Chap. 1Molecular and Bio-logical Chemistry

BIOINFORMATICS ?• BT(Bio Technology) + IT(Information Technology)

Bioinformatics

Evolution

MolecularBiology

Phylogenetics Genetics

Transcriptomics

ProteomicsSystemBiology

DevelopmentalBiology

StructureofDNA

Nucleotides

Phosphate (P)

Sugar (S)

Nitrogenous bases

Adenine (A) Thymine (T)

Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)

A al-ways pairs with T (see

part b)

G al-ways pairs

with C (see

part b)

Deoxyribose

Purines Pyrimidines

Each nucleotide is composed of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Double-helix

X

Su

gar-p

hosp

hate

“h

an

dra

il”Su

gar-

ph

osp

hate

“h

an

dra

il”

DNA double helixis made of two strands.

Each strand is a chain of of antiparallelnucleotides.

“Rungs” made of nitroge-nous bases

“Rung”

“Handrails” made of sugars and phos-phates

Nucleotides within strand are connected by covalent bonds.

The two strands are con-nected by hydrogen bonds be-tween the nucleo-tides.

Nucleotide

Packing

Blue: nuclear genomeRed: mitochondria genomeGreen: chloroplast genome

Mid-phase Inter-phase

FISH (florescence in situ hybridization) for Amborella trichopoda

A SEM picture of human chromosome

3) DNA POLYMERASE

GT T T TC CA A G G G

2) PRIMER3’5’

AC TA C G TA CG TA C GT G T C CT AC G G TT CT T CT T A G T TG T A C CA CA G TA C TCG TA C T CG TA C T AAA

1) TEMPLETE3’ 5’

…

4) dNTP’s pool

G

C

A

T

dATP

dCTP

dGTPdTTP

5) Mg++

G

CA

T

A

A

A

A

C

C

C

C

G

T

G

T

G

T G

T

GT T T TC CA A G G G

AC TA C G TA CG TA C GT G T C CT AC G G TT CT T CT T A G T TG T A C CA CA G TA C TCG TA C T CG TA C T AAA

3’

5’

5’

…

Newly synthesised strand

C A A G G A CG T C CA A A T G C A A G A A A A A A AG G G G GT T T T T TC C C CA AG GAA

G

T

DNA polymerization: DNA polymerase extends a primer by using a complementary strand as a template.

DNA polymerizationUnzip first!

DNA replication

DNA replication 1

DNA replication 2

Reverse-transcription

Central Dogma

Transcription and Translation

Translation animationTranscription animation

P-siteA-site

Ribosome

In prokaryotes,Large subunit = 23S rRNA + 5S rRNA + proteinsSmall subunit = 16S rRNA + proteins

mRNArRNAtRNA

Codon table

Q: 왜 codon 은 triple codon 일까 ?

Genetic codeCodon: triple base pairs defining each amino acid.Why genetic code is triple? double code represents 42 = 16 different information triple code: 43 = 64 (two much to represent 20 amino acids) Degenerate site - twofold degenerate site - fourfold degenerate site

Synonymous codonNonsynonymous codonInitiation codon: AUGStop codon: UAA UAG UGA

In chemistry, polarity refers to a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an elec-tric dipole or multipole moment.

H2O

Protein structure animation

Protein structure

Fold it-protein folding game

Nate news about “Fold it”

• Introns: sequences which are dis-carded during protein synthesis

- nearly always have “GT-----AG” structure

• Exons: encode the finished protein

• Number, size, and organization of introns varies greatly from gene to gene

- histon: no intron virus SV40: 31bp human dystrophin gene: 210,000bp

Splicing animation

Splicing

• Alternative splicing: gives diversity in functional proteins.

Alternative splicing

Kim et al., 2005. Sequence and expression studies of A-, B-, and E-CLASS MADS-box homologues in Eupomatia (Eupomatiaceae): support for the bracteate origin of the ca-lyptra. International Journal of Plant Sciences 166: 185-198.

웹사이트의 저널 1 확인 하시오 .

mRNA Processing

1) 5’ capping

2) Splicing

3) 3’ tailing