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指導教授:郭育仁 教授 報告人:蘇俊旭 孔博仁 組員:沈宗穎 曾暇茵 黃詠芯. Chapter 16 Introductions and conclusions. Foreword . A good introduction encourages readers to read your report with interest and prepares them to understand it better. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CHAPTER 16INTRODUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
指導教授:郭育仁 教授 報告人:蘇俊旭 孔博仁 組員:沈宗穎 曾暇茵 黃詠芯
A good introduction encourages readers to read your report with interest and prepares them to understand it better.
A good conclusion leaves them with a clear statement of your point and renewed appreciation of its significance.
Grab readers’ attention with something snappy or cute.
Foreword
The common structure of introductions
Introductions
Response
ContextProblem
Step 1: Establish common ground
Open with a stable
context of common ground
Disrupt it with a
problem
The function of common ground It can describe a misunderstanding.
It can survey flawed research.
It can point to a misunderstanding about the problem itself.
Draft your introduction Imagine you are writing for someone
who does not know what specifically happened in your class.
Add more information only if you need to locate the problem in a wider context.
Step 2: State your problemThe statement of a research problem has two parts:
A condition of incomplete knowledge or understanding
The consequences of that condition, a more significant gap in understanding
When you imagine someone asking, so what?
• State the condition directly
• Imply it in an indirect question
Then spell out the consequence as an answer
• State that consequence as a direct cost
• Or transform the cost into a benefit
Should You Spell Out Consequences and Benefits?
To convince readers that they should take your problem seriously
• State the cost they will pay if it is not resolved
• The benefits they gain
• Tangible
• Costs that your research helps your readers avoid
Testing Conditions and Answering So What?
You have to “sell” your readers the significance of your research.
You have to convince readers of the cost of going on not knowing.
Maybe they are the wrong audience
Step 3: State your response
• State your main point / solution explicitly toward the end of your introduction
State the Gist of Your Solution
• Imply that you will present the main point in your conclusion; provides a launching point and creates a point-last paper
Promise a Solution
Setting the right pace for your introduction
Context
Problem
Response
Writing your conclusion
Start with Your Main Point
Add a New Significance or Application
Call for More Research
Finding your first few words
Don’t start with a dictionary entry
Don’t start grandly
Don’t repeat the language of your assignment
Open with a Striking Fact Relevant to Your ProblemOpen with a Striking Quotation
Open with a Relevant Anecdote
Three standard choices for your first sentence or two