CHAPTER 1Introduction To Science

1.1

Science is Part of everyday life

Introduction to Science

What is Science?

Science

Scientific knowledge

Technology

systematic study of nature and how it affects us and our environment.

the information produced from the study of science.

application of scientific knowledge for the use of mankind.

Importance of Science

Agriculture

Medical

Communication & Information

Transportation

Security

Careers Related to Science

Doctor

PharmacistAstronomers

Science Teacher

Importance of Science

Security - The use of computer increases

efficiency of a security system.

Transportation- The use of vehicles reduced the time

to travel from on place to another.

Communication & Information- The invention of satellite helps

people interact with people around he world and

- search information more quickly

Medical- The production of medicine help to

improve human health and cure.

Agriculture- the use of machines increase the

production of food.

1.2

Science laboratory

LABORATORY

It is the place where a scientist do their work.

Students carry out investigations or experiments during science lesson in science laboratories.

Laboratory Rules & Safety Precaution• Never enter the lab unless a

teacher is present.

• Do not eat and drink or taste any chemical in the lab.

• Always follow the teacher’s instruction

• Never touch chemicals with your bare hands. Use a spatula.

Continue… Read the label on a reagent bottle before

using its content. Turn off the Bunsen burner after use. Do not pour back any unused chemical

into its bottle. Wash and keep all apparatus after use. Do not test anything without teacher’s

permission. Report any breakages to the teacher.

Hazardous warning Symbols There are many substances in

science lab. Some of them are hazardous. So, we use hazard warning symbols

to show the danger of the substances.

Toxic/Poisonous

Eg: Mercury, Bromine and Sodium Cyanide

Effects: Causes death or harm if absorbed through skin, swallowed, or inhaled.

Irritant/Harmful

Eg: Ammonia, Chloroform, Chlorine

Effects: Causes discomfort and irritation to body or skin.

Flammable/Inflammable

Eg: Alchohol, Petrol, Kerosine

Effects: Can burn very easily

Radioactive

Eg: Plutonium, Uronium

Effects: Gives out radiation and can cause radioactive effects

Corrosive

Eg: Sodium, Potassium

Effects: Can explode very easily

Eg: Concentrated Acid such as Sulphuric acid

Effects: Can damage the skin and eyes upon contact

Explosive

Laboratory Apparatus I will hand out the pictures of

lab apparatus. Paste it in your book.

Bunsen Burner

Barrel

Collar Air-hole

Gas inletBase

Luminous Flame Non-luminous Flame

Bunsen burner can give 2 types of flame:

Luminous Flame (YELLOW FLAME)

Non-luminous Flame(BLUE FLAME)

Yellow flame when the air-hole is closed.

Blue flame when the air-hole is opened.

Flame is easy to see. Flame is difficult to see.

Flame gives out a lot of soot. Flame does not give out soot.

Not so hot compared to blue flame.

Very hot.

Not suitable for heating. Suitable for heating.

How to use a Bunsen burner1) Close the air-hole by turning the collar.

2) Hold light at the top of the barrel.

3) Turn on the gas slowly, a yellow flame will be obtained.

4) Open the air-hole to obtain a blue flame.

1.3

Steps in scientific investigation

Process Skills in Science asking question making observation taking measurement recording the data collected analyzing and interpreting data making conclusions writing report to communicate the

results

There involves 8 Steps in Scientific Investigation

1) Identifying problems

2) Forming a hypothesis

3) Planning the experiment

4) Carrying out the experiment

5) Collecting data

6) Analyzing the data

7) Making a conclusion

8) Writing a report

Simple pendulum

One Complete Oscillation

Steps in scientific investigation:

Experiment: The simple pendulum

1.Identifying problem- determining ‘what I want to find out’  usually by asking question.

Eg: How does the length of a pendulum affects the period of oscillation?

2.Forming a hypothesis- a smart guess/ possible answer to the problem

Eg: The longer the length of the pendulum the longer the time taken for 10 oscillation.

3. Planning the experiment-

a) identify the variables fixed variables : No. of oscillation manipulated variables : The length of the

pendulum responding variables : periods of

oscillation.

b) determine the apparatus and materials required

c) determine the procedure to carry out the experiment, method to collect and analyze data.

4. Carrying out the experiment- controlling the variables as planned

5. Collecting data- writing down what has been observed. In the form of sentence or table.

Length of pendulum (cm)

10 20 30 40 50

Time of oscillation (s)

X- Manipulated Variables Y- Responding Variables

10 cm

20 cm

30 cm

40 cm

50 cm

6. Analyzing the data- giving an explanation on data collected

Eg: The pendulum with longer string take longer time to oscillate than the pendulum with a shorter string.

7. Making a conclusion- State whether the hypothesis is accepted or not.

Eg: The longer the length of the pendulum, the longer the period of oscillation. Hypothesis is accepted.

8. Writing a report- present the …

a) Aim/ Objective: To study the...

b) Problem statement: How does…?

c) Hypothesis: The … the…

d) Variables: Fixed, manipulated, responding

e) Apparatus: Radas

f) Materials: Bahan

g) Procedures/ Steps

h) Result: Collected data

i) Analysis

j) Conclusion/ Inference: Hypothesis accepted or not

THE END