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Section 1: The Renaissance in Italy How would you define this period? What are its characteristics? Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man shows clearly the effect writers of Antiquity had on Renaissance thinkers. Based on the specifications in Vitruvius's De architectura around 1500 years before, Da Vinci tried to draw the perfectly proportioned man.
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Chapter 13: The Renaissance & Reformation14th century -17th century
The “Dark Ages” were bombarded with the following crises:The Black DeathThe Hundred Years
WarBabylonian Captivity &
Great SchismThe Church dominated
politics & lifePetrarch, who conceived the idea of a European "Dark Age". From Cycle of Famous Men and Women, Andrea di Bartolo di Bargilla, c. 1450 www.wikipedia.org
Section 1: The Renaissance in ItalyHow would you
define this period?What are its
characteristics?
Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man shows clearly the effect writers of Antiquity had on Renaissance thinkers. Based on the specifications in Vitruvius's De architectura around 1500 years before, Da Vinci tried to draw the perfectly proportioned man.www.wikipedia.org
Why did it occur first in Italy?
How did the Crusades influence the Northern Italian states?
Who ruled the Italian states?
www.wikipedia.org
How did the way people think change from the Middle Ages?
What was the focus of life and the future?
What was an ideal “Renaissance Man?”
Demetrius Chalcondyles was a Renaissance teacher of Greek and of Platonic philosophy who taught in Italy for over forty years;] at Padua, Perugia, Milan and Florence.www.wikipedia.org
Questioning attitude helped spark the Age of Exploration & the Scientific Revolution.Christopher Columbus
who sailed to America represented this spirit
Copernicus changed the way people saw the universe by suggesting Heliocentrism as opposed to the long accepted geocentric model
www.wikipedia.org
Intellectual movement rooted in the Renaissance period.
What is the definition of Humanism?
What role does education play in this movement?
Francisco PetrarchFlorentineAssembled a library of Greek
and roman manuscriptsSonnets to Laura – love poems
inspired by a woman he knew from a distance
Father of the Humanism
promoted the brilliance of the renaissance and had gifted poets, artists, architects and scholars
Medici family of Florence organized a successful banking business
Cosimo de Medici gained control of the Florentine government in 1434
Grandson Lorenzo – “Lorenzo the Magnificent” Generous patron of the arts Lorenzo the Magnificent
www.wikipedia.org
What 2 groups patronized most of the art in Italy?
Characteristics of Renaissance ArtPerspective: 3 dimensional effectsChiaroscuro: use of shading using
dark and light colors to show depth
Sfumato: the blurring or softening of linesUsed by Leonardo Da Vinci
Renaissance SculptureGlorified the human bodyUsed Greco-Roman poses
Michelangelo's Pietà, a depiction of the body of Jesus on the lap of his mother Mary after the Crucifixion, was carved in 1499, when the sculptor was 24 years old. www.wikipedia.org
The original David of Michelangelo; the statue stands 5.17 meters tall. Photo by David Gaya www.wikipedia.org
Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel; the work took approximately four years to complete (1508–1512) Aaron Logan from http://www.lightmatter.net/gallery/italy/4_G through www.wikipedia.org
The School of Athens, 1511-12, the most famous of Raphael's Vatican frescos, in the Stanza della Segnatura. www.wikipedia.org
The Madonna of the Meadow, ca. 1506, using Leonardo's pyramidal composition for subjects of the Holy Familywww.wikipedia.org
The Last Supper (1498)—Convent of Sta. Maria delle Grazie, Milan, Italywww.Wikipedia.org
Mona Lisa or La Gioconda (1503–1505/1507)—Louvre, Paris, Francewww.wikipedia.org
A design for a flying machine, (c. 1488) Institute de France, Pariswww.wikipedia.org
Isabella d'Estewww.wikipedia.org
Brunelleschi's dome for the Duomo of Florence, Santa Maria del Fiore
www.wikipedia.org
Boccaccio Wrote Decameron Contained 100 tales that
portrayed society in 14th century Italian States
Baldassare Castiglione Wrote the Book of the Courtier Portrayed the desired
characteristics of a Renaissance man and womanHow should a woman and
man act? Renaissance trait of virtu is
seen in this work. What is virtu?
Portrait of Niccolò Machiavelli by Santi di Titowww.wikipedia.org
Nicollo Machiavelli The Prince What is this work about? Why did he write it? Key Ideas:
Machiavelli justified rule by force rather than by law. Accordingly, The Prince seems to justify a number of actions done solely to perpetuate power.
Machiavellian thought advocates the ends justifying the means.
It is better to be feared than loved Raffael Sanzio’s portrait of Baldassare Castiglione
www.wikipedia.org
Peasant and Lower Class Women Did their status change from the
Middle Ages? What was marriage based on? More young women turned to
prostitution than during the Middle Ages
Wealthy women enjoyed more freedoms such as an education Women were seen as ornaments on
her husband's arm Women were to make themselves
pleasing to men and remain pure until marriageMen on the other had were
encouraged to be “knowledgeable with women.”
Important Renaissance Women:Christine de Pisan
What did she write? Why was it so revolutionary?
Isabella d’ EsteConsidered the
“First Lady” of the Renaissance – Why?
Christine de Pizan presents her book to Queen Isabeau of Bavaria.www.wikipedia.org
Section 2: The Renaissance Moves NorthWhere does it take
root?What is its focus and
how does this differ from Italy?
What goal emerged from the Northern Renaissance?
Bronze statue of Erasmus in Rotterdam. It was created by Hendrick de Keyser in 1622, replacing a stone statue of 1557.www.wikipedia.org
Flemish StyleMuch more detail than Italian Renaissance artOil paintMore landscapes & portraits
Jan Van Eyck
Right: The Arnolfini Portrait (1434)
Left: Jan Van Eyck's La Madone au Chanoine Van der Paele (1434), www.wikipedia.org
Peter Brueghel The Elder
The Tower of Babel (1563) oil on boardwww.wikipedia.org
The Corn Harvest - August (1565, Oil on panel) www.wikipedia.org
Sir Thomas More Wrote Utopia Significance of the work?
Erasmus Used knowledge of classical
languages to produce a new Greek edition of the New Testament
Called for the Bible to be printed in the vernacular
Wrote In Praise of FollyWhat is the significance of the
this work?Who was most influenced by it?
Desiderius Erasmus in 1523 as depicted by Hans Holbein the Younger www.wikipedia.org
He developed moveable typeEffects?
Reproduction of Gutenberg Press at Printing History Museum in Lyon, France.)www.wikipedia.org
What are the social effects of the Renaissance?Art and architecture of the period have lasting
effects in regards to technique and styleQuestioning attitude sparked by humanism
leads to other key events:
Section 3: The Protestant ReformationMiddle Ages – Church
increasingly caught in World AffairsExamples?
The RenaissanceWhat about the
Renaissance helped to cause the Reformation?
Desiderius Erasmus in 1523 as depicted by Hans Holbein the Youngerwww.wikipedia.org
Selling of Indulgences It would release the soul from purgatory so it
could move onto heaven. Simony – the selling of Church offices Pluralism – church officials who hold more than
one office at the same time. Clerical Ignorance
Many priests were untrained in theological doctrine or practices and some were illiterate
Moral Decline of the Papacy Pope Alexander VI had many affairs and children
out of marriage
The 95 Thesis1517 – Johann Tetzel
set up pulpit outside Wittenberg Church & offered indulgences to anyone who would contribute to the building of St. Peter’s in Rome
In response , What does Luther do?What are his
arguments? Luther in 1533 by Lucas Cranachwww.wikipedia.org
The 95 Thesis spread throughout Europe quickly – Why?
How does the Church React? He engaged in a debate with famed theologian
Johann Eck in Leipzig in 1520 – Why?What did Luther deny during the debate?How does the Pope react to the debate?
How does Luther react?
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V calls Luther to the Diet of Worms to try him as a criminal
Demands he recant, Luther refuses Edict of Worms
Emperor makes Luther an outlaw but supporters help him
Throughout Germanic states, Luther is seen as a hero – why?
Luther Before the Diet of Worms, photogravure after the historicist painting by Anton von Werner (1843–1915) in the Staatsgalerie Stuttgartwww.wikipedia.org
Luther’s Teachings Salvation is achieved through faith
alone Bible is the sole source of religious
truth “Priesthood of all believers” – all
Christians he said had equal access to God through faith and the bible
Translated the bible into German Schools for girls and boys Rejected 5 of the seven sacraments Believed in Consubstantiation of
the Eucharist during mass Banned indulgences, confession,
pilgrimages, and prayers to saints Permitted priests to marry
How do these beliefs differ from Catholic Teachings?
In essence what did Luther remove from his religion?
Found a home in Germany and Scandinavia
It received widespread support
Germanic PrincesWhy did they like it?
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH_13_299.gifby historyteacher.net
Causes:Hope for economic change1524 – a peasant revolt across GermanyWhat did the rebels want?How did Luther react? Why?
During the 1530s and 1540s, Emperor Charles V, tried to force Lutheran princes back into the Roman Catholic Church and under his control
He had little success so an agreement needed to be reached – The Peace of Augsburg (1555) allowed each prince to
decide which religion would be followed in his lands
The southern states chose Catholicism and the northern states chose Lutheranism
Negotiating the Religious Peace of Augsburg/de: Die Augsburger Friedensgemäldewww.wiki[edia.org
He was as a priest and lawyer
Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion
Beliefs:What are his beliefs?How does this differ
from Luther?
Anonymous 16th century portrait of Calvin. (Front cover Cottret, Bernard (2000), www.wikipedia.org
Calvin’s Geneva Set up a theocracy
Seemed like a model community due to strict moral guidelines
Issues? Believed in religious education for boys and girls
Spread of Calvinism Rooted in Germany, France, Netherlands, England and
Scotland French Protestants called Huguenots will be
persecuted during the French Wars of religion.
Section 4: The Reformation SpreadsHundreds of new protestant sects sprang upSome sects wanted radical change like
abolishing private propertyOthers called for a separation of church and
stateAnabaptists – did not believe in infant baptism
Radical Anabaptists took over the city in Munster Luther advised people to suppressed the threat
Henry VIII Tudor was a devout Catholic
was dubbed by the pope “Defender of the Faith” for denouncing Luther
1527 – Why does he break with the Church?
Why does the Pope not agree to his demands?
Portrait of Henry VIII after Hans Holbein the Younger, Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool.www.wikipedia.org
Acting thru parliament Henry passed the Act of Supremacy made Henry the only
supreme head on earth of the Church of England
All citizens had to take an oath of loyalty to Henry and acknowledge him as head of the English Church
Sir Thomas More who was later canonized, was executed for not taking an oath of loyalty
How did the English Church differ from the Catholic church?
What did Henry do was head of the English Church?
Catherine’s daughter Mary Tudor will reign as a ferverent Catholic Monarch
Henry married Anne Boleyn after he broke from the Church and divorced Catherine.
Anne only bore him another daughter, Elizabeth Anne was later charged
with incest, treason, and witchcraft and beheaded
His third wife Jane Seymour would bear him a son, Edward, who would ascend to the throne at 10 but die later in his teens
Edward VI of England c. 1546 SourceScanned from Hearn, Karen, ed. Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England 1530-1630. New York: Rizzoli,
1995. ISBN 0-8478-1940-X.
Edward VI parliament passed new
protestant laws Book of Common prayer by
Thomas Cramner moderate protestant service
keeping catholic doctrine Mary Tudor
Persecuted protestants under reign giving her the title “Bloody Mary”
She married Philip of Spain but bore him no children
Anthonis Mor (c. 1520-1576/1578)TitleMary Tudor, Queen of England, second wife of Felipe II Year 1554
www.wikipedia.org
Elizabethan Settlement Required people conform to
the Church of England, but people could worship their religions privately
Restored book of common prayer and reaffirmed that she was the head of the church of England
In 1563 The Thirty Nine Articles defined the creed of the Anglican Church
Elizabeth made England a firmly protestant nation
The "Darnley Portrait" of Elizabeth I of England, oil on panel, 113 x 78.7 cm, National Portrait Gallery, London (NPG 2082). c.1575 SourceScanned from Tranya Cooper, A Guide to Tudor & Jacobean Portraits, London, National Portrait Gallery, 2008, ISBN 9781855143937 by PKM 31 August 2008
www.wikipedia.org
The goal of the Counter Reformation was to end church corruption and
reunite the divided Christian community
Called in 1545 by Pope Paul III & lasted for almost 20 years
Why did the pope call this council?
What changes did it make (or not make?) Council of Trent in Santa Maria Maggiore church, Museo
Diocesano Tridentino, Trento (Italy)Date late 17th century SourceStaatliches Hochbauamt Donauwörth, Museo Diocesano Tridentino, Heiligenlexikon; transfered from de Wikipedia
New religious order created known as the Society of Jesus by Ignatious of Loyola
What is its goal? Where will this order do
the most work?
Jesuits oversaw the persecution of heretics, Muslims and Jews in Spain and Italian states.
Used secret testimony torture and execution to root out heresy
Francisco de Goya The Inquisition Tribunal
Year1812-19
www.wikipedia.org
Was the Counter Reformation successful?
The religious unity of Western European Christianity was destroyed
Abuses in the Roman Catholic Church were curbed
Wars of religions erupted in Western Europe for over a century
Appreciation for the Church and religious piety was re egnighted throughout Western Europe
European Witch Hunts
Italian states allowed Jews to remain but strongly pushed for them to convert
Pope Paul IV issued a Papal Bull accusing Jews of killing Jesus and ordered the placing of Jews into Ghettoes in the papal states
Increased Anti-Semitism as a result: restrictions on Jews increased In some places synagogues were burned as well as
torahs Some were requited to wear a yellow star if they were
to leave the ghetto Most migrated to Poland and Lithuania to escape
the restrictions and persecutions. These places Jewish populations will lose the largest
numbers during the Holocaust in the 1930s and 1940s
What caused the Protestant Reformation? How did the Reformation affect politics in
Europe? Was the Reformation successful? How did the Roman Catholic Church react
to the ideas of the Reformation? What were the positive and negative effects
of the Counter-Reformation?
Section 5: The Scientific RevolutionIt was a period where man
began to question the laws that govern nature – to question what has always been taught by the Church.
Causes:
1500s accepted theory of Greek astronomer Ptolemy
Earth was the center of the universe
Accepted b/c it matched the teachings of he church
A Revolutionary TheoryCopernicus
1543 – On Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
What were his ideas?
Tycho Brahe – Danish Astronomer provided evidence to support Copernicus’ theoryHow?
Kepler used Brahae’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sunHow did Kepler continue to proved
heliocentrism?Galileo
Assembled an astronomical telescope which could prove Heliocentrism
How did the church react?
A Step by Step Process to collect and accurately measure data to prove a theory
Scientific MethodHypothesisObservation and experimentation
Bacon and DescartesBoth rejected Aristotle’s scientific assumptionsSought to make the physical world fit in with
teachings of the churchBacon stressed experimentation and observationDescartes’ emphasized human reasoning as the best
road to understandingDiscourse on Method – “I think, therefore I am”
What were his ideas?
Chemistry1600 Robert BoyleDistinguished between individual
elements and chemical compoundsEffect of temperature and pressure
on gassesMedicine Andreas Vesalius
On the Structure of the Human Boyd The first accurate and detailed study
of human anatomyWilliam Harvey
Described the circulation of blood and role of the heart
Leeuwenhoek – first microscope
Led to the EnlightenmentImprovements in medical KnowledgeChurch becomes even more hostile towards
science
