Chap 3 MigrationRubenstein Human Geography

Be sure you are watching the assigned videos – see course web page to access the videos

TERMS• Relocation Diffusion • Migration and Mobility• Immigration and Emigration• Net migration = Immigration - Emigration

In the news: British

Columbia

Current Patterns of MigrationNote major donor and receiving regionsHow does this relate to largest pop. Concentrations?

Net Migration OECD Members value/1,000 people for example in 2003 Spain added 14.5 people for every 1,000 in the country

Year AustraliaAustria Canada DenmarkGreece Ireland Japan Spain United StatesOECD average1985 5.6 0.7 2.6 1.8 0.6 -9.3 0 0.4 2.7 0.31990 7.3 7.6 6.5 1.6 6.3 -2.2 0 0.9 3.1 3.11995 5.9 0.3 5.5 5.5 7.3 1.6 -0.4 0.9 4.4 2.71996 5.3 0.5 5.6 3.2 6.6 4.6 -0.1 1.3 4.6 2.51997 3.9 0.2 5.2 2.3 5.7 5.1 0.1 1.6 4.8 2.21998 4.8 1.1 3.9 2.1 5.1 4.5 0.3 3.1 4.2 2.21999 5.5 2.5 5.2 1.7 4.1 6.4 -0.1 4.9 4.4 2.72000 5.8 2.2 6.5 1.7 2.7 8.4 0.3 8.9 4.6 2.92001 7 2.2 7.9 2.2 3.5 10 1.1 10.1 4.5 3.42002 5.6 4.2 6.8 1.7 3.5 8.4 -0.4 15.7 4.4 4.22003 5.5 4.4 6.2 1.1 3.4 7.8 0.5 14.5 4.1 4.12004 5.2 6.2 6.2 0.9 11.6 3.7 3.62005 5.9 1.2 3.5 2.6

What causes Canada to be so high and Japan so low? Their fertility rates of native born citizens are quite similar.

Source: http://www.swivel.com/data_sets/show/1004869

Net Migration 2008

Generally Less Developed to More, also note the move out of the Sahel in Africa – Climate Change?

Changing Patterns across Time

Push – Pull Model

• Method for explaining and understanding Migration patters

• Is a two way dynamic system, means that both push factors & pull factors active

• Can quickly change over time especially as obstacles change or Push or Pull factors

• Can effect different parts of the population differently, such as:

• Age group• Gender, ethnic or religious group

Push, Pull & Obstacles

Three broad classifications of push and/or pull factors:1. Economic – historically strongest

2. Political (Rubenstein likes the word Cultural, also includes Religious)

3. Environmental – currently growing – note Sahel in Africa

Push examples

• Not enough jobs • Few opportunities • "Primitive" conditions • Desertification • Famine/drought • Political fear/persecution • Poor medical care • Loss of wealth • Natural Disasters

• Death threats • Slavery • Pollution • Poor housing • Landlords • Bullying • Poor chances of finding

courtship -- mate

Pull examples

• Job opportunities• Better living conditions • Political and/or religious

freedom • Enjoyment – Quality of

Life • Education

• Better medical care • Security • Family links • Industry • Better chances of finding

courtship

Gender Pull???

Blue: below 0.99 males/femaleWhite: 1.06 males/female (World Average)Red: above 1.13 males/female(Grey: no data)

Sex ratio of population aged below 15 years per country (2006 CIA World Factbook) – will China welcome foreign wives???

Push, Pull & Obstacles

Obstacles – Multiple but common ones1. Physical2. Political3. Cultural

http://www.securityglobalnews.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/homeland-security.jpg

http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/francis/US-MEXICO%20BORDER-WALL.jpg

Characteristics of Migrants: Study Questions & Critical Thinking

1. Gender: What historically was the mix of genders in international migration to the US? What is it today? What might have caused this change?

2. Age Cohort (or group): how has the immigration pattern to the US changed? Does this affect schools? Does this affect taxes? Does this affect politics?

How Push-Pull Model works– Think of countries as sunken bathtubs

Most common factors are demographically linked where -- Demographic Factors link to Economic, Political, and Environmental Influences

1. Births (CBR) – faucet or input2. Deaths (CDR) – drain or outflow3. RNI -- Rate a which “bathtub” is filling and/or spilling4. “Carrying Capacity” -- Size of the “bathtub”5. Technological Change -- Rate at which the capacity of

the bathtub changes6. Immigration, Emigration, & Net internal migration --

Overflow/Inflow7. Obstacles -- Channels and barriers

Guest Workers

• Read and reflect on this section since our country is about to (???) debate such legislation

SAY YOU’RE A Bangladeshi taxi driver struggling to survive on your daily wage in Dhaka. A couple of nongovernmental organizations have offered you help, but you can pick only one form of assistance: access to microcredit, or a chance to work in the United States. What’s the better deal? According to a recent analysis by the Center for Global Development, microcredit loans might net you an extra $700 over the course of a lifetime. Working stateside, you’re likely to make the same amount in a month. Nothing rich countries can send the global poor—not loans, not textbooks, not fair-wage…

http://www.google.com/search?q=%22guest+workers%22+us+2009&rls=com.microsoft:*:IE-SearchBox&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sourceid=ie7&rlz=1I7GGIH_en

Click to continue

We asked the experts from our discussion to weigh in again after reading Mr. Richtel’s article, which focused on a Google worker, Sanjay Mavinkurve, who is the United States on a H-1B guest worker visa. Here’s what they had to say.Mark Heesen, National Venture Capital Association Ron Hira, public policy professor, Rochester Institute of Technology Guillermina Jasso, sociology professor, N.Y.U. Norman Matloff, computer science professor, U.C. Davis Vivek Wadhwa, Pratt School of Engineering at Duke University John Miano, lawyer and computer programmer

Click to continue

History of American

ImmigrationAnd why has US

Immigration Changed

1st Wave 2nd Wave 3rd Wave Current Wave

???

European Immigration & Other movements to/inside the United States -- Three historical waves

plus current wave • First wave 1840-60

• Second wave 1870-90

• Third wave 1900-20

• Great (Internal) Migration 1916-1960

• Modern wave 1965-present

Wave 1

1. Early slow immigration pattern -- Prior to 1840 mostly British immigrants with small numbers of Germans, Dutch, French, & Scandinavians

2. First Wave -- 1840-60 – Western Europe primarily German, Irish & English

PUSH FACTORS-Macro level -- Demographic, Economic, Technologicala. Population pressure -- Stage 2 Demographic Transition

caused by the Industrial Revolution b. Too few jobs

a. Agriculture shedding laborb. Industry not creating enough

Wave 1

-Micro level (Place Specific) -- War & Faminea. 1848 year of Revolution – related to upheavels of

Industrial Revolution & Population Explosion (what did Karl Marx write at this time???)

b. Germany great disruptions that resulted in large-scale emigration

c. 1840's Ireland suffered a series of Potato famines -- starvation in part was a direct result landholding system which favored a few land owning elite over the mass of land poor people (sound like one of videos you are being asked to view?)– From Ireland came destitute people -- the first large scale

immigration of poverty stricken people, created our original large city slum areas

Wave 1

-PULL FACTORS -Primarily Macro Level -- Agricultural Land & Industrial Jobsa. Agricultural land available (U.S Public Land Survey)b. Industrial revolution – need labor -- 1824 world's first Planned

Industrial City (Lowell, MA) -- textile manufacturerc. Resources and European investment capital bountifuld. Result LABOR SHORTAGES despite stage 2 of the

demographic transition1) East: Immigration good for industry as a means of keeping wage

costs down 2) West: deals between American railroad “robber barons”, like

California Governor Leyland Stanford (yes, that's Stanford as in Stanford University), and Chinese labor tycoons to supply cheap Chinese laborers for railway construction.

a. In Washington State, as late as the early 20th century the Northern Pacific and Great Northern imported cheap Japanese crews for similar reasons.

Wave 1

3. End of first wave -- Civil War 1861-1865

Civil War Draft Riots 1863 NYC & Elsewhere

4. Second Wave -- 1870 - 1890 -- Still Northern & Western Europe PUSH FACTORS

-Macro level -- Demographic, Economic, Technologicala. Primarily the same as before

4. Second Wave -- 1870 - 1890 -- Still Northern & Western Europe PULL FACTORS -- remains much the same

as First Wave

a. Agricultural opportunities remain high

b. Industry continues to expand, becomes world leader in heavy industry -- especially steel

c. As labor attempts to unionize owners seek new cheaper replacement labor

d. Family reunification & gate keeper effect

Second Wave -- 1870 - 1890

End of second wave -- Panic of 1893 -- recession

A growing credit shortage created panic, resulting in a depression. Over the course of this depression 15,000 businesses, 600 banks, and 74 railroads failed. There was severe unemployment and wide-scale protesting, which in some cases became very violent.

Third Wave -- 1895-1915 -- Southern & Eastern Europe

PUSH FACTORS 

a. Industrial revolution moves south and east in Europe, demographic transition follows -- while Northern and Western Europe moves into stage 3

Third Wave -- 1895-1915 -- Southern & Eastern Europe

PULL FACTORS

a. Agricultural frontier generally closed by 1890, opportunities primarily in Urban areas

b. Industry quickly recovers from earlier recession and has voracious appetite for cheap foreign labor1) Lowell MA factory owners prefer to create work

gangs from multiple ethnic backgrounds on the hope that they will be unable to communicate and organize

Third Wave

End of Great Immigration Era -- WW I & Political Obstacles

Shifting Origin & Reaction: Note these circles don’t indicate the number of immigrants only the origins -- refer to next slide for numbers

1st Wave 2nd Wave 3rd Wave Current Wave

???

End of the Third Wave

a. Although immigration recovers after WW I, Quota Law/National Origin Laws passed in 1920 & 1924 effectively bar Eastern & Southern Europeans -- BARRIER

b. Following this the Great Depression of the 1930's and WW II until late 1940’s reduce any PULL FACTORS

5. Period of Internal Migration -- African-Americans from the south

a. The south never experienced the industrial expansion of the pre-WW II north in the US and the south never offered much of a pull to immigrants after 1840

1) The cheap agricultural labor of the south was African-American

b. Wartime production starting with WWI extending to the post-WW II expansion opened up industrial jobs to Blacks in large numbers

The Great Migration

PUSH FACTORS -- Economic

a. Economic servitude continued on southern tenant & sharecrop farms

b. Southern urban industrial opportunities were minimal, especially for Blacks

c. Segregation and Discrimination– Dejure Segregation

The Great MigrationPULL FACTORS -- Economic

a. Northern industry was desperate for cheap labor, but the European flow had dried-up

b. Southern blacks could double or triple their incomes by moving into jobs in the inner cities of the north

c. Less discrimination– Defacto segregation

Black owned Restaurant Chicago

6. NEW WAVE and Present International conditions --

1965 – presenta. Quota system abandoned in 1965, family

reunification and highly skilled immigrants favored (especially foreign grad students at American Universities)

b. Vietnam war & Cuba brings large numbers of refugees requiring comprehensive look at legislation on refugees -- many of these people, especially from Laos, represent very low skill labor (like most of our ancestors)

New WavePUSH FACTORS -- Asia, Africa, Latin America

(Developing World)

a. The industrial revolution and demographic transition arrived after WW II with the end of colonialism and the beginning of the Cold War.

b. Many of these nations have great resources but not enough capital

c. The artificial boundaries of the colonial era & current political instability has resulted in large scale displacements

d. Larger populations have overwhelmed the traditional carrying capacity in many third world nations leading to things like desertification

New Wave

PULL FACTORS -- Economic, Demographic

a. The US is in the latter part of stage 3, we lack sufficient young workers -- especially low skilled ones

b. Americans on average get to use 16 times the resources that people in the third world get (i.e. for a nation that traces our heritage to the poor of Europe and enslaved of Africa we're mighty wealthy)

Today

Where are we going???Can we solve our illegal migrant issue?

How many people should we take in each year, and under what type of a program?

Is the current economic downturn about to bring the “New Wave” to an end?

These are all questions that you will be called upon to deal with over the next several decades.

Destination of Immigrants to the End of 2007

An always changing American Landscape

In my extended family there are now American -- Pakistanis, Japanese, Croatians, Chinese, plusAfrican-Americans what about yours???

Other Sections

• Look these over carefully, they are pretty self explanatory and much of these you are well aware of

• Note especially the interregional migration patterns in Large Countries

What is this map demonstrating?

Note the circled area of loss, anyone know the environmental factor heavily contributing to this outflow and decline?

Videos• Chinese to America Immigration – interesting picture collage past to present

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hqT_esGJinM&feature=related • Immigration in the United States - 1900s http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=8RZbmeiYkJ0&feature=related• The Arrival of Immigrants – includes Edison Film shot in July 24,1903 and reference to Charlie Chaplin

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0dpjClXOOM&feature=related • An African in America Today http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TL8wNI5N8_g&feature=related • 400 iLLEGAL ALIENS strolling across the border http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODERBqMlMd4 • UKIP Labour, Liberal Democrats and Labour Debate immigration - 2010 p 1 of 2

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YOAgt6heZM

AUDIO storiesDiscussin of Angle Island in San Francisco Bay and the Chinese Exclusion Acthttp://www.npr.org/templates/rundowns/rundown.php?prgId=5&prgDate=10-6-2010

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVP0RRvl2WE

Great Migration

• Michelle Obama’s family roots and her ancestors migration from the South to the North

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/10/08/us/politics/20091008-obama-family-tree.html