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Digestive System Diseases &

Disorders

Chapter 10 

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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Digestive Distress Signals

Hiccup

Indigestion

Heartburn  Nausea

Vomiting

Colic

Diarrhea

Flatulence

Constipation Fecal incontinence

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Stomatitis

Description & Etiology Herpetic stomatitis (Herpes simplex virus)

Aphthous stomatitis(Cause unknown) Symptoms

DX – physical exam

TX – topical anesthetics

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GERD

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 

Description & Etiology Gastric acid contents

backup into esophagus Symptoms DX

Esophagoscopy Barium swallow

fluoroscopy

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Gastritis vs Gastroenteritis

Etiology Certain foods

Alcholic beverages

Caffein Aspirin compounds

Poisons

Symptoms

Belching, epigastric pain,cramping

DX: gastroscopy, biopsy

Etiology Bacteria

Virus

Parasites Side effects of medications

Symptoms Vomiting, epigastric pain,

cramping, diarrhea DX: Stool culture, if neg -

biopsy

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Hernias

Hiatal

Inguinal

Umbilical

Femoral

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Peptic Ulcers

Description Lesions in mucous membrane

of lower esophagus, stomach,

pylorus, duodenum or jejunum

Etiology Helicobacter pylori infection

NSAIDS Increase in stomach acids

Diagnosis

Treatment

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Description Functional disorder where bowl

doesn’t work properly

Symptoms Bloating & cramping Diarrhea or constipation Mucus in stools

Diagnosis Treatment

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Celiac Disease or 

Gluten-Induced Enteropathy

Etiology Immunologic response to gliadin

fraction of gluten (antibodies to gluten)

Symptoms Weight loss Flatulence Pale, foul-smelling stools Chronic diarrhea

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Crohn’s vs Ulcerative Colitis

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Crohn’s vs Ulcerative Colitis

Symptoms Bloating/gas

Pain Diarrhea

Both are inflammatory diseases

DX: Colonoscopy with biopsy TX: Corticosteroids; Surgery

Symptoms Burning abdominal pain

Weight loss Bloody diarrhea

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Diverticular Disease

Description Bulging pouches (diverticula) in the GI tract Diverticulitis – inflammation

Caused by naturally weak places in your colon thatgive way under pressure; lack of roughage in diet

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Hemorrhoids

Varicose dilations of a vein

in the anorectal area Internal

External

Symptoms Rectal pain

Itching Bleeding

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Review of Bleeding

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Accessory Organs

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Pancreatic Disorders

Panreacatitis Inflammation of the pancreas

Etiology Alcoholism

Gallstones

Viral infections

DX: ↑Serum amylase &lipase

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Cholecystitis vs Cholelithiasis

Cholecystitis Inflammation that

leads to gallstones

Cholelithiasis Calculi that form in

bile

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Cirrhosis

Description Chronic, irreversible,

fibrous scarring

Etiology Alcoholism

Hepatitis (B & C)

Hemochromatosis

Toxic drugs/chemicals

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Cirrhosis vs Hepatitis

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Hepatitis

Etiology: HAV HBV

HCV Symptoms:

Fever  Tiredness Loss of appetite Nausea & vomiting Jaundice

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Hepatitis

Hepatitis B & C

transmitted by blood,

semen, vaginal

secretions and saliva

Prevention

Hepatitis B vaccine

No prevention for HCV

Infectious Hepatitis (HAV)

Fecal-oral transmission

Highly contagious

Prevention

Hepatitis A vaccine for 

long-term protection

Good personal hygieneand sanitation

Immune globulin for 

short-term prevention

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Hepatitis Diagnosis

Elevated liver enzymes ALT, AST

Antigen or Antibody testing

HBsAg, ABcAg, ABeAg, HCV-RNA Anti-HBc, Anti-HBs Anti-HAV; anti-HCV

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Pancreatic & Liver Cancer 

Description Adenocarcinoma of pancreas and/or liver 

Symptoms Abdominal pain, jaundice, weight loss

Diagnosis CT scans, Biopsy

Treatment Chemotherapy, radiation