResource Conservation Service and Uni-versity of Illinois Extension.



ltern

ativ

e B

: Red

uced

Hab

itat F

ragm

enta

tion/

Wild

life-

depe

nden

t Rec

reat

ion

With

Lan

d Ex

chan

ge
Industrial Goal

Provide an industrial complex and attendant utility and trans-portation infrastructure, which conform to prescribed safety,health, environmental and maintenance standards, that areutilized by compatible tenants.

Background: Industry began in the area duringWorld War II. When the Refuge was established itwas given an industrial purpose, because industrywas seen as a way of improving the economy of thearea. The war time industry and some subsequentindustrial tenants have contaminated the soils andwaters of the Refuge. Providing the water andsewer infrastructure in support of industry has beendifficult for the Refuge to accomplish. Most of themanufacturing and storage buildings are reachingthe limits of their expected lifetime. The buildingsrequire a lot of maintenance and refurbishing tomeet today's standards. Recently, several industrialparks have been developed in the area that offeramenities not available on the Refuge. Of the indus-tries on the Refuge, the munitions industry is in aunique position of requiring widely spaced facilitiesfor safety. By providing a safe area for munitionsmanufacture, the Refuge is able to contribute to andsupport the national defense. Under this alterna-tive, the Refuge would continue to provide an areafor defense munitions manufacture. The Servicewould seek not to compete with neighboring indus-trial parks. The Refuge would maintain roads andprovide water and sewer services sufficient for cur-rent industrial tenants. Tenants would be expectedto bring their facilities up to prescribed safety,health, environmental and maintenance standardsunder any new leases. If tenants do not renewleases, the Refuge would seek new tenants for facili-ties that continue to be suitable for occupancy.Under this alternative the intent would be to consol-idate the areas occupied by industry.

Objective 1

Consolidate the areas occupied by industry.

Strategies

1. Update Industrial Policy. Maintain the cur-rent infrastructure to support existing facil-ities.


2.6.3.6. Boundary ModificationThe authorized Refuge boundary would expand

to include land proposed for exchange with South-ern Illinois University and additional lands contigu-ous with the current Refuge boundary.

Background: The Washington Office of the Serviceapproved the study of potential additional Refugelands in 1990. The Refuge did not pursue the studyof additional lands until the CCP process. The CCPplanning effort was the logical time to re-examineall management and land protection issues relatedto the Refuge. So, during the CCP effort we againlooked at the possible need to adjust the boundaryof the Refuge. Land acquisition and subsequenthabitat management would enhance the purposes ofthe Refuge and offer additional protection to exist-ing lands as development accelerates along Refugeboundaries.

Land Exchange Early in this planning process, the Service indi-

cated an interest in exchanging land developed fornon-wildlife-dependent recreation, such as campingand marina operations, for undeveloped land adjoin-ing the Refuge. Southern Illinois University (SIU)and the Service agreed upon a framework for a landexchange that included the following:

# The Service would exchange approximately 500acres located in the northwest corner of theRefuge for approximately 1,700 acres of landowned by SIU located south and west of thecurrent Refuge boundary (see Figure 13 andFigure 8 on page 42).

# Parcels in the 500 acres of Refuge land includethe Crab Orchard Boat & Yacht Club, TheHaven, Crab Orchard Campground, Look OutPoint, Take Pride Point (formerly Hogan'sPoint) and the marina areas also known asPlayport and Images. The land cover typesinclude approximately 125 acres of developedland, 150 acres of pine forest, 150 acres ofhardwood forest, 40 acres of agricultural fields,and 40 acres of grassland/shrubland.

# The land currently owned by the Service wouldbe exchanged with SIU with the expectation ofcomplementing the University's academicmission. Each of the above mentioned parcelswould be managed according to a mutuallyagreeable plan that essentially permits thecontinuation of existing non-wildlife-dependentrecreational uses and developing additional






Figure 13: Crab Orchard NWR Inholdings, Boundary Modification, and Adjacent Protected Lands



ltern

ativ

e C:

Ope

n La

nd M

anag

emen

t / C

onso

lidat

e an

d Im

prov

e Re

crea

tion
facilities. (A letter from SIU to the Service
outlining the proposed uses can be found inAppendix I.)

# The Service would retain a flowage easement onlands exchanged with SIU. Additionally, theService would maintain a reversionary interestsuch that if the lands were no longer used asoutlined in the letter in Appendix I, the land orindividual parcels would revert back to Serviceownership.

# The Service would manage the lands receivedfrom SIU as forest habitat. The area would beopen to the public for wildlife-dependentrecreation. This second growth forest, withproper management and time, may reach aquality sufficient for its designation asWilderness. The approximate acreage for thecurrent land cover types of the SIU propertyare: 8 acres of pine forest, 1,569 acres ofhardwood forest, and 122 acres of old fields.

Contiguous LandsA proposed modification of the Refuge boundary

could result in the addition of approximately 4,242acres to the Refuge. The boundary modificationwould allow the acquisition of inholdings from will-ing sellers and moving segments of the boundary tocoincide with roads that would better define the lim-its of the Refuge. The boundary modification wouldincrease the efficiency of management, reduceincompatible land uses, and enhance public useopportunities.

Currently, if a landowner wishes to sell orexchange land that is outside the authorized bound-ary of the Refuge, the Service must complete ananalysis for the individual parcel and complete envi-ronmental documents related to the transaction.This tract-by-tract analysis is inefficient and doesnot provide for an overall, cumulative analysis of theland transactions. The separate analysis also maydelay a land transaction to the detriment of theseller.

The inholdings, boundary modification, and adja-cent protected lands are depicted in Figure 13. Amore detailed analysis of the boundary modificationis presented in a Land Protection Plan (AppendixL).

The priority for acquisition of parcels would bedetermined by Refuge purposes; goals and objec-tives of the CCP; the potential to contribute to anunfragmented landscape component of forest orgrassland; and pending development. Habitatwithin the proposed modified boundary includes

approximately 2,000 acres of farmland, some ofwhich has reverted back to grasses, brush and hard-woods. The other land is composed of a combinationof pasture, old field and mixed stands of oak, hick-ory, sycamore and tulip-poplar.

Service policy is to buy land only from willingsellers. The policy is that no rights of landowners orcitizens would be transferred without the willingparticipation of the individuals owning land or rightsto the land, including appropriate just-compensationfor those rights. The Service is required to makepurchase offers based on fair market value thatmatches the price of comparable land in the area.

It is also Service policy to seek the least amountof land ownership necessary to meet resource pro-tection goals. Fee title acquisition is only one optionavailable to the landowner and the Service. Conser-vation easements, cooperative agreements andother options may meet conservation objectives forsome parcels.

The Service would evaluate any lands that it mayacquire for potential contamination. We do not antic-ipate finding any contamination, which would hinderthe Service's ability to achieve the Refuge purposes,in the area of proposed expansion. The extent ofpossible contamination is expected to be limited tolevels associated with residences and small farmingoperations.

Any acquired lands would become part of theRefuge. The annual costs for administration, opera-tions and maintenance would be lower than acquir-ing non-adjacent lands. Operation costs wouldultimately depend upon the amount of land pur-chased in fee and easement and habitat restorationrequirements.

2.6.4 Alternative C: Open Land Management/Consolidate and Improve Recreation


Canada Geese Goal


Goal, background and objectives are the same asthose listed under Alternative A.



lternative C: Open Land M

anagement / Consolidate and Im

prove Recreation

Strategy

1. Maintain 4,800 acres of cropland in agricul-tural production. (Figure 14 on page 60).Manage 500 acres of moist-soil units. Con-tinue fall mowing around selected ponds.Maintain seasonal closure to boating oneast end of Crab Orchard Lake.



Objective 1

Manage the southern portion of the Refuge as alarge forest block to benefit area-sensitive for-est birds. This area (about 9,500 acres) extendssouth from Grassy Road and includes the CrabOrchard Wilderness.

Strategy

1. Reforest 1 fallow field (52 acres) south ofGrassy Road. This may include site prepa-ration, planting a cover crop, planting treeseedlings, and weed control treatments.

Objective 2

Accelerate succession of pine plantations southof Grassy Road and outside the Wilderness(about 650 acres) to native hardwood forest.

2. Thin pine plantations to promote establish-ment and growth of native hardwoods. Mostsilvicultural treatments will be conductedunder contract by commercial timber har-vesting firms. Conduct prescribed burningduring the dormant season (Novemberthrough March) on a 3 to 5-year cycle toenhance habitat conditions and promotedesirable hardwood regeneration.

Objective 3

Same as Alternative B (page 44).

Strategy


Objective 4


Strategy


Objective 5


Strategy




Objectives and strategies same as Alternative B(page 45).

Water Quality Goal


Objectives and strategies same as Alternative A(page 45).




Background: The Refuge System ImprovementAct of 1997 identified six wildlife-dependent, prior-ity public uses that should be facilitated on nationalwildlife refuges if compatible with the purposes ofthe Refuge. These priority uses, which include hunt-ing, fishing, wildlife observation and photography,interpretation, and environmental education, arecompatible and can be facilitated at the Refuge.While all of these uses are provided at the Refuge toan extent, support for some of these uses has beeninconsistent and the quality of the experience hasbeen variable. The Refuge can provide high-qualityexperiences for these priority wildlife-dependentuses through improvement of supporting facilities,programs, and materials over the next 15 years. Ahigh-quality experience includes uncrowded condi-tions, no conflicts with other users, a reasonableopportunity, and overall satisfaction. Understandingand appreciation of Refuge resources, managementstrategies, and purposes also contribute to quality ofexperience and influence visitor enjoyment.



ltern

ativ

e C:

Ope

n La

nd M

anag

emen

t / C

onso

lidat

e an

d Im

prov

e Re

crea

tion
Figure 14: Land Cover of Crab Orchard NWR, Alternative C,
Projected Conditions 2015





prove Recreation

Figure 15: Land Cover of Crab Orchard NWR, Alternative C, Projected Conditions 2100



ltern

ativ

e C:

Ope

n La

nd M

anag

emen

t / C

onso

lidat

e an

d Im

prov

e Re

crea

tion
Objective 1
Increase the quality of hunting opportunities toa level where 75 percent of hunters experienceuncrowded conditions, no conflicts with otherusers, a reasonable harvest opportunity, andsatisfaction with their overall experience. Instilla sense of awareness among hunters of the Ref-uge as a component of the National WildlifeRefuge System and of hunting as a wildlifemanagement tool.

Rationale: Without the land exchange, the man-agement of non-wildlife-dependent recreationwould reduce the visitor services staff's abilityto provide the quality of services for wildlife-dependent recreation anticipated in AlternativeB.

Strategies


2. In the restricted use area of the Refuge,maintain hunting opportunities, by permit,during shotgun deer and spring shotgunturkey seasons. Areas with high concentra-tions of waterfowl may occasionally beclosed during the restricted use area shot-gun hunts. Maintain shotgun deer seasonhunting opportunities for youth and per-sons with disabilities and, within 3 years ofthe plan's approval, provide these groupswith opportunities for spring shotgun tur-key season hunting when populations war-rant.

3. Administer goose hunts in the controlledarea through an agreement with a partnerorganization.

4. Over the life of the plan, promote ethicalhunting behavior and increase hunteradherence to federal and state regulationsthrough effective informational brochuresand signs. Increase the visibility of Refugelaw enforcement.

5. Over the life of the plan, enhance publicunderstanding of Refuge hunting opportu-nities, ethical behaviors, the role of huntingin wildlife management, and the Refuge asa component of the National Wildlife Ref-uge System by increasing the quality ofmaps, signs, and brochures.

Objective 2

Increase the quality of fishing opportunities to alevel where 75 percent of anglers experienceuncrowded conditions, no conflicts with otherusers, a reasonable harvest opportunity, andsatisfaction with their overall experience. Atleast 75 percent of anglers understand theissues, strategies, and policies involved in Ref-uge fisheries management and conservation.

Strategies


2. Continue to allow tournaments and fish-offson the Refuge. Continue current policies onlimited closures of Refuge waters east ofWolf Creek Road.

3. Continue to provide bank and boat fishingopportunities in accordance with state andfederal regulations. Maintain Refuge boatramps, fishing piers, and parking facilities.Study the feasibility for and construct accessible fishing facilities at Little Grassyand Devils Kitchen lakes within 4 years ofthe plan’s approval.

4. Over the life of the plan, promote Refugefishing opportunities and encourage conser-vation practices, such as catch-and-releasefishing, through the development and main-tenance of high-quality maps, signs, bro-chures and the Refuge web page.

5. Ensure that the fishing public clearlyunderstands the fish consumption adviso-ries for Crab Orchard Lake through signsand brochures.

6. Over the life of the plan, provide insight toanglers regarding Refuge strategies,issues, and policies for fisheries manage-ment and conservation by redesigning anddeveloping more effective informationalsigns and brochures. Increase anglerawareness of the Refuge as a component ofthe National Wildlife Refuge System byimproving the quality and content of maps,signs, and brochures.

Objective 3

Objective and strategies for wildlife observationand photography same as Alternative B(page 49).





prove Recreation

Objective 4

Increase the effectiveness of the Refuge inter-pretive program so that 70 percent of visitorsgain a better understanding of three primaryconcepts: (1) the value and unique purposes ofthe Refuge, (2) the Refuge as a component ofthe national network of refuges, and (3) the sig-nificance and mission of the National WildlifeRefuge System. Heighten awareness of conser-vation and stewardship concepts. Encouragevisitors to adopt ethical behaviors and to takepositive actions that support Refuge goals andthe Refuge System mission.

Strategies

1. Within 3 years of the plan's approval,develop the interpretation portion of theVisitor Services Plan outlining a compre-hensive, multifaceted approach emphasiz-ing selected themes and key Refugeresources. Themes will be selected based onimportance to Refuge and System goals andrelevance to surrounding communities. Allinterpretive materials, tours, and pro-grams will focus on one or more of theseRefuge themes, along with the three basicconcepts of the Refuge and Refuge System.Refuge interpretive themes may be in a sto-ryline form that includes three or morethemes. Themes may include: Exploringthe Diversity of Wildlife, Understandingthe Past, Protecting the Balance, and Com-municating Visitor Opportunities.

2. Within 4 years of the plan's approval, reno-vate and replace damaged and outdatedinterpretive and information panels on Ref-

uge kiosks, wayside exhibits, trails, ramps,structures and other facilities. Ensure allpanels comply with Service standards.

3. In cooperation with Refuge volunteers andother partners, conduct a variety of highquality interpretive programs annually.Continue popular and established interpre-tive programs and special events, such asthe Families Understanding Nature pro-gram and National Wildlife Refuge Week.Ensure interpretive programming remainscurrent and dynamic by continually creat-ing new programs, incorporating new ideas,updating information, and revitalizingongoing programs. Focus each interpretiveprogram on one or more Refuge themes.

4. Over the life of the plan and in cooperationwith Friends of Crab Orchard NationalWildlife Refuge and other partners, reviseRefuge interpretive brochures, handouts,and other written materials as needed toimprove consistency and to meet Servicestandards.

5. Within 1 year of the plan’s approval, createa custom audiovisual program that providesvisitors with orientation information aboutthe Refuge. Ensure this program and avariety of other wildlife-related audiovisualprograms are made available for viewing atthe Visitor Center and for use in interpre-tive programs.

6. Within 3 years of the plan’s approval, estab-lish and maintain an interpretive auto tourroute, using existing roads, that will facili-tate opportunities for wildlife and culturalresource observation and provide visitorswith an overview of the Refuge, itsresources, and its management. Includeidentified stations with interpretive panelsand corresponding, radio-broadcastedinterpretive messages.

Objective 5

Increase the effectiveness of the Refuge envi-ronmental education program so that 75 per-cent of participants gain a better understandingand appreciation of the resources, purposes,and value of the Refuge and the Refuge System.Heighten awareness of conservation and stew-ardship concepts and encourage participants to

Chamnestown Trail Entry, Crab Orchard NWR. Glenn Smart



ltern

ativ

e C:

Ope

n La

nd M

anag

emen

t / C

onso

lidat

e an

d Im

prov

e Re

crea

tion
take positive actions on the Refuge and in their
community that support Refuge goals and theRefuge System mission.

Strategies

1. Within 2 years of the plan's approval,develop the environmental education por-tion of the Visitor Services Plan, outlining acomprehensive, curriculum-based approachstructured to be compatible with statelearning standards and national environ-mental education guidelines. Emphasizekey Refuge resources, the Refuge, theNational Wildlife Refuge System, andselected Refuge themes. These themes willbe based on importance to Refuge and Sys-tem goals and relevance to surroundingcommunities. All environmental educationmaterials, facilities, and programs will focuson one or more of these Refuge themes,along with the basic concepts of the Refugeand the Refuge System. Refuge themesmay be in a storyline form that incudesthree or more themes. Themes may include:Exploring the Diversity of Wildlife, Under-standing the Past, Protecting the Balance,and Communicating Visitor Opportunities.

2. Within 3 years of the plan's approval and incooperation with Friends of Crab OrchardNational Wildlife Refuge and other part-ners, create an array of environmental edu-cation kits, each focusing on one or moreaspects of Refuge themes. Educational kitswill include interactive materials and adetailed instructional and activity guidedesigned with a clear, consistent format andcoordinated with state learning standards.Develop and maintain a multi-faceted envi-ronmental education resource library, avail-able for use by educators and in Refugeeducational programs, comprised of books,videos, posters, audio tapes, written materi-als, and environmental education kits.

3. Within 4 years of the plan's approval and incooperation with other partners, establishan environmental education complex thatincorporates an outdoor amphitheater witheducational displays, a set of associatedtrails, the Refuge Visitor Center, and aneducator's trail specifically designed tofacilitate environmental education activi-ties and function as an outdoor classroom.

4. Within 4 years of the plan's approval and incooperation with other partners, create anEducator's Guide to Crab Orchard NationalWildlife Refuge that provides an orienta-tion, guidelines, grade-level and state learn-ing standards information, maps, and site-specific activities that focus on one or moreRefuge themes. Incorporate input fromarea educators to ensure the Refuge guidemeets area teachers’ needs.

5. In cooperation with other partners, conductor host annual teacher workshops thatencourage area educators to incorporateenvironmental education into their curricu-lum and to utilize Refuge materials, staff,and resources, both in the classroom andduring field trips.

6. Continue currently-offered environmentaleducation programs done by request,including on-site and off-site programs, spe-cial educational events, group camp pro-grams, and special interest groupprograms. Over the life of the plan, expandthe environmental education program toinclude additional on-site and off-site pro-grams, special educational events, groupcamp programs, and special interest groupprograms. Develop pre- and post-visit activ-ities in addition to on-site activities.

7. Over the life of the plan, establish partner-ships with selected local schools, agencies,and nonprofit organizations to more effec-tively develop and expand environmentaleducation programs. Involve volunteers ineducational programs and explore thepotential for environmental educationinterns through Southern Illinois Univer-sity and John A. Logan College. Explorethe potential for creating a grant programto help area schools with field trip expenses.

8. Conduct an annual review of the Refugeenvironmental education program. Invitefeedback from area educators. Revise asnecessary.



Background: There is a recognized need toimprove the facilities at the Refuge. Under currenttrends of resource allocation, the current facilities





prove Recreation

can not be maintained at acceptable standards.Under this alternative, the intent would be toreduce the facilities so that the quality could beimproved.

A conflict has existed between anglers and highspeed watercraft. A 150-foot no-wake zone along theshoreline of Crab Orchard Lake would reduce thisconflict. This alternative also establishes additionalno-wake zones in several necks on the lake, as wellas east of Highway 148.

The Haven and the Crab Orchard Boat & YachtClub are available only to a limited segment of thegeneral population. The facilities and activities atthese clubs amount to private use of public land. Ourlong-term goal is to make these areas available to abroader portion of the public.

The Haven is a 10-acre site located on the northside of Crab Orchard Lake, near the Highway 13and Cambria Neck Road intersection. This site hasbeen leased to the Egyptian Past Commanders Clubof the American Legion since 1948 for the benefitand enjoyment of disabled veterans primarily fromthe Marion Veterans Hospital and the Anna StateHospital. The Haven includes a one-story lodgebuilding, and several outside picnic sites, that areused for day visits by veterans for recreation andsocializing. During the length of the planning periodestablished for this Refuge CCP (next 15 years), theRefuge Staff will work collaboratively with theEgyptian Past Commanders Club to evaluate theeffectiveness of this facility in achieving the purposeof Haven’s establishment, and to make recommen-dations for its future use.

We will extend the lease of the Crab OrchardBoat & Yacht Club for 2 years after the approval ofthe Refuge CCP. After the lease expires, we will con-vert the operation of the club facilities to a conces-sion contract. This would end what amounts toprivate use of public land and make the facilitiesavailable to a wider portion of the public.

Objective 1

Improve the quality of boat launches, marinas,beaches, picnic areas, and campground to indus-try standards within the life of the CCP.

Strategies

1. Maintain picnicking at the Refuge recre-ational areas of Greenbriar, Wolf Creek, andHarmony Trail, and relocate picnic facilitiesfrom Cambria Neck and Playport Marina toa day use area at the current Images

Marina site. Explore the option of conces-sion-operated picnic shelters at LittleGrassy and Crab Orchard campgrounds.

2. Explore the potential for a bicycle routewithin the restricted use area of the Refuge.The route would run mainly along old rail-road beds.

3. Continue current policies on swimming atDevils Kitchen, Little Grassy and CrabOrchard lakes. Prohibit scuba diving.

4. Within 10 years of the plan’s approval,upgrade boat ramps and associated parkingat Devils Kitchen, Little Grassy and CrabOrchard lakes.

5. Continue current zoning on Crab OrchardLake with additional no wake zones (seeFigure 11 on page 53). Gas motors wouldbe prohibited in the most southeastern armof Devils Kitchen Lake, from the mouth ofGrassy Creek south to the Refuge bound-ary, and in ponds within the public use area.

6. Horseback use on the Refuge would be con-fined to a designated River to River Trail(see Figure 12 on page 54) and erosion dueto trail use would be actively controlledthrough maintenance and/or seasonal clo-sures.

7. Camping at Devils Kitchen would bereduced to primitive sites only. CrabOrchard and Little Grassy campgroundswould be upgraded to standards compara-ble to others in the area.

8. Within 2 years of the plan's approval, con-solidate Playport and Images marinas onCrab Orchard Lake. Images marina slipswill be moved to Playport marina. Within 5

Photography is one of the priority wildlife-dependent public useson national wildlife refuges.



ltern

ativ

e C:

Ope

n La

nd M

anag

emen

t / C

onso

lidat

e an

d Im

prov

e Re

crea

tion
years of the plan's approval, remove the
building at Images Marina and develop thearea into a large access area to the lake witha comfort station.

9. After 2 years of the completion of the CCP,the Crab Orchard Boat & Yacht Club will beconverted to a concession.



Background: Policy and guidance of the Servicedirects each refuge to meet basic standards in host-ing visitors. The guidance covers signs, kiosks, leaf-lets, facility and road maintenance, customerservice, and opportunities for visitor feedback.Awareness of Crab Orchard NWR as a nationalwildlife refuge can also influence visitor experienceand enjoyment.

Objective 1

Improve Refuge signs, kiosks, and facilities sothat 90 percent of visitors feel welcome andsecure, enjoy their visit, and recognize the areaas a national wildlife refuge.

Strategies

1. Within 3 years of the plan's approval, reviseinformation on existing kiosks, trailheadand other identification markers, boundarysigns, and other such signs as necessary tomeet Service standards.

2. Within 5 years of the plan's approval, createand install additional kiosks where neededat Refuge access points to ensure that allvisitors are greeted and informed that theyare entering a national wildlife refuge.Ensure that all structures comply with Ser-vice standards.

3. Verify annually that visitors are welcomedand treated courteously by staff and volun-teers. Confirm customer service standardsduring employee and volunteer orienta-tions. Provide visitors with opportunitiesfor feedback through suggestion cards, ver-bal reports, written mail, and e-mailthrough the Refuge web page. Address cus-tomer service issues promptly and profes-sionally according to Service standards.

4. Within 2 years of the plan's approval,develop a Refuge brochure with detailedinformation on accessible facilities, trails,programs, and recreational opportunities atthe Refuge.

5. Conduct semi-annual safety inspections ofall Refuge facilities and reaffirm compli-ance with Service standards.

6. Maintain recognizable, consistent signs thatclearly identify public hunting areas.Increase awareness among non-hunting vis-itors of hunting areas and seasons througheffective signs and brochures.

7. Respond to notification of safety problemsand unsafe situations promptly and inaccordance with Service standards.Increase visibility of Refuge law enforce-ment, particularly during periods of heavyvisitation.


Agricultural Goal


Objective 1

Continue farming operations on about 4,500acres of row crops, and reclaim and farm about300 acres of former fields, with greater empha-sis on conservation practices.

Strategies


Objectives and strategies for pastures are thesame as Alternative B (page 55).

Objectives and strategies for hay fields are thesame as Alternative A (page 55).


Industrial Goal


Objective 1

Consolidate the areas occupied by industry.

Strategies

1. Non-munitions-related tenants would notbe replaced as they leave the Refuge.



lternative D: Forest Land M


prove Recreation



to include additional lands contiguous with the cur-rent Refuge boundary.

The proposed boundary modification is depictedin Figure 13 on page 57. The background discussionof this proposed modification is presented underAlternative B.

2.6.5 Alternative D: Forest Land Management/Consolidate and Improve Recreation


Canada Geese Goal


Goal, background, and objectives same as Alter-native A (page 35).

Strategy

1. Maintain 4,300 acres of cropland in agricul-tural production (Figure 16). Manage 450acres of moist-soil units. Continue fall mow-ing around selected ponds. Maintain sea-sonal closure to boating on the east end ofCrab Orchard Lake.



Objectives and strategies for reforestation,management of pine plantations, and manage-ment of early successional habitat are the sameas Alternative B (page 43).

Objective 1

Objectives and strategies for native warm-sea-son grassland are the same as Alternative B(page 43).

Objective 2

Maintain 1,000 acres of pasture, 500 acres ofhay fields, and about 1,500 acres of clover fieldswith increased emphasis on habitat quality forgrassland birds, along with an emphasis on cat-tle production on pastures.

Strategy

1. Remove 15 acres of linear forest habitat and2 miles of hedge rows. Increase foragediversity in fescue pastures by addinglegumes, other cool-season or warm-seasongrasses by reseeding or interseeding. Sub-divide larger pastures for rotational grazingto increase cattle production. All mowing ofhay fields, pastures, and clover fields willtake place after August 1.



Objectives and strategies are the same as Alter-native A (page 38).

Water Quality Goal


Sumac, Crab Orchard NWR. Glenn Smart



ltern

ativ

e D

: For

est L

and

Man

agem

ent /

Con

solid

ate

and

Impr

ove

Recr

eatio

n
Objectives and strategies are the same as Alter-native A (page 38).



Objectives and strategies for hunting, fishing,wildlife observation and photography, interpre-tation, and environmental education are thesame as Alternative C (page 59).



Objectives and strategies for other land- andwater-based recreation are the same as Alter-native C except that horseback use would beprohibited on the Refuge and gas motors wouldbe prohibited on Devils Kitchen Lake.



Objectives and strategies for customer serviceare the same as Alternative C (page 66).


Agricultural Goal


Background: Under this alternative the emphasiswould be on producer benefits. Decisions thatinvolve a compromise between agricultural goalsand wildlife goals would be weighted toward theagricultural goals.

Objective 1

Continue farming operations on about 4,300acres of row crops with greater emphasis onconservation practices, along with reasonableallowances to cooperators.

Strategy

1. Maintain infrastructure (roads, fences) insupport of agricultural operations. Addresserosion with buffer strips. Drop small, less

profitable fields (less than 5 acres) from rowcropping and convert to other cover (about15 fields totaling 52 acres). Identify anddrop farmed wetlands from the farm pro-gram. Permit cooperator to harvest cornremaining in the field in the spring. Empha-size Johnsongrass control, for example:allow cooperators to adjust rotation byplanting soybeans in two successive yearsin one field annually. Prohibit mowing ofclover in the crop rotation until afterAugust 1. Enlist technical oversight fromNatural Resource Conservation Serviceand University of Illinois Extension.

Objective 2

Continue farming operations on about 500 acresof hay fields with greater emphasis on conserva-tion practices.

Strategy

1. Prohibit mowing of hay until after August 1.Maintain an updated rate charge for hay.

Objective 3

Continue farming operations on about 1,000acres of pasture with greater emphasis on con-servation practices, along with reasonableallowances to cooperators.

Strategy

1. Remove 15 acres of linear forest habitat and2 miles of hedge rows. Increase foragediversity in fescue pastures by addinglegumes, other cool-season or warm-seasongrasses by reseeding or inter-seeding. Sub-divide larger pastures for rotational grazingto increase cattle production. All mowingwould take place after August 1. Enlisttechnical oversight from Natural ResourceConservation Service and University of Illi-nois Extension.


Industrial Goal


Objective and strategies are the same as Alter-native C (page 66).

2.6.5.5. Boundary ModificationSame as Alternative C (page 66).



lternative D: Forest Land M


prove Recreation

Figure 16: Land Cover of Crab Orchard NWR, Alternative D, Projected Conditions 2015



ltern

ativ

e D

: For

est L

and

Man

agem

ent /

Con

solid

ate

and

Impr

ove

Recr

eatio

n
Figure 17: Land Cover of Crab Orchard NWR, Alternative D, Projected Conditions 2100


lternative E: Reduced Habitat Fragm

entation / Consolidate and Improve Recreation (Preferred A

lternative)

2.6.6 Alternative E: Reduced Habitat Fragmentation/Consolidate and Improve Recreation (Preferred Alternative)


Canada Geese Goal


Background and objective same as AlternativeA (page 35).

Strategy

1. Maintain 4,300 acres of cropland in agricul-tural production (see Figure 9 on page 46).Manage 450 acres of moist-soil units. Con-tinue fall mowing around selected ponds.Maintain seasonal closure to boating on theeast end of Crab Orchard Lake.



Objectives and strategies for reforestation,management of pine plantations, managementof early successional habitat, and managementfor native warm-season grasslands are the sameas Alternative B (page 43).



Objective and strategies are the same as Alter-native B (page 45).

Water Quality Goal


Objective and strategies are the same as Alter-native B (page 45).




Objectives and strategies for hunting, fishing,wildlife-observation and photography, interpre-tation, and environmental education are thesame as Alternative C (page 59).



Objectives and strategies for other land- andwater-based recreation are the same as Alter-native C (page 64) except that gas motors wouldbe prohibited in the most southeastern arm ofDevils Kitchen Lake, from the mouth of GrassyCreek south to the Refuge boundary, and inponds within the public use area. (SeeFigure 18.) The portion of the lake south of LineRoad 6 boat ramp would be designated a no-wake zone.



Objectives and strategies for customer serviceare the same as Alternative C (page 66).


Agricultural Goal


Objectives and strategies for agriculture are thesame as Alternative B (page 55).


Industrial Goal


Objective and strategies for industry are thesame as Alternative B (page 55).



ltern

ativ

e E:

Red

uced

Hab

itat F

ragm

enta

tion

/ Con

solid

ate

and

Impr

ove

Recr

eatio

n (P

refe

rred

Alte

rnat

ive)
Figure 18: Devils Kitchen Lake Zoning, Crab Orchard NWR



to include additional lands contiguous with the cur-rent Refuge boundary.

The proposed boundary modification is depictedin Figure 13 on page 57. The background discussionof this proposed modification is presented underAlternative B (page 56).

2.7 Comparison of Alternatives

2.7.1 Comparison of Funding and Personnel Needs by Alternative

2.7.1.1. Alternative A: Current Management (No Action)

Under this alternative, funding and personnelwould remain the same.

2.7.1.2. Alternative B: Reduced Habitat Fragmentation/ Wildlife-dependent Recreation Emphasis With Land Exchange

Habitat management increases under this alter-native. Reforestation, aggressive control of invasivespecies, an increase in the number of acres managedas moist soil units, and improvements to the openland units would require additional staff and operat-ing funds. A person with expertise in agricultureand invasive species would be added to the biologicalprogram staff. Also, a person with expertise in Geo-graphic Information Systems would be needed toassist the biological staff with mapping and recordkeeping for invasive species control and other habi-tat work. Maintenance staff efforts would shift from

the campground and marina operations that wouldbe traded to SIU to assist with the increased habitatwork.

Emphasis on recreation would focus on wildlife-dependent activities such as hunting, fishing, andenvironmental education. To improve the quality ofservices, the Refuge would add a position in the visi-tor information center to assist with administrativeduties, freeing up the park rangers to provide envi-ronmental education and interpretive opportunities.Law enforcement efforts would shift from camp-grounds and marinas that would be traded to SIU toresource protection on other parts the Refuge.Funds for new signs, kiosks, courtesy boat docks,improvements to the Little Grassy Campground,trails, and environmental education would berequired.

The addition of the new strategies to meet thegoals and objectives of this alternative wouldrequire a 15 percent increase in the Refuge's cur-rent operations and maintenance budget.

2.7.1.3. Alternative C: Open Land Management/Consolidate and Improve Recreation

Habitat management under this alternativefocuses on open land. Many of the new habitatprojects found in Alternative B would be under-taken in this alternative. The two new biologicalstaff positions mentioned above would be addedunder this alternative. A seasonal tractor operatorwould need to be hired under this alternative to helpaccomplish the habitat work. This position is notnecessary under Alternative B because the landexchange would allow the shifting of maintenanceworkers from the marina and campground work tohabitat work.

Compared to Alternative A, this alternative hasan increased focus on wildlife-dependent uses. Themanagement of the campgrounds and marinaswould reduce the visitor services staff's ability toprovide the quality of services anticipated in Alter-native B. The additional staff person to help with theadministration of the visitor information center isincluded in this alternative.

The completion of the consolidation of the Play-port and formerImages Marinas would occur underthis alternative. Funds would be required to movethe remainder of the docks from the Images area,removal of the concession building and constructionof a boat ramp.

An increase in funding similar to Alternative Bwould be needed for this alternative.

Eastern box turtle, Crab Orchard NWR



2.7.1.4. Alternative D: Forest Land Management/Consolidate and Improve Recreation

Habitat management under this alternativewould focus on forests. Under this alternative theadditions to the biological staff would be the Geo-graphic Information System Specialist and a biolog-ical technician. The biological technician wouldassist with invasive species control and forestrywork.

Compared to Alternative A, this alternative has agreater focus on wildlife-dependent uses. The man-agement of the campgrounds and marinas wouldreduce the visitor services staff's ability to providethe quality of services anticipated in Alternative B.The additional staff person to help with the adminis-tration of the visitor information center is includedin this alternative.

The completion of the consolidation of the formerImages and Playport Marinas would occur underthis alternative. Funds would be required to movethe remainder of the docks from the Images area,removal of the concession building and constructionof a boat ramp.

Funding of the Refuge's operations and mainte-nance budget would need to increase about 10 per-cent if this alternative is implemented.

2.7.1.5. Alternative E: Reduced Habitat Fragmentation/Consolidate and Improve Recreation (Preferred Alternative)

Habitat management increases under this alter-native. Reforestation, aggressive control of invasivespecies, an increase in the number of acres managedas moist soil units, and improvements to the openland units would require additional staff and operat-ing funds. A person with expertise in agricultureand invasive species would be added to the biologicalprogram staff. Also, a person with expertise in Geo-graphic Information Systems would be needed toassist the biological staff with mapping and recordkeeping for invasive species control and other habi-tat work. A seasonal tractor operator would need tobe hired under this alternative to help accomplishthe habitat work. This position is not necessaryunder Alternative B because the land exchangewould allow the shifting of maintenance workersfrom the marina and campground work to habitatwork.

Compared to Alternative A, this alternative hasan increased focus on wildlife-dependent uses. Themanagement of the campgrounds and marinas

would reduce the visitor services staff's ability toprovide the quality of services anticipated in Alter-native B. An additional staff person to help with theadministration of the visitor information center isincluded in this alternative.

The completion of the consolidation of the Play-port and former Images Marinas would occur underthis alternative. Funds would be required to movethe remainder of the docks from the Images area,removal of the concession building and constructionof a boat ramp.

An increase in funding similar to Alternative Bwould be needed for this alternative.



Table

I :tat n, nd tion

Wildli

ThE

Can

Rean

F

Pres

Su

Grass

Pres

ShorOther

4: Summary of Management Alternatives

ssue Alternative A:Current Management

(No Action)

Alternative B:Reduced Habitat Fragmentation,

Wildlife-dependent Recreation Emphasis

Alternative C:Open Land

Management, Consolidate and

Improve Recreation

Alternative D:Forest Land


Improve Recreation

Alternative EReduced HabiFragmentatio

Consolidate aImprove Recrea

(Preferred Alternative)

fe Conservation

reatened/ndangered

Species

Management activities would protect Bald Eagle and Indiana bat.

Same as Alt. A. Same as Alt. A. Same as Alt. A. Same as Alt. A.

ada Goose Provide food for 6.4 million goose-use-days annually.


sident Fishd Wildlife

Manage mixed-species, warm-water sport fish population. Manage resident wildlife species at levels that allow hunting opportunities.


orest Birds Reforest 240 acres. Reforest 490 acres. Reforest 52 acres. Same as Alt. B. Same as Alt. B.

cribed FirePrescribed burning and thinning on about 3,300 acres pine plantations.

Prescribed burning and thinning on about 3,300 acres pine plantations.

Prescribed burning and thinning on about 650 acres pine plantations.

Same as Alt. B. Same as Alt. B.

Earlyccessional

Birds

All early successional habitat matures.

Maintain about 300 acres of early successional habitat.

Same as Alt. B. Same as Alt. B. Same as Alt. B.

land Birds Maintain 240 acres of native warm season prairie. Maintain 3,300 acres of agricultural grasslands. Delay mowing until after August 1.

Maintain 260 acres of native warm season prairie. Maintain 3,300 acres of agricultural grasslands. Delay mowing until after August 1. Remove 124 acres of linear forest habitat and 8 miles of hedge row. Convert fescue grasses in pastures to more desirable wildlife grasses.

Same as Alt. B. Maintain 260 acres of native warm season prairie. Maintain 3,000 acres of agricultural grasslands. Delay mowing until after August 1. Remove 15 acres of linear forest habitat and 2 miles of hedge row.

Same as Alt. B.

cribed FirePrescribed burning on 240 acres of native prairie.

Prescribed burning on 260 acres of native prairie.

Same as Alt. B. Same as Alt. B. Same as Alt. B.

Ducks,ebirds andWaterfowl

Manage 450 acres of moist soil units.

Manage 500 acres of moist soil units by constructing about 100 acres of new units.

Same as Alt. B. Same as Alt. A. Same as Alt. B.



Wa

Recre

H

ObserPh

Inte

Env

Table

I :tat n, nd tion

ter Quality Continue use of soil and water protection measures.

Continue use of soil and water protection measures, plus establish more buffer strips and keep livestock away from streams. Work with landowners to improve quality of water within Refuge watersheds. Identify and drop farmed wetlands from the farm program.

Continue use of soil and water protection measures, plus establish more buffer strips and keep livestock away from streams. Identify and drop farmed wetlands from the farm program.

Same as Alt. C. Same as Alt. B.

ation

unting andFishing

Hunting and fishing programs as offered in 2001.

Strive to provide quality experience for 90 percent of participants. Additional hunting programs to encourage non-traditional participants.

Strive to provide quality experience for 75 percent of participants. Additional hunting programs to encourage non-traditional participants.

Same as Alt. C. Same as Alt. C.

Wildlifevation andotography

Provide programs as offered in 2001.

Strive to provide quality experience for 95 percent of participants. Increase number and quality of services and facilities.

Strive to provide quality experience for 85 percent of participants. Some increase in number and quality of services and facilities.

Strive to provide quality experience for 70 percent of participants. Slight increase in number and quality of services and facilities.

Same as Alt. C.

rpretationand

ironmentalEducation

Provide programs as offered in 2001.

Strive for better understanding of conservation and stewardship concepts among 85 percent of participants. Increase number and quality of services and facilities.

Strive for better understanding of conservation and stewardship concepts among 70 percent of participants. Some increase in number and quality of services and facilities.


4: Summary of Management Alternatives (Continued)


(No Action)





Improve Recreation



Improve Recreation






Nodepen

No

W

Table

I :tat n, nd tion

n-wildlife-dent Land

BasedRecreation

Maintain four campgrounds and four group camps. Length of stay at campgrounds would be limited to 14 days. Existing picnic areas would be maintained.

Two campgrounds would become the responsibility of SIU. Refuge would improve and maintain campground at Little Grassy Lake. Devils Kitchen Campground and group picnic area would close. Length of stay at campgrounds would be limited to 14 days. Four group camps would be maintained. Picnic area at Cambria Neck would close.

Sites at three campgrounds would be consolidated and improved. Devils Kitchen Campground would be reduced to primitive campsites only. Length of stay at campgrounds would be limited to 14 days. Four group camps would be maintained. Remaining picnic areas would be improved and in some cases relocated to new picnic and day use areas.


The Boat & Yacht Club and The Haven would continue operations.

The Boat & Yacht Club and The Haven would continue operations under agreement with Southern Illinois University.

The Boat & Yacht Club would be converted to a concession operation 2 years after completion of the CCP. The Haven would continue operations.


Horseback use would remain an unauthorized use.

Horseback use would be permitted on designated trail.

Same as Alt. B. Horseback use would be prohibited on Refuge.

Same as Alt. B.

n-wildlife-dependentater BasedRecreation

Five marinas would be maintained.

Three marinas would become the responsibility of SIU. Refuge would maintain two marinas – Devils Kitchen and Little Grassy.

Four marinas would be maintained: Images Marina and Playport Marina would be consolidated at the Playport site.




(No Action)





Improve Recreation



Improve Recreation






cept be most of ke,

f h to ary. will o-

Agricu

Table

I :tat n, nd tion

Maintain existing lake zoning for boating activities.

A no-wake zone east of Highway 148 and in some bays would be established in addition to existing regulations. Gas motor use at Devils Kitchen Lake would be prohibited south of southern most boat ramps.

Same as Alt. B with the exception that gas motor use at Devils Kitchen Lake would continue.

Same as Alt. B, except that gas motor use at Devils Kitchen Lake would be prohibited.

Same as Alt. B, exgas motors wouldprohibited in the southeastern armDevils Kitchen Lafrom the mouth oGrassy Lake soutthe Refuge boundThe portion of thelake south of LineRoad 6 boat rampbe designated a nwake zone.

Designated public beaches would remain.

Crab Orchard Lake beach becomes the responsibility of SIU.

Same as Alt. A. Same as Alt. A. Same as Alt. A.

lture

Row Crops Farm 4,500 acres. No mowing until after August 1.

Farm 4,400 acres. Greater emphasis on buffer strips and not farming in wetlands. Allow cooperators to harvest remaining corn in the spring. No mowing until after August 1.

Farm 4,800 acres. Greater emphasis on buffer strips and not farming in wetlands. Allow cooperators to harvest remaining corn in the spring. No mowing until after August 1.

Farm 4,300 acres. Greater emphasis on buffer strips and not farming in wetlands. Eliminate fields smaller than 5 acres. Allow cooperators to harvest remaining corn in the spring, and other allowances to cooperators. No mowing until after August 1.

Same as Alt. B.

Hay Fields Farm 700 acres. No mowing until after August 1.

Farm 600 acres. No mowing until after August 1.



Same as Alt. B.

Pastures. Graze 1,000 acres. No mowing until after August 1.

Graze 1,000 acres. No mowing until after August 1. Convert fescue grasses in pastures to more desirable wildlife grasses.

Same as Alt. B. Graze 1,000 acres. No mowing until after August 1. Enhance forage diversity and practice rotational grazing to increase cattle production.

Same as Alt. B.



(No Action)





Improve Recreation



Improve Recreation






Indust

Wilde

Protec

Table

I :tat n, nd tion

ry

Continue under 1981 guidelines. Departing tenants replaced if buildings remain suitable for occupancy. Emphasis on munitions manufacturing.

Update 1981 guidelines. Departing tenants replaced if buildings remain suitable for occupancy. Emphasis on munitions manufacturing.

Update 1981 guidelines. Non-munitions tenants would not be replaced as they leave the Refuge. Emphasis on munitions manufacturing.

Same as Alt. C. Same as Alt. B.

rness

Maintain 4,050-acre Crab Orchard Wilderness and recommend 120 acres of inholdings for Wilderness designation. The Wilderness Management Plan would be revised.


tion

Natural and cultural resources and the health and safety of visitors would be protected. Integrated Pest Management Plan would be written and implemented. Clean-up of contaminated industrial sites would continue.




(No Action)





Improve Recreation



Improve Recreation





Documents

Chapter 2: Alternatives, Objectives, and StrategiesChapter 2:Alternatives, Objectives, and Strategies Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge Final EIS/CCP 16 During our initial analysis,