Change in East Asia

Chapter 15, sections 1-3

Change in East Asia Outline• Decline of the Qing

Dynasty– Reasons for decline– Imperialism reaches China

• Revolution in China– Civil war– Chinese society

• Rise of Modern Japan– End to isolationism– Meiji Japan– Imperialism reaches Japan

Decline of the Qing Dynasty• Remember?

– Qing take over after Ming– Kangxi most famous ruler– Originally allowed

Europeans, but banned them after fallout with missionaries

– Europeans still interested in trade with China

• Qing dynasty begins to fall due to external and internal factors

External Factor – The Opium War• British are importing more than exporting

– Losing $$$• Begin to offer opium grown in India to

Chinese– Highly addictive drug, makes $$$ for British

• After British refuse to quit selling drug, Chinese begin searches of all goods coming through ports– Upset British begin war in 1839– War ends when British sail up Yangtze River,

Qing make peace• Treaty of Nanjing (1842) is signed

– Opens 5 ports for British instead of 1– Limits taxes for British goods– Chinese pay for war damages– At port, Europeans followed their own

laws…practice called extraterritoriality

Internal Factor – Tai Ping Rebellion• Economic issues lead to this

peasant rebellion– Led by Hong Xiuquan, who believed

he was a brother of Jesus Christ• People were to give up private

possessions, people were viewed as equals, everything was to be shared

• 1853 – Rebels killed 25,000 men, women, and children in Nanjing

• 1864 – With help from Europeans, Qing took back Nanjing and ended rebellion

• 20 million died over 14 year period of war

Qing Reform• In order to fight rebels, Qing

relied on local warlords that taxed their people to raise armies– After rebellion ends, they still

hold power• Warlords demand Qing begin

practice of self strengthening– Adopting Western technology

while maintaining Confucian values

• China becomes more open to European ideas, while still holding traditional values

Advancing Imperialism and the Open Door

• Struggle with foreign powers– Treaty of Tianjin (1858) Chinese legalize

opium, opened more ports, gave land to Britain• Treaty forced by Britain and France, Britain

would seize Beijing in 1860– Spheres of influence, or areas where

imperial powers had exclusive trading rights, existed throughout China

• Struggle from within– Emperor Guang Xu started a movement

known as the One Hundred Days of Reform• Implemented Western government,

educational ideas– Many conservatives did not want

change, stopped movement• Guang Xu’s aunt and the imperial army

imprisoned him to end efforts

Open Door Policy• Qing Dynasty continues to

weaken– Britain and U.S. afraid of other

nations taking over China• 1899 – John Hay, US

Secretary of State under William McKinley, suggests Open Door Policy– Equal access to Chinese

market for all nations• Spheres of influence

diminished, but still exist

Boxer Rebellion• Boxers were members of the Society

of Harmonious Fists– Upset with Imperialists in China– Slogan was “destroy the foreigner”

• Gangs killed missionaries, Chinese Christians, and any foreigners they crossed

• In response, 20,000 troops attacked in August 1900– British, French, Russian, German,

Japanese, and American troops• Chinese forced to pay for all

damages to powers that crushed Boxers– Known as an indemnity

• Chinese now weaker than ever

“Change” in China…• Change?

– Nationwide education systems set up– Provincial, or local, elections held for

legislative and national assemblies• Still, assemblies could only advise rulers• Nothing really done for peasants

• Sun Yat-sen & Revolution– Wanted Qing out– 1905 – In Tokyo, found like-minded

Chinese and formed the Revolutionary Alliance

– Sun said China could be claimed through (1) A military takeover, (2) Preparation for democracy, & (3) A constitutional democracy

– Revolutionary Alliance became the Nationalist Party calling for nationalism, democracy, and the right for people to pursue their own livelihood

Chinese Civil War• Revolution of 1911

– 1908 – Guang Xu and aunt Empress Dowager Ci Xi die, Henry Pu Yi takes throne

– 1911 – Sun Yat-sen’s followers launch attack

– Revolutionary Alliance takes China, supported by Western powers

• China in Chaos– General Yuan Shigai takes over

• Military leader that had led revolution– Yuan cut down on democratic

organizations, tried to re-create imperial dynasty

– China continued down a path of war even after Yuan’s death

Chinese Society• Society

– Westerners in China meant changes• Introduced new transportation and

communication• Created an export market• Pushed Chinese market into the

world economy– All pushed for commodities, or

marketable products from China• Culture

– Western books, paintings, music, and ideas were introduced

– Cities saw Europeanized changes while rural areas remained traditional

Japan and Isolationism• Ending Isolation

– Western powers approached Japan hoping for trade

– US first to succeed• Matthew Perry and a fleet of warships arrived,

left a letter requesting trade from President Millard Fillmore

• Also asked for shipwrecked Americans held prisoner

– Treaty of Kanagawa (1850s)• Japanese say yes to both• Japanese feel US military superiority warrants

concessions, or political compromises

• Resisting the New Order– Many upset with foreign relations decision– 1863 – Sat-Cho alliance forms, ended

Western relations in Japan– 1868 – Sat-Cho forced shogun to resign,

declared all power returned to emperor

Meiji Restoration• The Restoration

– Emperor Mutsuhito became symbol of new Sat-Cho era

– Called the era Meiji, or “enlightened rule”• New Politics

– Stripped Daimyo of land, made them governors of the prefectures, or territories

– Japanese studied political systems of Western nations

– Two parties began to emerge• Liberals – Wanted a parliament to hold authority• Progressives – Wanted executive/legislative

branches– Progressives won, and emperor lost power to

prime minister– Upper and lower houses, with both having

elected officials and the upper also having appointed officials

Meiji Society• Economics

– Farmers taxed $$$ instead of % of crops

– $$$ raised put towards industry• Social Structure

– Military – All men served for 3 years

– Education – Followed American system of elementary, secondary, and universities

• Daily Life– Women could be educated– Western culture began to influence

younger generation– Workers had little rights

Imperialist Japan• Expansion

– Took land in China and Korea• War with Russia

– Land disputes in Korea led to war– 1904 – Japanese attack Russians

• Surprises Russians– Russians brought navy around South

Africa to Japan– 1905 – Russians surrender to Japan

• American Relations– Rocky relations, US fears Japanese

influence in East Asia– 1905 – Recognize Japan’s control of Korea

in return for US control of Philippines– 1907 – Teddy Roosevelt restricts Japanese

immigration to US, creating tension– 1910 – Japan annexes Korea

Exit Slip

• What was the Open Door Policy?

• Explain the cause of the Boxer Rebellion.

• What kinds of changes did General Yuan Shigai make when he became emperor of China?