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7-1 Design of Work Systems
William J. Stevenson
Operations Management
8th edition
7-2 Design of Work Systems
7-3 Design of Work Systems
Job design involves specifying the content and methods of job What will be done Who will do the job How the job will bob will be done Where the job will be done Ergonomics
Job DesignJob Design
7-4 Design of Work Systems
Design of Work SystemsDesign of Work Systems
Specialization Behavioral Approaches to Job Design Teams Methods Analysis Motions Study Working conditions
7-5 Design of Work Systems
Job Design SuccessJob Design Success
Successful Job Design must be: Carried out by experienced personnel with
the necessary training and background Consistent with the goals of the
organization In written form Understood and agreed to by both
management and employees
7-6 Design of Work Systems
Specialization in Business: AdvantagesSpecialization in Business: Advantages
For Management:
1. Simplifies training
2. High productivity
3. Low wage costs
For Labor:
1. Low education andskill requirements
2. Minimumresponsibilities
3. Little mental effortneeded
Table 7.1
7-7 Design of Work Systems
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
For Management:
1. Difficult to motivatequality
2. Worker dissatisfaction,possibly resulting inabsenteeism, highturnover, disruptivetactics, poor attentionto quality
For Labor:1. Monotonous work
2. Limited opportunitiesfor advancement
3. Little control over work
4. Little opportunity forself-fulfillment
Table 7.1
7-8 Design of Work Systems
Behavioral Approaches to Job DesignBehavioral Approaches to Job Design
Job Enlargement Giving a worker a larger portion of the total
task by horizontal loading Job Rotation
Workers periodically exchange jobs Job Enrichment
Increasing responsibility for planning and coordination tasks, by vertical loading
7-9 Design of Work Systems
Motivation and TrustMotivation and Trust
Motivation Influences quality and productivity Contributes to work environment
Trust Influences productivity and employee-
management relations
7-10 Design of Work Systems
TeamsTeams
Benefits of teams Higher quality Higher productivity Greater worker satisfaction
Self-directed teams Groups of empowered to make certain
changes in their work process
7-11 Design of Work Systems
Methods AnalysisMethods Analysis
Methods analysis Analyzing how a job gets done Begins with overall analysis Moves to specific details
7-12 Design of Work Systems
Methods AnalysisMethods Analysis
Changes in tools and equipment
Changes in product designor new products
Changes in materials or procedures
Other factors (e.g. accidents, quality problems)
The need for methods analysis can come from a number of different sources:
7-13 Design of Work Systems
Methods Analysis ProcedureMethods Analysis Procedure
1. Identify the operation to be studied
2. Get employee input
3. Study and document current method
4. Analyze the job
5. Propose new methods
6. Install new methods
7. Follow-up to ensure improvements have been achieved
7-14 Design of Work Systems
Analyzing the JobAnalyzing the Job
Flow process chart Chart used to examine the overall sequence
of an operation by focusing on movements of the operator or flow of materials
Worker-machine chart Chart used to determine portions of a work
cycle during which an operator and equipment are busy or idle
7-15 Design of Work Systems
FLOW PROCESS CHARTJob Requisition of petty cash
Details of Method
ANALYST D. Kolb
PAGE1 of 2
Op
erat
ion
M
ove
men
t
Insp
ecti
on
Del
ay
Sto
rag
e
Requisition made by department headPut in “pick-up” basketTo accounting departmentAccount and signature verifiedAmount approved by treasurerAmount counted by cashierAmount recorded by bookkeeperPetty cash sealed in envelopePetty cash carried to departmentPetty cash checked against requisitionReceipt signedPetty cash stored in safety box
Figure 7-2
7-16 Design of Work Systems
Motion StudyMotion Study
Motion study is the systematic
study of the human motions used
to perform an operation.
7-17 Design of Work Systems
Motion Study TechniquesMotion Study Techniques
Motion study principles - guidelines for designing motion-efficient work procedures
Analysis of therbligs - basic elemental motions into which a job can be broken down
Micromotion study - use of motion pictures and slow motion to study motions that otherwise would be too rapid to analyze
Charts
7-18 Design of Work Systems
1. Eliminate unnecessary motions
2. Combine activities
3. Reduce fatigue
4. Improve the arrangement of the workplace
5. Improve the design of tools and equipment
Developing Work MethodsDeveloping Work Methods
7-19 Design of Work Systems
Working ConditionsWorking Conditions
T e m p e r a t u r e &H u m i d i t y
V e n t i l a t i o n
I l l u m i n a t i o n C o l o r
7-20 Design of Work Systems
Working Conditions (cont’d)Working Conditions (cont’d)
Noise & Vibration
Causes of AccidentsSafety
Work Breaks
7-21 Design of Work Systems
Work MeasurementWork Measurement
Standard time
Stopwatch time study
Historical times
Predetermined data
Work Sampling
7-22 Design of Work Systems
CompensationCompensation
Time-based system Compensation based on time an employee
has worked during a pay period Output-based (incentive) system
Compensation based on the amount of output an employee produces during a pay period
7-23 Design of Work Systems
Form of Incentive PlanForm of Incentive Plan
Accurate
Easy to apply
Consistent
Easy to understand
Fair
7-24 Design of Work Systems
CompensationCompensation
Individual Incentive Plans
Group Incentive Plans
Knowledge-Based Pay System
Management Compensation