Chapt 6 Sectionalism

8/10/2019 Chapt 6 Sectionalism

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* In the War with Mexico, the USreceived a huge grant of land.

*This new land presented theCongress with a huge problem.

*The Louisiana Purchase had

been mostly above the MissouriCompromise line, so theterritories that became stateswould be mostly free states

*The territories of the MexicanCession would mostly be slave

states.*This caused sectional tensions

to increase.


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* The Wilmot Proviso, one of the major events leading to theCivil War, would have banned slaveryi

n any territoryacquired from Mexicoin the Mexican Warknown as theMexican Cession.

*Congressman David Wilmotintroduced the Proviso in theHouse of Representativeson August 8, 1846.

* It passed the House but failed in the Senate, where the Southhad greater representation

* It was reintroduced in February 1847 and again passed theHouse and failed in the Senate.

* John C. Calhoun argued against the Proviso because he saidthat the territories were owned by all the states and thatshould be able to enter any state, including slaves. Calhounsaid that the Congress had no right to ban slavery in any ofthe territories.

*What it did was to unleash all the passions of the slavery andanti-slavery supporters.
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* A doctrine under which the status of slaveryin the territories was to be determined bythe settlers themselves.

* Although the doctrine won wide support as ameans of avoiding sectional conflict over theslavery issue, its meaning remainedambiguous.

* First proposed in 1847 by Lewis Cass in his

1848 presidential campaign* the doctrine was incorporated in the

Compromise of 1850and four years later wasan important feature of the Kansas-NebraskaAct.

* Stephen A. Douglaswas principal promoterof the doctrine.

* Stephen Douglas called it "popularsovereignty," but proslavery Southerners,who wanted slavery extended into theterritories, contemptuously called it"squatter sovereignty."
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*The conflict over the issue of slavery in theterritories led to the creation of a newpolitical party, the Free Soil Party.*Anti-slavery Democrats and northern Whigsmade up most of the party.*They believed that slavery should not beallowed in the territories. They did not sayit was morally wrong, but instead said thatit was an economic issue.*

The Free Soilers opposed the use of slaveson farms because it put free white men outof a job.


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*The California Gold Rush(18481855) began onJanuary 24, 1848, when goldwasdiscoveredbyJames W. Marshallat Sutter's Mill, California.

* News of the discovery brought some 300,000people rushing to Californiafrom the rest of theUnited Statesand abroad.

*The early gold-seekers, called "Forty-niners" (as areference to 1849) traveled to California by sailingboatand in covered wagons across the continent

*While most ofthe newly arrived were Americans,the Gold Rushattracted tens of thousands fromLatin America, Europe, Australia, and China.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Marshallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutter%27s_Millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutter%27s_Millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutter%27s_Millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloma,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Marshallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutter%27s_Millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloma,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_rushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_rushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_rushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloma,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutter%27s_Millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Marshallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold


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* The Compromise of 1850 was an intricate package of five bills, passedon September 4, 1850, it was passed to avoid the sectional conflictthat arose from territorial expansion with the Texas Annexation(December 29, 1845) and the following Mexican-American War(18461848).

*It avoided secession or civil warat the time and quieted sectionalconflict for four years until the divisive KansasNebraska Act.

* The Provisions of the Compromise of 1850 were:* Texas surrendered its claim to New Mexico* The Wilmot Provisowas thrown out.

* the South was promised the possibility of slave states by popular sovereigntyin the new New Mexico Territoryand Utah Territory.

* a stronger Fugitive Slave Act, which in practice outraged Northern publicopinion. The law called for ordinary citizens to turn in runaway slaves or faceimprisonment themselves. The Fugitive slave act probably caused moredamage than good for the south.

* the slave trade was banned in Washington D.C.

SenatorHenry Clay designed the compromise, which failed to pass in early 1850.In the nextsession of Congress, Senator Stephen Douglasand Senator Daniel

Websternarrowly passed a slightly modified package
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_expansion_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Annexationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_expansion_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Annexationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot_Provisohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_sovereigntyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law_of_1850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Websterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Douglashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Websterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Websterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Websterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Websterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Douglashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law_of_1850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_sovereigntyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot_Provisohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Annexationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_expansion_of_the_United_States


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*The Underground Railroadwasan informal network of secretroutes and safe housesused by19th-century blackslavesinthe United States to escape to

free statesand Canada withthe aid of abolitionistswhowere sympathetic to theircause.

*Both Harriet Tubman andSojourner Truth were important

conductors on theUnderground Railroad.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_state_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_state_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_house


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*Stowes main goal with Uncle Toms Cabinwas toconvince her large Northern readership of thenecessity of ending slavery.

*Most immediately, the novel served as a response tothe passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, whichmade it illegal to give aid or assistance to a runawayslave.

*Stowe created an expos that revealed the horrors ofSouthern slavery to people in the North.

*Uncle Toms Cabinwas published in episodes in theNational Erain 1851 and 1852, then published in itsentirety on March 20, 1852.

* It sold 10,000 copies in its first week and 300,000 bythe end of the year, astronomical numbers for the

mid-nineteenth century.*Many historians have credited the novel with being amajor factor in the outbreak of the Civil War.


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* Pro-slavery settlers came to Kansas mainly from neighboring Missouri.

* Resident Missourians who crossed into Kansas solely for the purposeof voting for slavery. They formed groups and were dubbed borderruffians,

* Abolitionist settlers, known as "Jayhawkers" moved from the East

with express purpose of making Kansas a free state. A clash betweenthe opposing sides was inevitable.

* Successive territorial governors, usually sympathetic to slavery,attemptedunsuccessfully to maintain the peace. The territorialcapital of Lecompton, Kansas, the target ofmuch agitation, becamesuch a hostile environment for Free-Statersthat they set up theirown unofficial legislature at Topeka.

* John Brownand his sons gained notoriety in the fightagainst slaveryby brutally murdering five pro-slavery farmers in the PottawatomieMassacrewith a broadsword. Brown also helped defend a few dozenFree-State supporters from several hundred angry pro-slaverysupporters at the town of Osawatomie.

*Hostilities between the factions reachedastate of low-intensity civilwar, which was damaging to Pres. Pierce. "Bleeding Kansas causedthe formation of the Republican Party. Routine ballot-rigging andintimidation practiced by both pro- and anti-slavery settlers failed todeter the immigration of anti-slavery settlers, who won ademographic victory in the race to populate the state.
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*The KnowNothingmovement was a nativistAmericanpolitical movement of the 1840s and1850s.

*It was created by popular fears that the countrywas being overwhelmed by Germanand IrishCatholicimmigrants

*Mainly active from 1854 to 1856, it tried to curbimmigrationand naturalization, thoughunsuccessfully.

*Membership was limited to Protestant males ofBritish lineage over the age of twenty-one.

*There were few prominent leaders. They weremainly middle-class and entirely Protestant. Mostended up joining the Republican Party
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativist


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**Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

commonly referred to as TheDred Scott Decision, was adecision by the United StatesSupreme Courtthat ruled that

people of African descentimported into theUnited Statesand held as slaveswhether or notthey were slaveswere notprotected by the Constitutionand could never be citizens.

* It also held thatthe UnitedStates Congresshad no authorityto prohibit slavery in federalterritories. This effectivelyrendered the MissouriCompromise unconstitutional.

*Lastly, theCourt ruled thatslavesas chattelor privatepropertycould not be takenaway from their owners withoutdue process. The Supreme Court'sdecisionwas written by ChiefJusticeRoger B. Taney.
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* The Lecompton Constitutionwas a proposed constitutionsfor thestate of Kansas

* It was written in response to the anti-slaveryposition of the 1855Topeka Constitution of James H. Laneand other free-stateadvocates.

* The territoriallegislature, consisting mostly of slave-owners, met atthe capital of Lecomptonin September 1857.* This new constitution enforced slavery in the Kansas and protected

the rights of slaveholders..* President Buchananendorsed the Lecompton Constitution before

Congress.* On 4 January 1858, Kansas voters, having the opportunity to reject

the constitution altogether in the referendum, overwhelminglyrejected the Lecompton proposal

* In Washington, the Lecompton constitution was defeated by theHouse of Representatives.* Though soundly defeated, debate over the proposed constitutionhad

ripped apart the Democratic party, paving the way for AbrahamLincoln's election in 1860.
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* Lincoln expected to bring about theeventual extinction of slavery bystopping its further expansion into anyU.S. territory, and by offeringcompensated emancipation

* Lincoln stood by the Republican Partyplatform in 1860, which stated that

slavery should not be allowed toexpand into any more territories.

* Most Americans agreed that if allfuture states admittedto the Unionwere to be free states, that slaverywould eventually be abolished.

* Lincoln believed that the slavery thatexisted in the Southern states wasguaranteed constitutionally and couldnot be outlawed. But he did say thatthe slavery in the South could not beexported to the West.
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* John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferrywas an attempt by white abolitionistJohn Brownto start an armed slaverevolt by seizing a United StatesArsenal at Harpers Ferryin Virginia in1859.

* Brown's raid was defeated by a

detachment of U.S. Marinesled by Col.Robert E. Lee.

* John Brown hadoriginally askedHarriet Tubmanto join him when heattacked the armory, but on the nightof the raid she was ill, and thereforedid not show up.

* The raid was seen by most Southernersas being an attempt to kill them andsaw Brown as a danger.

* Northern abolitionists thought thatBrown was a martyr on the level ofChrist.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Armoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Armoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Armoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Tubmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Tubmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Tubmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Armoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Armoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionist


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*Thepresidential election of 1860set the stage forthe American Civil War.

*The nation had been divided throughout most of the

1850s on questions of states' rights and slaveryinthe territories.

* In 1860 this issue finally came to a head,fracturingthe formerly dominant Democratic PartyintoSouthern and Northern factions.

*This split the Democratic vote and brought AbrahamLincolnand the Republican Partyto power withoutthe support of a single Southern state.

*Hardly more than a month following Lincoln'svictory came declarations of secessionby SouthCarolina and other states
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*The Crittenden Compromise(December18, 1860)was an unsuccessful proposal byKentuckySenatorJohn J. Crittendento

resolve the U.S. secession crisisof 1860

1861.*There were many unpopular features ofthe compromise that led to its failure. Itguaranteed the permanent existence ofslavery in the slave states and addressedSouthern demands in regard to fugitive

slaves and slavery in the District ofColumbia. But the heart of the compromisewas the permanent reestablishment of theMissouri Compromiseline
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* Jefferson Davis was elected the first (andonly) president of the Confederacy

* The Southern leaders met in Montgomery,Alabama, to write their constitution. Much ofthe Confederate States Constitutionreplicated the United States Constitutionverbatim, but it contained several explicitprotections of the institution of slavery,

though it maintained the existing ban oninternational slave-trading.

* In certain areas, the ConfederateConstitution gave greater powers to thestates than the U.S. Constitution of the timedid, but in other areas, the states actuallylost rights they had under the U.S.Constitution.

* the Confederate version prohibited the

central government from using revenuescollected in one state for funding internalimprovementsin another state.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slaveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slaveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slaveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slaveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_improvementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_improvementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_improvementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_improvementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_improvementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slaveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slaveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slaveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slaveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Constitution


22/22

*

*border statesrefers to the fiveslave statesofDelaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, andWest Virginia, which bordered a free stateand

were aligned with the Union.*Though every slave state (except South

Carolina) contributed some white troops to theUnion as well as the Confederate side,the splitwas most severe in these border states, withmen from the same family often fighting onopposite sides.

*Had Maryland also joined the Confederacy,Washington DC would have been totallysurrounded.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delawarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentuckyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentuckyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentuckyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_state_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_state_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_state_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_state_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentuckyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delawarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_state

Documents

Chapt 6 Sectionalism