PSYCHOLOGY 110-02General Psychology

University of Southern Mississippi

Department of Psychology

Dr. David J. Echevarria, PhD

Spring 2008

david.echevarria@usm.edu

www.usm.edu/neurolab

Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion

EXAM RESULTS ARE POSTED

• www.usm.edu/neurolab

• Class average is 81.8

• 12 students score 100 or above!!!

Experimetrix

• According to the Syllabus there are opportunities to earn 10 extra credit point that will be added to your final grade

• Minute quizzes (.5 for each correct, and I will count your best 10)

• Experimetrix: participating as a subject in an experiment (PSY 110-02)

• https://experimetrix2.com/usm/

• See instruction in your textbook

Reaction Paper due this Friday

• Motivation: (I will take up to 3 pages)• What are the key components according to

the textbook?• How do they related to your life?• What motivates you?• How is learning involved?• When have you been very motivated? Why?• When have you been unmotivated? Why?

Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion

What motivates you?

What are some of your needs?

Motivational Theories and Concepts

• Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal-directed behavior

• Drive theories – seeking homeostasis• Incentive theories – regulation by external

stimuli• Evolutionary theories – maximizing

reproductive success

Figure 10.2 The diversity of human motives

The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Biological Factors

• Brain regulation– Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus– Paraventricular nucleus

• Glucose and digestive regulation– Glucostatic theory

• Hormonal regulation– Insulin and leptin

Figure 10.3 The hypothalamus

The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors

• Learned preferences and habits– Exposure– When, as well as what

• Food-related cues– Appearance, odor, effort required

• Stress – Link between heightened arousal/negative

emotion and overeating

Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity

• Evolutionary explanations• Genetic predisposition

– Body Mass Index and adoption study• The concept of set point/settling point• Dietary restraint

Figure 10.5 The heritability of weight

Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire

• Hormonal regulation– Estrogens– Androgens– Testosterone

• Pheromones– Synchronized menstrual cycles

Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire

• Aphrodisiacs– Oysters, Yohimbine, Chocolate

• Erotic materials– Usually the first in any new media– Development of fetishes and classical

conditioning

Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire

• Attraction to a Partner– What are the characteristics?

• The Coolidge effect– What would be the purpose

• Evolutionary factors – How have these things evolved?

Figure 10.7 Parental investment theory and mating preferences

Figure 10.8 The gender gap in how much people think about sex

Figure 10.10 Gender and potential mates’ financial prospects

Figure 10.11 Gender and potential mates’ physical attractiveness

The Mystery of Sexual Orientation

• Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual– A continuum– Like most other things in life it makes no

sense to look at things in an extreme sense

– Most things are not clearly cut or “black and white”, most times there is a gray area

– Consider the “metro-sexual” and the experimentation often associated with college

Figure 10.12 Homosexuality and heterosexuality as endpoints on a continuum

The Mystery of Sexual Orientation

• Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual– A continuum

• Theories explaining homosexuality– Environmental (support/acceptance)– Biological (twin studies)– Interactionist (both)

Figure 10.13 How common is homosexuality?

Figure 10.14 Genetics and sexual orientation

The Human Sexual Response

• Masters and Johnson – 1966• Stages:

– Excitement– Plateau– Orgasm– Resolution

Figure 10.15 The human sexual response cycle

Figure 10.16 The gender gap in orgasm consistency

Achievement Motivation

• Achievement motive = need to excel– Work harder and more persistently– Delay gratification– Pursue competitive careers– Situational influences on achievement

motives– Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

The Elements of Emotional Experience

• Cognitive component– Subjective conscious experience– Positive psychology

• Physiological component – Bodily (autonomic) arousal

• Behavioral component – Characteristic overt expressions

Figure 10.20 The amygdala and fear

Figure 10.22 Cross-cultural comparisons of people’s ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions

Theories of Emotion

• James-Lange– Feel afraid because pulse is racing

• Cannon-Bard– Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to

the cortex and the autonomic nervous system

• Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory– Look to external cues to decide what to

feel• Evolutionary Theories

– Innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation

Figure 10.23 Theories of emotion

Figure 10.24 Primary emotions

Happiness

• Common sense notions incorrect– Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and

attractiveness largely uncorrelated– Physical health, good social relationships,

religious faith, and culture modestly correlated

– Love, marriage, work satisfaction, and personality strongly correlated

• Subjective rather than objective reality important

Figure 10.27 The subjective well-being of nations

Figure 10.29 Possible causal relations among the correlates of happiness