Chapter 13 Operating Systems: An Overview The Architecture of Computer Hardware and Systems Software: An Information Technology Approach 3rd Edition,

Chapter 13Operating Systems: An Overview

The Architecture of Computer Hardware and Systems Software:

An Information Technology Approach

3rd Edition, Irv Englander

John Wiley and Sons 2003

Wilson Wong, Bentley College

Linda Senne, Bentley College


13-2

Bare Bones Computer System

Does not load instructions into main memory

No user interface except for I/O routines provided with executing program

Is idle when waiting for user input No facility to store, retrieve, or

manipulate files No ability to control peripheral devices Can run only one program at a time


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Integrated Computer Environment


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Operating System – Basic Services

Programs that accept commands and requests from a user and a user’s program

Manages, loads, and executes programs

Manages hardware resources of the computer

Act as an interface between the user and the system


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Operating System – Additional Services

Provides interfaces for the user and the user’s programs

File support services I/O support services Means of starting the computer

Bootstrapping or booting the computer Initial Program Load (IPL)

Handles all interrupt processing Network services Provides tools and services for concurrent processing


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Additional Services Required by Concurrent Processing Allocates resources such as memory,

CPU time, and I/O devices to programs Protects users and programs from each

other and provides for inter-program communication

Provides feedback to the system administrators to permit performance optimization of the computer system


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OS Parts Memory Resident

Always loaded in memory Commonly called the kernel Contains essential services required by other parts of the operating

system and applications. Typically responsible for managing memory management, processes

and tasks, and secondary storage Memory Non-resident

Applications Infrequently used programs, software tools, and commands

Bootstrap program Diskless workstations or thin clients

Programs, including the OS, are located on another computer on the network


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Simplified Diagram of Operating System Services


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OS Degree of Activity

Interactive Also known as conversational systems

Batch processing User submits programs or jobs for

processing Little to no user interaction

Event driven Interrupts or service requests


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Hardware and the OS A hardware platform may support a variety of

operating systems An operating system may work on a variety of

platforms A standard operating system that works on different

hardware Provides program and file portability Enables user efficiency through recognizable interface Is implemented through a systems programming language

like C or C++ as opposed to assembly language


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Single Job Processing

Only one program is loaded into memory and executed

Example: MS-DOS Memory resident components

Command interface shell I/O routines, including BIOS File management system

User program in control


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OS Regains Control

When program is finished control is transferred back to the command interpreter

If the user’s program requests I/O The user wishes to stop the program

execution via a keyboard interrupt System malfunctions


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Single Job Processing

Disadvantages Lack of security

Programs can overwrite the resident OS Programs can write directly to I/O devices

System provides minimum memory management and no scheduling

CPU is often idle awaiting the completion of I/O operations


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Concurrent Operations

Multitasking (multiprogramming) vs. multiprocessing which implies multiple CPUs

Concurrent processing vs. simultaneous processing


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Achieving Multitasking

While one program is waiting for I/O to take place, another program is using the CPU to execute instructions.

Time-slicing. The CPU may be switched rapidly back and forth between different programs

Dispatching is the process of selecting which program to run at any given instant


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Sharing the CPU during I/O Breaks

I/O represents a large percentage of a typical program’s execution


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Time-sharing the CPU

Time slicing


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Services and Facilities Command processor File management system I/O control system Process control management and interprocess

communication Memory management Scheduling system Secondary storage management System protection management Network management, communication support, and

communication interfaces System Administration


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User Interface and Command Execution Services Types of user interfaces

CLI - Command Line Interface GUI - Graphical User Interface Menu environment

Shell User interface and command processor that interacts with

the kernel UNIX: C, Bourne and Korn shells

Command Languages IBM Mainframes – JCL MS Windows – BAT files, Windows Scripting Host UNIX – shell scripts


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File Management File - logical unit of storage Basic file management system provides

Directory structures for each I/O device Tools to copy and move files Information about each file in the system and the tools to

access that information Security mechanisms to protects files and control access

Additional file management features Backup, emergency retrieval and recovery File compression Transparent network file access auditing


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I/O Services andProcess Control Management I/O services

Startup configuration Device drives that implement interrupts and provide

other techniques for handling I/O Plug and play: hot swapping, hot plugging

Process control management A process is an executing program A thread is an individually executable part of a

process Interprocess messaging services

Example: a pipe in UNIX or DOS that is a temporary software connection between two programs or commands


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Memory Management

Keeps track of memory Identifies programs loaded into memory Amount of space each program uses Available remaining space Prevents programs from reading and writing

memory outside of their allocated space Maintains queues of waiting programs Allocates memory to programs that are next

to be loaded Deallocates a program’s memory space upon

program completion


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Scheduling High-level scheduling

Placed in queue based on level of priority and eventually executed

Dispatching Actual selection of processes that will be executed at any given

time Preemptive – uses clock interrupts Non-preemptive – program voluntarily gives up control

Context switching Transfer control to the process that is being dispatched Nonpreemptive: program voluntarily gives up control Preemptive: uses clock interrupt for multitasking

Processing requirements CPU vs. I/O bound


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Secondary Storage and Security

Secondary storage management Optimizes completion of I/O tasks for efficient disk

usage Combination of hardware and software

Security and protection services Protect OS from users Protect users from other users Prevent unauthorized entry to system Prevent unauthorized system use by authorized

users


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Network and Communication Services

TCP-IP protocol suite Locate and connect to other computers Access files, I/O devices, and programs from

remote systems Support distributed processing

Network Applications Email, remote login, Web services, streaming

multimedia, voice over IP telephony, VPN Interface between communication software

and OS I/O control system that provides network access


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System Administration Support

System configuration and setting group configuration policies

Adding and deleting users

Modifying user privileges

System security Files systems

management

Network administration Backups Software installations

and upgrades OS installations

(system generation), patches, and upgrades

System tuning and optimization


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Monolithic Kernel

Drawback: stability and integrity

Examples: UNIX Windows NT


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Hierarchical

Requests passthrough intermediatelayers

Examples Multics Data General


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Microkernel

Minimum essential functionality Client-server system on same system

Clients request services from microkernel which passes message onto appropriate server


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Mach OS Kernel

Microkernel implementation Includes

Message passing Interrupt processing Virtual memory management Scheduling Basic set of I/O drivers

Macintosh OS X, IBM AIX on RS/6000


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Types of Operating Systems

Single user, single tasking Single user, multitasking Multi-user, multitasking Distributed systems

Processing power distributed among computers in a cluster or network

Network servers Real-time systems Embedded systems


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Bootstrapping

Execution begins with bootstrap loader (mini-loader, IPL) stored in ROM

Looks for OS program in a fixed location Loads OS into RAM Transfers control to starting location of

OS Loader program in OS used to load and

execute user programs


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Bootstrapping

Cold vs.warm boot(does not retest the system)


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Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons

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Chapter 13 Operating Systems: An Overview The Architecture of Computer Hardware and Systems Software: An Information Technology Approach 3rd Edition,