Mao Zedong 1

Mao ZedongThis is a Chinese name; the family name is Mao.

Mao Zedong毛泽东

Portrait of Mao Zedong as displayed at the Tiananmen Gate

1st Chairman of the Communist Party of China

In office20 March 1943 - 9 September 1976

(33 years, 173 days)

Deputy Liu ShaoqiLin BiaoZhou EnlaiHua Guofeng

Preceded by Zhang Wentian(as General Secretary)

Succeeded by Hua Guofeng

1st Chairman of the People's Republic of China

In office27 September 1954 – 27 April 1959

Premier Zhou Enlai

Deputy Zhu De

Preceded by Position Created

Succeeded by Liu Shaoqi

1st Chairman of the Central Military Commission

In office8 September 1954 – 9 September 1976

Preceded by Position Created

Succeeded by Hua Guofeng

1st Chairman of the CPPCC

Mao Zedong 2

In officeOctober 1, 1949 – December 25, 1954

Preceded by Position Created

Succeeded by Zhou Enlai

In officeDecember 25, 1954 – September 9, 1976 (honorary)

Born December 26, 1893Shaoshan, Hunan, China

Died September 9, 1976 (aged 82)Beijing, People's Republic of China

Nationality Chinese

Political party Communist Party of China

Spouse(s) Luo Yixiu (1907–1910)Yang Kaihui (1920–1930)He Zizhen (1930–1937)Jiang Qing (1939–1976)

Signature

Mao Zedong Simplified Chinese 毛泽东Traditional Chinese 毛澤東 Hanyu Pinyin Máo Zédōng

Mandarin pronunciation: [mɑ̌ʊ tsɤ̌tʊ́ŋ]

Chairman Mao

Chinese 毛主席

Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung listen (26 December 1893  – 9 September 1976), was a Chinesecommunist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, author, political theorist, and leader of the Chinese Revolution.Commonly referred to as Chairman Mao, he was the architect of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from itsestablishment in 1949, and held authoritarian control over the nation until his death in 1976. His theoreticalcontribution to Marxism-Leninism, along with his military strategies and brand of political policies, are nowcollectively known as Maoism.Mao is credited with commanding the Long March and leading the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victoryagainst Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War, defeating an assortment of powerfulregional warlords, and helping repel a Japanese invasion. Later, through his policies, he laid the economic,technological and cultural foundations of modern China, transforming the country from an underdevelopedpeasant-based agrarian society into a major industrialized world power. However, he remains a controversial figureto this day, with a contentious legacy that is subject to continuing revision and fierce debate.He is officially held in high regard in China as a great revolutionary, political strategist, military mastermind, andsavior of the nation. Additionally, Mao is viewed as an intellectual, poet, philosopher, and visionary; the latter is dueprimarily to the cult of personality fostered during his time in power.[1] Conversely, nationwide political campaignsled by Mao, such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, are blamed for millions of deaths, causingsevere famine and damage to the culture, society and economy of China. His rule from 1949 to 1976 is widelybelieved to have caused the deaths of 40 to 70 million people.[2] [3] [4] [5]

Mao Zedong 3

Despite the ongoing dispute, he is still regarded as one of the most important figures in modern world history,[6] andwas named one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century by Time Magazine.[7]

Early life

Mao in 1927

Mao was born on December 26, 1893, in Shaoshan, Hunan Province,China. His father was a poor peasant who became a propserous farmerand grain dealer. At age 8 he began studying at the village primaryschool, but left school at 13 to work on the family farm. He later leftthe farm to continue his studies at a secondary school in Changsha, thecapital of Hunan province. When the Xinhai Revolution against theQing Dynasty broke out in 1911 he joined the Revolutionary Army inHunan. In the spring of 1912 the war ended, the Republic of China wasfounded and Mao left the army. He eventually returned to school,[8]

and in 1918 graduated from the First Provincial Normal School ofHunan.

Following his graduation, it is believed that Mao traveled withProfessor Yang Changji, his college teacher and future father-in-law, toBeijing in 1919. Prior to his death in 1920, Professor Yang held afaculty position at Peking University, and at his recommendation, Mao

worked as an assistant librarian at the University Library under the curatorship of Li Dazhao, who would come togreatly influence Mao's future thought. Mao registered as a part-time student at Beijing University and attended afew lectures and seminars by intellectuals, such as Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi, and Qian Xuantong. During his stay inShanghai, he engaged himself as much as possible in reading which introduced him to Communist theories.

He married Yang Kaihui, Professor Yang's daughter and a fellow student, despite an existing marriage with LuoYixiu arranged by his father at home, which Mao never acknowledged. In October 1930, the Kuomintang (KMT)captured Yang Kaihui as well as her son, Anying. The KMT imprisoned them both, and Anying was later sent to hisrelatives after the KMT killed his mother. At this time, Mao was living with He Zizhen, a co-worker and 17 year oldgirl from Yongxing, Jiangxi.[9] Likely due to poor language skills (Mao never learned to speak Mandarin, havinglived in a Xiang-speaking community), he turned down an opportunity to study in France.[10]

On July 23, 1921, Mao, age 27, attended the first session of the National Congress of the Communist Party of Chinain Shanghai. Two years later, he was elected as one of the five commissars of the Central Committee of the Partyduring the third Congress session. Later that year, Mao returned to Hunan at the instruction of the CPC CentralCommittee and the Kuomintang Central Committee to organize the Hunan branch of the Kuomintang.[11] In 1924, hewas a delegate to the first National Conference of the Kuomintang, where he was elected an Alternate Executive ofthe Central Committee. In 1924, he became an Executive of the Shanghai branch of the Kuomintang and Secretaryof the Organization Department.For a while, Mao remained in Shanghai, an important city that the CPC emphasized for the Revolution. However,the Party encountered major difficulties organizing labor union movements and building a relationship with itsnationalist ally, the KMT. The Party had become poor, and Mao became disillusioned with the revolution and movedback to Shaoshan. During his stay at home, Mao's interest in the revolution was rekindled after hearing of the 1925uprisings in Shanghai and Guangzhou. His political ambitions returned, and he then went to Guangdong, the base ofthe Kuomintang, to take part in the preparations for the second session of the National Congress of Kuomintang. InOctober 1925, Mao became acting Propaganda Director of the Kuomintang.In early 1927, Mao returned to Hunan where, in an urgent meeting held by the Communist Party, he made a report based on his investigations of the peasant uprisings in the wake of the Northern Expedition. His "Report on the

Mao Zedong 4

Peasant Movement in Hunan" is considered the initial and decisive step towards the successful application of Mao'srevolutionary theories.[12]

Political ideasAfter graduating from Hunan Normal School, the highest level of schooling available in his province, Mao spent sixmonths studying independently. Mao was first introduced to communism while working at Peking University, and in1921 he attended the organizational meeting of the Communist Party of China (or CPC). He first encounteredMarxism while he worked as a library assistant at Peking University.Other important influences on Mao were the Russian revolution and, according to some scholars, the Chinese literaryworks: Outlaws of the Marsh and Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Mao sought to subvert the alliance ofimperialism and feudalism in China. He thought the KMT to be both economically and politically vulnerable andthus that the revolution could not be steered by Nationalists.Throughout the 1920s, Mao led several labour struggles based upon his studies of the propagation and organizationof the contemporary labour movements.[13] However, these struggles were successfully subdued by the government,and Mao fled from Changsha, Hunan after he was labeled a radical activist. He pondered these failures and finallyrealized that industrial workers were unable to lead the revolution because they made up only a small portion ofChina's population, and unarmed labour struggles could not resolve the problems of imperial and feudal suppression.Mao began to depend on Chinese peasants who later became staunch supporters of his theory of violent revolution.This dependence on the rural rather than the urban proletariat to instigate violent revolution distinguished Mao fromhis predecessors and contemporaries. Mao himself was from a peasant family, and thus he cultivated his reputationamong the farmers and peasants and introduced them to Marxism.[12] [14]

His two 1937 essays, 'On Contradiction' and 'On Practice', are concerned with the practical strategies of arevolutionary movement and stress the importance of practical, grass-roots knowledge, obtained through experience.Both essays reflect the guerilla roots of Maoism in the need to build up support in the countryside against a Japaneseoccupying force and emphasise the need to win over hearts and minds through 'education'. The essays, excerpts ofwhich appear in the 'Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong', warn against the behaviour of the blindfolded mantrying to catch sparrows, and the 'Imperial envoy' descending from his carriage to 'spout opinions' .

War

Mao in 1931

"Revolution is not a dinner party, nor an essay, nor a painting,nor a piece of embroidery; it cannot be advanced softly,gradually, carefully, considerately, respectfully, politely, plainly,and modestly. A revolution is an insurrection, an act of violenceby which one class overthrows another."

– Mao Zedong [15]

In 1927, Mao conducted the famous Autumn Harvest Uprising inChangsha, as commander-in-chief. Mao led an army, called the"Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants", which was defeatedand scattered after fierce battles. Afterwards, the exhausted troops wereforced to leave Hunan for Sanwan, Jiangxi, where Mao re-organizedthe scattered soldiers, rearranging the military division into smallerregiments.

Mao Zedong 5

Mao also ordered that each company must have a party branch office with a commissar as its leader who would givepolitical instructions based upon superior mandates. This military rearrangement in Sanwan, Jiangxi initiated theCPC's absolute control over its military force and has been considered to have the most fundamental and profoundimpact upon the Chinese revolution. Later, they moved to the Jinggang Mountains, Jiangxi.In the Jinggang Mountains, Mao persuaded two local insurgent leaders to pledge their allegiance to him. There, Maojoined his army with that of Zhu De, creating the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army of China, Red Army in short.Mao's tactics were strongly based on that of the Spanish Guerillas during the Napoleonic Wars.From 1931 to 1934, Mao helped establish the Soviet Republic of China and was elected Chairman of this smallrepublic in the mountainous areas in Jiangxi. Here, Mao was married to He Zizhen. His previous wife, Yang Kaihui,had been arrested and executed in 1930, just three years after their departure.It was alleged that Mao orchestrated the Anti-Bolshevik League incident and the Futian incident.In Jiangxi, Mao's authoritative domination, especially that of the military force, was challenged by the Jiangxi branchof the CPC and military officers. Mao's opponents, among whom the most prominent was Li Wenlin, the founder ofthe CPC's branch and Red Army in Jiangxi, were against Mao's land policies and proposals to reform the local partybranch and army leadership. Mao reacted first by accusing the opponents of opportunism and kulakism and then setoff a series of systematic suppressions of them.[16]

Under the direction of Mao, it is reported that horrible methods of torture took place[17] and given names such as'sitting in a sedan chair', 'airplane ride', 'toad-drinking water', and 'monkey pulling reins.'[17] The wives of severalsuspects had their breasts cut open and their genitals burned.[17] Short (2001) estimates that tens of thousands ofsuspected enemies,[18] perhaps as many as 186,000,[19] were killed during this purge. Critics accuse Mao's authorityin Jiangxi of being secured and reassured through the revolutionary terrorism, or red terrorism.[20]

Mao, with the help of Zhu De, built a modest but effective army, undertook experiments in rural reform andgovernment, and provided refuge for Communists fleeing the rightist purges in the cities. Mao's methods arenormally referred to as Guerrilla warfare; but he himself made a distinction between guerrilla warfare (youji zhan)and Mobile Warfare (yundong zhan).

Mao with his third wife, He Zizhen, in 1928

Mao's Guerrilla Warfare and Mobile Warfare was based uponthe fact of the poor armament and military training of the RedArmy which consisted mainly of impoverished peasants, who,however, were all encouraged by revolutionary passions andaspiring after a communist utopia.Around 1930, there had been more than ten regions, usuallyentitled "soviet areas", under control of the CPC.[21] Therelative prosperity of "soviet areas" startled and worriedChiang Kai-shek, chairman of the Kuomintang government,who waged five waves of besieging campaigns against the"central soviet area." More than one million Kuomintangsoldiers were involved in these five campaigns, four of whichwere defeated by the Red Army led by Mao. By June 1932 (the height of its power), the Red Army had no less than45,000 soldiers, with a further 200,000 local militia acting as a subsidiary force.[22]

Under increasing pressure from the KMT encirclement campaigns, there was a struggle for power within theCommunist leadership. Mao was removed from his important positions and replaced by individuals (including ZhouEnlai) who appeared loyal to the orthodox line advocated by Moscow and represented within the CPC by a groupknown as the 28 Bolsheviks.Chiang, who had earlier assumed nominal control of China due in part to the Northern Expedition, was determined to eliminate the Communists. By October 1934, he had them surrounded, prompting them to engage in the "Long

Mao Zedong 6

March", a retreat from Jiangxi in the southeast to Shaanxi in the northwest of China. It was during this 9,600kilometer (5,965 mile), year-long journey that Mao emerged as the top Communist leader, aided by the ZunyiConference and the defection of Zhou Enlai to Mao's side. At this Conference, Mao entered the Standing Committeeof the Politburo of the Communist Party of China.According to the standard Chinese Communist Party line, from his base in Yan'an, Mao led the Communistresistance against the Japanese in the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). However, Mao further consolidatedpower over the Communist Party in 1942 by launching the Shu Fan movement, or "Rectification" campaign againstrival CPC members such as Wang Ming, Wang Shiwei, and Ding Ling. Also while in Yan'an, Mao divorced HeZizhen and married the actress Lan Ping, who would become known as Jiang Qing.

Mao in 1938, writing On Protracted War [23]

During the Sino-Japanese War, Mao Zedong's military strategies, laidout in On Guerrilla Warfare were opposed by both Chiang Kai-shekand the United States. The US regarded Chiang as an important ally,able to help shorten the war by engaging the Japanese occupiers inChina. Chiang, in contrast, sought to build the ROC army for thecertain conflict with Mao's communist forces after the end of WorldWar II. This fact was not understood well in the US, and preciouslend-lease armaments continued to be allocated to the Kuomintang.

In turn, Mao spent part of the war (as to whether it was most or only alittle is disputed) fighting the Kuomintang for control of certain partsof China. Both the Communists and Nationalists have been criticised

for fighting amongst themselves rather than allying against the Japanese Imperial Army. Some argue, however, thatthe Nationalists were better equipped and fought more against Japan.[24]

In 1944, the Americans sent a special diplomatic envoy, called the Dixie Mission, to the Communist Party of China.According to Edwin Moise, in Modern China: A History 2nd Edition:

Most of the Americans were favorably impressed. The CPC seemed less corrupt, more unified, and morevigorous in its resistance to Japan than the KMT. United States fliers shot down over North China...confirmedto their superiors that the CPC was both strong and popular over a broad area. In the end, the contacts withthe USA developed with the CPC led to very little.

General George C. Marshall and Mao Zedong in Yan'an

After the end of World War II, the U.S. continued tosupport Chiang Kai-shek, now openly against thePeople's Liberation Army led by Mao Zedong in thecivil war for control of China. The U.S. support waspart of its view to contain and defeat worldcommunism. Likewise, the Soviet Union gavequasi-covert support to Mao (acting as a concernedneighbor more than a military ally, to avoid openconflict with the U.S.) and gave large supplies of armsto the Communist Party of China, although newerChinese records indicate the Soviet "supplies" were notas large as previously believed, and consistently fell short of the promised amount of aid.

In 1948, the People’s Liberation Army starved out the Kuomintang forces occupying the city of Changchun. At least160,000 civilians are believed to have perished during the siege, which lasted from June until October. PLAlieutenant colonel Zhang Zhenglu, who documented the siege in his book White Snow, Red Blood, compared it toHiroshima: “The casualties were about the same. Hiroshima took nine seconds; Changchun took five months.”[25]

Mao Zedong 7

On January 21, 1949, Kuomintang forces suffered massive losses against Mao's forces. In the early morning ofDecember 10, 1949, PLA troops laid siege to Chengdu, the last KMT-occupied city in mainland China, and ChiangKai-shek evacuated from the mainland to Taiwan (Formosa) that same day.

Leadership of China

Mao Zedong declares the People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China was establishedon October 1, 1949. It was the culmination ofover two decades of civil and international war.From 1954 to 1959, Mao was the Chairman ofthe PRC. During this period, Mao was calledChairman Mao (毛主席) or the Great LeaderChairman Mao (伟大领袖毛主席).

The Communist Party assumed control of allmedia in the country and used it to promote theimage of Mao and the Party. The Nationalistsunder General Chiang Kai-Shek were vilified aswere countries such as the United States ofAmerica and Japan. The Chinese people wereexhorted to devote themselves to build andstrengthen their country through Communist

ideology. In his speech declaring the foundation of the PRC, Mao is famously said to have announced: "The Chinesepeople have stood up" (though whether he actually said it is disputed[26] ).

Mao took up residence in Zhongnanhai, a compound next to the Forbidden City in Beijing, and there he ordered theconstruction of an indoor swimming pool and other buildings. Mao often did his work either in bed or by the side ofthe pool, preferring not to wear formal clothes unless absolutely necessary, according to Dr. Li Zhisui, his personalphysician. (Li's book, The Private Life of Chairman Mao, is regarded as controversial, especially by thosesympathetic to Mao.)In October 1950, Mao made the decision to send the People's Volunteer Army into Korea and fought against theUnited Nations forces led by the U.S. Historical records showed that Mao directed the PVA campaigns in the KoreanWar to the minute details.[27]

Mao Zedong 8

Mao with his fourth wife, Jiang Qing, called "MadameMao," 1946

Along with land reform, during which significant numbers oflandlords were beaten to death at mass meetings organized bythe Communist Party as land was taken from them and givento poorer peasants,[28] there was also the Campaign toSuppress Counterrevolutionaries,[29] which involved publicexecutions targeting mainly former Kuomintang officials,businessmen accused of "disturbing" the market, formeremployees of Western companies and intellectuals whoseloyalty was suspect.[30] The U.S. State department in 1976estimated that there may have been a million killed in the landreform, 800,000 killed in the counterrevolutionarycampaign.[31]

Mao himself claimed that a total of 700,000 people wereexecuted during the years 1949–53.[32] However, becausethere was a policy to select "at least one landlord, and usuallyseveral, in virtually every village for public execution",[33] thenumber of deaths range between 2 million[33] [34] and 5million.[35] [36] In addition, at least 1.5 million people,[37]

perhaps as many as 4 to 6 million,[38] were sent to "reform through labour" camps where many perished.[38] Maoplayed a personal role in organizing the mass repressions and established a system of execution quotas,[39] whichwere often exceeded.[29] Nevertheless he defended these killings as necessary for the securing of power.[40]

Starting in 1951, Mao initiated two successive movements in an effort to rid urban areas of corruption by targetingwealthy capitalists and political opponents, known as the three-anti/five-anti campaigns. A climate of raw terrordeveloped as workers denounced their bosses, wives turned on their husbands, and children informed on theirparents; the victims often were humiliated at struggle sessions, a method designed to intimidate and terrify people tothe maximum. Mao insisted that minor offenders be criticized and reformed or sent to labor camps, "while the worstamong them should be shot." These campaigns took several hundred thousand additional lives, the vast majority viasuicide.[41]

In Shanghai, people jumping to their deaths became so commonplace that residents avoided walking on thepavement near skyscrapers for fear that suicides might land on them.[42] Some biographers have pointed out thatdriving those perceived as enemies to suicide was a common tactic during the Mao-era. For example, in hisbiography of Mao, Philip Short notes that in the Yan'an Rectification Movement, Mao gave explicit instructions that"no cadre is to be killed," but in practice allowed security chief Kang Sheng to drive opponents to suicide and that"this pattern was repeated throughout his leadership of the People's Republic."[43]

Following the consolidation of power, Mao launched the First Five-Year Plan (1953–58). The plan aimed to endChinese dependence upon agriculture in order to become a world power. With the Soviet Union's assistance, newindustrial plants were built and agricultural production eventually fell to a point where industry was beginning toproduce enough capital that China no longer needed the USSR's support. The success of the First-Five Year Plan wasto encourage Mao to instigate the Second Five-Year Plan, the Great Leap Forward, in 1958. Mao also launched aphase of rapid collectivization. The CPC introduced price controls as well as a Chinese character simplificationaimed at increasing literacy. Large-scale industrialization projects were also undertaken.Programs pursued during this time include the Hundred Flowers Campaign, in which Mao indicated his supposed willingness to consider different opinions about how China should be governed. Given the freedom to express themselves, liberal and intellectual Chinese began opposing the Communist Party and questioning its leadership. This was initially tolerated and encouraged. After a few months, Mao's government reversed its policy and persecuted those, totalling perhaps 500,000, who criticized, as well as those who were merely alleged to have

Mao Zedong 9

criticized, the party in what is called the Anti-Rightist Movement. Authors such as Jung Chang have alleged that theHundred Flowers Campaign was merely a ruse to root out "dangerous" thinking.[44]

Others such as Dr Li Zhisui have suggested that Mao had initially seen the policy as a way of weakening thosewithin his party who opposed him, but was surprised by the extent of criticism and the fact that it began to bedirected at his own leadership. It was only then that he used it as a method of identifying and subsequentlypersecuting those critical of his government. The Hundred Flowers movement led to the condemnation, silencing,and death of many citizens, also linked to Mao's Anti-Rightist Movement, with death tolls possibly in the millions.

Great Leap Forward

The Red Flag of Mao

In January 1958, Mao Zedong launched the second Five-YearPlan, known as the Great Leap Forward, a plan intended as analternative model for economic growth to the Soviet modelfocusing on heavy industry that was advocated by others in theparty. Under this economic program, the relatively smallagricultural collectives which had been formed to date wererapidly merged into far larger people's communes, and many of thepeasants ordered to work on massive infrastructure projects andthe small-scale production of iron and steel. Some private foodproduction was banned; livestock and farm implements werebrought under collective ownership.

Under the Great Leap Forward, Mao and other party leaders ordered the implementation of a variety of unproven andunscientific new agricultural techniques by the new communes. Combined with the diversion of labor to steelproduction and infrastructure projects and the reduced personal incentives under a commune system, this led to anapproximately 15% drop in grain production in 1959 followed by a further 10% reduction in 1960 and no recovery in1961 (Spence, 553).In an effort to win favor with their superiors and avoid being purged, each layer in the party hierarchy exaggeratedthe amount of grain produced under them and based on the fabricated success, party cadres were ordered torequisition a disproportionately high amount of the true harvest for state use primarily in the cities and urban areasbut also for export. The net result, which was compounded in some areas by drought and in others by floods, wasthat the rural peasants were not left enough to eat and many millions starved to death in the largest famine in humanhistory. This famine was a direct cause of the death of some 30 million Chinese peasants between 1959 and 1962 andabout the same number of births were lost or postponed.[45] Further, many children who became emaciated andmalnourished during years of hardship and struggle for survival died shortly after the Great Leap Forward came toan end in 1962 (Spence, 553).The extent of Mao's knowledge as to the severity of the situation has been disputed. According to some, mostnotably Dr. Li Zhisui, Mao was not aware of anything more than a mild food and general supply shortage until late1959.

"But I do not think that when he spoke on July 2, 1959, he knew how bad the disaster had become, andhe believed the party was doing everything it could to manage the situation"

Hong Kong-based historian Frank Dikötter, who has sifted through well over a thousand documents in recentlyopened Chinese local and regional party archives, challenges the notion that Mao didn't know about the famine untilit was too late:

"The idea that the state mistakenly took too much grain from the countryside because it assumed that the harvest was much larger than it was is largely a myth – at most partially true for the autumn of 1958 only. In most cases the party knew very well that it was starving its own people to death. At a secret

Mao Zedong 10

meeting in the Jinjiang Hotel in Shanghai dated 25 March 1959, Mao specifically ordered the party toprocure up to one third of all the grain, much more than had ever been the case. At the meeting heannounced that 'When there is not enough to eat people starve to death. It is better to let half of thepeople die so that the other half can eat their fill.'" [46]

In Hungry Ghosts, Jasper Becker notes that Mao was dismissive of reports he received of food shortages in thecountryside and refused to change course, believing that peasants were lying and that rightists and kulaks werehoarding grain. He refused to open state granaries,[47] and instead launched a series of "anti-grain concealment"drives that resulted in numerous purges and suicides.[48] Other violent campaigns followed in which party leaderswent from village to village in search of hidden food reserves, and not only grain, as Mao issued quotas for pigs,chickens, ducks and eggs. Many peasants accused of hiding food were tortured and beaten to death.[49]

Whatever the case, the Great Leap Forward led to millions of deaths in China. Mao lost esteem among many of thetop party cadres and was eventually forced to abandon the policy in 1962, also losing some political power tomoderate leaders, notably Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. However, Mao and national propaganda claimed that hewas only partly to blame. As a result, he was able to remain Chairman of the Communist Party, with the Presidencytransferred to Liu Shaoqi.The Great Leap Forward was a disaster for China. Although the steel quotas were officially reached, almost all of itmade in the countryside was useless lumps of iron, as it had been made from assorted scrap metal in home-madefurnaces with no reliable source of fuel such as coal. According to Zhang Rongmei, a geometry teacher in ruralShanghai during the Great Leap Forward:

"We took all the furniture, pots, and pans we had in our house, and all our neighbors did likewise. Weput all everything in a big fire and melted down all the metal."

Moreover, most of the dams, canals and other infrastructure projects, which millions of peasants and prisoners hadbeen forced to toil on and in many cases die for, proved useless as they had been built without the input of trainedengineers, whom Mao had rejected on ideological grounds.The worst of the famine was steered towards enemies of the state, much like during the 1932–33 famine in theUSSR.[50] As Jasper Becker explains:

"The most vulnerable section of China's population, around five per cent, were those whom Mao called'enemies of the people'. Anyone who had in previous campaigns of repression been labeled a 'blackelement' was given the lowest priority in the allocation of food. Landlords, rich peasants, formermembers of the nationalist regime, religious leaders, rightists, counter-revolutionaries and the familiesof such individuals died in the greatest numbers."[51]

Mao, shown here with Henry Kissinger and ZhouEnlai; Beijing, 1972.

At the Lushan Conference in July/August 1959, several leadersexpressed concern that the Great Leap Forward was not as successfulas planned. The most direct of these was Minister of Defence andKorean War General Peng Dehuai. Mao, fearing loss of his position,orchestrated a purge of Peng and his supporters, stifling criticism of theGreat Leap policies. Senior officials who reported the truth of thefamine to Mao were branded as "right opportunists."[52] A campaignagainst right opportunism was launched and resulted in party membersand ordinary peasants being sent to camps where many wouldsubsequently die in the famine. Years later the CPC would concludethat 6 million people were wrongly punished in the campaign.[53]

There is a great deal of controversy over the number of deaths by starvation during the Great Leap Forward. Until the mid 1980s, when official census figures were finally published by the Chinese Government, little was known about the scale of the disaster in the Chinese countryside, as the handful of Western observers allowed access during

Mao Zedong 11

this time had been restricted to model villages where they were deceived into believing that Great Leap Forward hadbeen a great success. There was also an assumption that the flow of individual reports of starvation that had beenreaching the West, primarily through Hong Kong and Taiwan, must be localized or exaggerated as China wascontinuing to claim record harvests and was a net exporter of grain through the period. Because Mao wanted to payback early to the Soviets debts totaling 1.973 billion yuan from 1960 to 1962,[54] exports increased by 50%, andfellow Communist regimes in North Korea, North Vietnam and Albania were provided grain free of charge.[47]

Censuses were carried out in China in 1953, 1964 and 1982. The first attempt to analyse this data in order to estimatethe number of famine deaths was carried out by American demographer Dr Judith Banister and published in 1984.Given the lengthy gaps between the censuses and doubts over the reliability of the data, an accurate figure is difficultto ascertain. Nevertheless, Banister concluded that the official data implied that around 15 million excess deathsincurred in China during 1958–61 and that based on her modelling of Chinese demographics during the period andtaking account of assumed underreporting during the famine years, the figure was around 30 million. The officialstatistic is 20 million deaths, as given by Hu Yaobang.[55] Yang Jisheng, a former Xinhua News Agency reporterwho had privileged access and connections available to no other scholars, estimates a death toll of 36 million.[54]

Frank Dikötter estimates that there were at least 45 million premature deaths attributable to the Great Leap Forwardfrom 1958 to 1962.[56] [57] Various other sources have put the figure between 20 and 46 million.[58]

On the international front, the period was dominated by the further isolation of China, due to start of the Sino-Sovietsplit which resulted in Khrushchev withdrawing all Soviet technical experts and aid from the country. The split wastriggered by border disputes, and arguments over the control and direction of world communism, and other disputespertaining to foreign policy. Most of the problems regarding communist unity resulted from the death of Stalin andhis replacement by Khrushchev.Stalin had established himself as the successor of "correct" Marxist thought well before Mao controlled theCommunist Party of China, and therefore Mao never challenged the suitability of any Stalinist doctrine (at leastwhile Stalin was alive). Upon the death of Stalin, Mao believed (perhaps because of seniority) that the leadership ofthe "correct" Marxist doctrine would fall to him. The resulting tension between Khrushchev (at the head of apolitically/militarily superior government), and Mao (believing he had a superior understanding of Marxist ideology)eroded the previous patron-client relationship between the CPSU and CPC. In China, the formerly favourableSoviets were now denounced as "revisionists" and listed alongside "American imperialism" as movements to oppose.

Mao greeting Che Guevara in China at an officialceremony in the Government palace, November

1960

Partly surrounded by hostile American military bases (reaching fromSouth Korea, Japan, and Taiwan), China was now confronted with anew Soviet threat from the north and west. Both the internal crisis andthe external threat called for extraordinary statesmanship from Mao,but as China entered the new decade the statesmen of the People'sRepublic were in hostile confrontation with each other.

At a large Communist Party conference in Beijing in January 1962,called the "Conference of the Seven Thousand," State Chairman LiuShaoqi denounced the Great Leap Forward as responsible forwidespread famine.[59] The overwhelming majority of delegatesexpressed agreement, but Defense Minister Lin Biao staunchlydefended Mao.[59] A brief period of liberalization followed while Mao

and Lin plotted a comeback.[59] Liu and Deng Xiaoping rescued the economy by disbanding the people's communes,introducing elements of private control of peasant smallholdings and importing grain from Canada and Australia tomitigate the worst effects of famine.

Mao Zedong 12

Cultural Revolution

A Cultural Revolution Poster promoting relations between Enver Hoxha and ChairmanMao. The Caption at the bottom reads, "Long Live the great Union between the Parties ofAlbania and China!" A meeting between the two leaders, however, never really occurred

Mao was concerned with the nature ofpost 1949 China. He saw that therevolution had replaced an old elite,with a new one. He was concerned thatthose in power were becomingestranged from the people they weresupposed to serve. Corruption was alsoa concern. Mao thought that a greaterthreat to China was not from forcesoutside of the Communist Party, butfrom people from within who wouldsubvert it and create a new elite whowould control the masses of thepopulation, and not serve them(capitalism from within). He thoughtthat a renewal was required, arevolution of culture that would unseatand unsettle the "ruling class" and keepChina in a state of 'perpetual revolution' that served the interests of the majority, not a tiny elite.[60]

There are political aspects to this period as well. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping's prominence gradually becamemore powerful. Liu and Deng, then the State Chairman and General Secretary, respectively, had favored the idea thatMao should be removed from actual power but maintain his ceremonial and symbolic role, with the party upholdingall of his positive contributions to the revolution. They attempted to marginalize Mao by taking control of economicpolicy and asserting themselves politically as well. Many claim that Mao responded to Liu and Deng's movementsby launching the Cultural Revolution in 1966. Some scholars, such as Mobo Gao, claim the case for this is perhapsoverstated.[61] Others, such as Frank Dikötter, hold that Mao launched the Cultural Revolution to wreak revenge onthose who had dared to challenge him over the Great Leap Forward.[62]

Believing that certain liberal bourgeois elements of society continued to threaten the socialist framework, groups ofyoung people known as the Red Guards struggled against authorities at all levels of society and even set up their owntribunals. Chaos reigned in many parts of the country, and millions were persecuted, including a famous philosopher,Chen Yuen. Mao is said to have ordered that no physical harm come to anyone, but that was not always the case.During the Cultural Revolution, the schools in China were closed and the young intellectuals living in cities wereordered to the countryside to be "re-educated" by the peasants, where they performed hard manual labor and otherwork.The Revolution led to the destruction of much of China's traditional cultural heritage and the imprisonment of a hugenumber of Chinese citizens, as well as creating general economic and social chaos in the country. Millions of liveswere ruined during this period, as the Cultural Revolution pierced into every part of Chinese life, depicted by suchChinese films as To Live, The Blue Kite and Farewell My Concubine. It is estimated that hundreds of thousands,perhaps millions, perished in the violence of the Cultural Revolution.[58]

When Mao was informed of such losses, particularly that people had been driven to suicide, he is alleged to have commented: "People who try to commit suicide — don't attempt to save them! . . . China is such a populous nation, it is not as if we cannot do without a few people."[63] The authorities allowed the Red Guards to abuse and kill opponents of the regime. Said Xie Fuzhi, national police chief: "Don't say it is wrong of them to beat up bad persons: if in anger they beat someone to death, then so be it."[64] As a result, in August and September 1966, there

Mao Zedong 13

were 1,772 people murdered in Beijing alone.[65]

Mao greets United States President RichardNixon during his visit to China in 1972

It was during this period that Mao chose Lin Biao, who seemed to echoall of Mao's ideas, to become his successor. Lin was later officiallynamed as Mao's successor. By 1971, however, a divide between thetwo men became apparent. Official history in China states that Lin wasplanning a military coup or an assassination attempt on Mao. Lin Biaodied in a plane crash over the air space of Mongolia, presumably in hisway to flee China, probably anticipating his arrest. The CPC declaredthat Lin was planning to depose Mao, and posthumously expelled Linfrom the party. At this time, Mao lost trust in many of the top CPCfigures. The highest-ranking Soviet Bloc intelligence defector, Lt. Gen.Ion Mihai Pacepa described his conversation with Nicolae Ceauşescuwho told him about a plot to kill Mao Zedong with the help of Lin Biaoorganized by KGB.[66]

In 1969, Mao declared the Cultural Revolution to be over, although the official history of the People's Republic ofChina marks the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976 with Mao's death. In the last years of his life, Mao was facedwith declining health due to either Parkinson's disease or, according to Li Zhisui, motor neurone disease, as well aslung ailments due to smoking and heart trouble. Some also attributed Mao's decline in health to the betrayal of LinBiao. Mao remained passive as various factions within the Communist Party mobilized for the power struggleanticipated after his death.

This period is often looked at in official circles in China and in the West as a great stagnation or even of reversal forChina. While many—an estimated 100 million—did suffer,[67] some scholars, such as Lee Feigon and Mobo Gao,claim there were many great advances, and in some sectors the Chinese economy continued to outperform thewest.[68] They actually go so far as to conclude that the Cultural Revolution period actually laid the foundation forthe spectacular growth that continues in China. During the Cultural Revolution, China exploded its first H-Bomb(1967), launched the Dong Fang Hong satellite (January 30, 1970), commissioned its first nuclear submarines andmade various advances in science and technology. Health care was free, and living standards in the country sidecontinued to improve.[68]

Death: Mao's final week and daysAt five o'clock in the afternoon of September 2, 1976, Mao suffered a heart attack, far more severe than his previoustwo and affecting a much larger area of his heart. X rays indicated that his lung infection had worsened, and his urineoutput dropped to less than 300 cc a day. Mao was awake and alert throughout the crisis and asked several timeswhether he was in danger. His condition continued to fluctuate and his life hung in the balance.Three days later, on September 5, Mao's condition was still critical, and Hua Guofeng called Jiang Qing back fromher trip. She spent only a few moments in Building 202 (where Mao was staying) before returning to her ownresidence in the Spring Lotus Chamber.On the afternoon of September 7, Mao took a turn for the worse. Jiang Qing went to Building 202 where she learnedthe news. Mao had just fallen asleep and needed the rest, but she insisted on rubbing his back and moving his limbs,and she sprinkled powder on his body. The medical team protested that the dust from the powder was not good forhis lungs, but she instructed the nurses on duty to follow her example later. The next morning, September 8, shewent again. She demanded the medical staff to change Mao's sleeping position, claiming that he had been lying toolong on his left side. The doctor on duty objected, knowing that he could breathe only on his left side, but she hadhim moved nonetheless.

Mao Zedong 14

Mao's breathing stopped and his face turned blue. Jiang Qing left the room while the medical staff put him on arespirator and performed emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Mao barely revived and Hua Guofeng urgedJiang Qing not to interfere further with the doctors' work, as her actions were detrimental to Mao's health and helpedcause his death faster. Mao's organs were failing and he was taken off the life support a few minutes after midnight.September 9 was chosen because it was an easy day to remember. Mao had been in poor health for several years andhad declined visibly for at least 6 months prior to his death.His body lay in state at the Great Hall of the People. A memorial service was held in Tiananmen Square onSeptember 18, 1976. There was a three-minute silence observed during this service. His body was later placed intothe Mausoleum of Mao Zedong, even though he had wished to be cremated and had been one of the firsthigh-ranking officials to sign the "Proposal that all Central Leaders be Cremated after Death" in November 1956.[69]

Legacy

Mao's official portrait at Tiananmen gate

As anticipated after Mao’s death, there was a power struggle for controlof China. On one side was the left wing led by the Gang of Four, whowanted to continue the policy of revolutionary mass mobilization. Onthe other side was the right wing opposing these policies. Among thelatter group, the restorationists, led by Chairman Hua Guofeng,advocated a return to central planning along the Soviet model, whereasthe reformers, led by Deng Xiaoping, wanted to overhaul the Chineseeconomy based on market-oriented policies and to de-emphasize therole of Maoist ideology in determining economic and political policy.Eventually, the reformers won control of the government. DengXiaoping, with clear seniority over Hua Guofeng, defeated Hua in abloodless power struggle a few years later.

The Chinese government officially regards Mao as a national hero. In2008, China opened the Mao Zedong Square to visitors in hishometown of central Hunan Province to mark the 115th anniversary ofhis birth.[70] [71]

There continue to be disagreements on Mao's legacy. Some historiansclaim that Mao Zedong was a dictator comparable to Hitler and Stalin,[72] [73] with a death toll surpassing both.[3] [4]

In The Black Book of Communism, Jean Louis Margolin writes that "Mao Zedong was so powerful that he wasoften known as the Red Emperor . . . the violence he erected into a whole system far exceeds any national traditionof violence that we might find in China."[74] Mao was also frequently compared to China's First Emperor Qin ShiHuang, notorious for burying alive hundreds of scholars, and liked the comparison.[75] During a speech to partycadre in 1958, Mao said he had far outdone Qin Shi Huang in his policy against intellectuals: "He buried 460scholars alive; we have buried forty-six thousand scholars alive.... You [intellectuals] revile us for being Qin ShiHuangs. You are wrong. We have surpassed Qin Shi Huang a hundredfold."[76]

Mao's English interpreter Sidney Rittenberg wrote in his memoir The Man Who Stayed Behind that he believes Mao never intended to cause the deaths and suffering endured by people under his chairmanship. In his remarks on the matter Rittenberg has declared that Mao "was a great leader in history, and also a great criminal because, not that he wanted to, not that he intended to, but in fact, his wild fantasies led to the deaths of tens of millions of people."[77] Li Rui, Mao's personal secretary, goes further and claims he was dismissive of the suffering and death caused by his policies: "Mao's way of thinking and governing was terrifying. He put no value on human life. The deaths of others meant nothing to him."[78] Biographer Jung Chang goes further still and argues that Mao was well aware that his policies would be responsible for the deaths of millions. While discussing labor-intensive projects such as

Mao Zedong 15

waterworks and making steel, Chang claims Mao said to his inner circle in November 1958: "Working like this, withall these projects, half of China may well have to die. If not half, one-third, or one-tenth - 50 million - die."[79]

Thomas Bernstein of Columbia University argues that this quotation is taken out of context, claiming[80] :The Chinese original, however, is not quite as shocking. In the speech, Mao talks about massive earthmovingirrigation projects and numerous big industrial ones, all requiring huge numbers of people. If the projects, hesaid, are all undertaken simultaneously “half of China’s population unquestionably will die; and if it’s not half,it’ll be a third or I0 per cent, a death toll of 50 million people.” Mao then pointed to the example of Guangxiprovincial Party secretary, Chen Manyuan (陈漫远) who had been dismissed in 1957 for failing to preventfamine in the previous year, adding: “If with a death toll of 50 million you didn’t lose your jobs, I at leastshould lose mine; whether I should lose my head would also be in question. Anhui wants to do so much, whichis quite all right, but make it a principle to have no deaths.”Chang and Halliday take literally Mao’s penchant for talking about mass death in highly irresponsible,provocative, callous and reckless ways, exemplified by his famous remark that in a nuclear war, half ofChina’s population would perish but the rest would survive and rebuild. In 1958, when ruminating about thedialectios of life and death, he thought that deaths were beneficial, for without them, there could be norenewal. Imagine, he asked, what a disaster it would be if Confucius were still alive. “When people die thereought to be celebrations.” In December 1958 he remarked that “destruction (miewang 灭亡, also to dying out)[of people] has advantages. One can make fertilizer. You say you can’t, but actually you can, but you must bespiritually prepared.” As the authors rightly note, these kinds of remarks could well have justified theindifference of lower-level cadres to peasant deaths."The accusation that Mao deliberately exposed China’s peasants to mass death during the GLF is not, however,plausible. It is true that, in his zeal to advance, he was willing to inflict severe, sometimes extraordinaryhardships on peasants. But large-scale famine threatened a core claim to legitimacy of the regime. Implicit inthe communist “liberation” was the promise that China’s history of famine was a thing of the past. Thus, whenMao finally began to grasp the scope of the 1960 famine, he strongly supported corrective measures. On amore practical level, Mao was acutely sensitive to the absolute necessity of preserving the peasants’“enthusiasm for production,” meaning that at a minimum their subsistence needs had to be met.In sum, understanding Mao's complex and contradictory motives is a daunting undertaking.

He concludes, however, that "[Mao's] wilful abdication of his duty as the country's undisputed leader makes hisdirectly responsible for the immense catastrophe that ensued."Jasper Becker and Frank Dikötter reach a different conclusion on the basis of new evidence. Becker notes that"archive material gathered by Dikötter... confirms that far from being ignorant or misled about the famine, theChinese leadership were kept informed about it all the time. And he exposes the extent of the violence used againstthe peasants"[81] :

Mass killings are not usually associated with Mao and the Great Leap Forward, and China continues to benefitfrom a more favourable comparison with Cambodia or the Soviet Union. But as fresh and abundant archivalevidence shows, coercion, terror and systematic violence were the foundation of the Great Leap, and between1958 to 1962, by a rough approximation, some 6 to 8 per cent of those who died were tortured to death orsummarily killed — amounting to at least 3 million victims.Countless others were deliberately deprived of food and starved to death. Many more vanished because theywere too old, weak or sick to work — and hence unable to earn their keep. People were killed selectivelybecause they had the wrong class background, because they dragged their feet, because they spoke out orsimply because they were not liked, for whatever reason, by the man who wielded the ladle in the canteen.

Dikötter argues that CPC leaders "glorified violence and were inured to massive loss of life. And all of them shared an ideology in which the end justified the means. In 1962, having lost millions of people in his province, Li Jingquan

Mao Zedong 16

compared the Great Leap Forward to the Long March in which only one in ten had made it to the end: 'We are notweak, we are stronger, we have kept the backbone.'"[82]

Regarding the large-scale irrigation projects, Dikötter stresses that, in spite of Mao being in a good position to seethe human cost, they continued unabated for several years, and ultimately claimed the lives of hundreds of thousandsof exhausted villagers. He also notes that "In a chilling precursor of Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, villagers inQingshui and Gansu called these projects the 'killing fields'."[83]

The United States placed a trade embargo on the People's Republic as a result of its involvement in the Korean War,lasting until Richard Nixon decided that developing relations with the PRC would be useful in dealing with theSoviet Union.Mao's military writings continue to have a large amount of influence both among those who seek to create aninsurgency and those who seek to crush one, especially in manners of guerrilla warfare, at which Mao is popularlyregarded as a genius. As an example, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) followed Mao's examples of guerrillawarfare to considerable political and military success even in the 21st century. Mao's major contribution to themilitary science is his theory of People's War, with not only guerilla warfare but more importantly, Mobile Warfaremethodologies. Mao had successfully applied Mobile Warfare in the Korean War, and was able to encircle, pushback and then halt the UN forces in Korea, despite the clear superiority of UN firepower. Mao also gave theimpression that he might even welcome a nuclear war.[84] Soviet historians have written that Mao believed hiscountry could survive a nuclear war, even if it lost 300 million people.[85]

"Let us imagine how many people would die if war breaks out. There are 2.7 billion people in the world,and a third could be lost. If it is a little higher it could be half ... I say that if the worst came to the worstand one-half dies, there will still be one-half left, but imperialism would be razed to the ground and thewhole world would become socialist. After a few years there would be 2.7 billion people again"[86]

But historians dispute the sincerity of Mao's words. Robert Service says that Mao "was deadly serious,"[87] whileFrank Dikötter claims that "He was bluffing... the sabre-rattling was to show that he, not Khrushchev, was the moredetermined revolutionary."[86]

Mao's poems and writings are frequently cited by both Chinese and non-Chinese. The official Chinese translation ofPresident Barack Obama's inauguration speech used a famous line from one of Mao's poems.[88] John McCainmisattributed a campaign quote to Mao several times during his 2008 presidential election bid, saying "Rememberthe words of Chairman Mao: 'It's always darkest before it's totally black.'"The ideology of Maoism has influenced many communists, mainly in the Third World, including revolutionarymovements such as Cambodia's Khmer Rouge,[89] [90] Peru's Shining Path, and the Nepalese revolutionarymovement. The Revolutionary Communist Party, USA also claims Marxism-Leninism-Maoism as its ideology, as doother Communist Parties around the world which are part of the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement. Chinaitself has moved sharply away from Maoism since Mao's death, and most people outside of China who describethemselves as Maoist regard the Deng Xiaoping reforms to be a betrayal of Maoism, in line with Mao's view of"Capitalist roaders" within the Communist Party.As the Chinese government instituted free market economic reforms starting in the late 1970s and as later Chineseleaders took power, less recognition was given to the status of Mao. This accompanied a decline in state recognitionof Mao in later years in contrast to previous years when the state organized numerous events and seminarscommemorating Mao's 100th birthday. Nevertheless, the Chinese government has never officially repudiated thetactics of Mao. Deng Xiaoping, who was opposed to the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, has to acertain extent rejected Mao's legacy, famously saying that Mao was "70% right and 30% wrong".In the mid-1990s, Mao Zedong's picture began to appear on all new renminbi currency from the People’s Republic of China. This was officially instituted as an anti-counterfeiting measure as Mao's face is widely recognized in contrast to the generic figures that appear in older currency. On March 13, 2006, a story in the People's Daily reported that a

Mao Zedong 17

proposal had been made to print the portraits of Sun Yat-sen and Deng Xiaoping.[91]

In 2006, the government in Shanghai issued a new set of high school history textbooks which omit Mao, with theexception of a single mention in a section on etiquette. Students in Shanghai now only learn about Mao in juniorhigh school.[92]

Personality cult

A 1950 Chinese propaganda poster showing a happyfamily of five enjoying life under the image of Mao

Zedong. The caption above the picture says "Thehappy life Chairman Mao gives us".

A queue to enter Mao Zedong Mausoleum.

Mao's figure is largely symbolic both in China and in the globalcommunist movement as a whole. During the Cultural Revolution,Mao's already glorified image manifested into a personality cultthat influenced every aspect of Chinese life. Mao was regarded asthe undisputed leader of China's working class in their 100-yearstruggle against imperialism, feudalism and capitalism, whichwere the three-evils in pre-1949 China since the Opium War. Eventoday, many Chinese people regard Mao as a God-like figure, wholed the ailing China onto the path of an independent and powerfulnation, whose pictures can expel the evil spirit and bad luck.

At the 1958 Party congress in Chengdu, Mao expressed supportfor the idea of personality cults if they venerated figures who weregenuinely worthy of adulation:

“There are two kinds of personality cults. One is a healthy personality cult, that is, to worship men like Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin.Because they hold the truth in their hands. The other is a false personality cult, i.e. not analyzed and blind worship.[93] ”

In 1962, Mao proposed the Socialist Education Movement (SEM) in an attempt to educate the peasants to resist thetemptations of feudalism and the sprouts of capitalism that he saw re-emerging in the countryside from Liu'seconomic reforms. Large quantities of politicized art were produced and circulated — with Mao at the center.Numerous posters, badges and musical compositions referenced Mao in the phrase "Chairman Mao is the red sun inour hearts" (毛主席是我们心中的红太阳)[94] and a "Savior of the people" (人民的大救星).[94] [95]

Mao's personality cult proved vital in starting the Cultural Revolution. China's youth had generally been raisedduring the Communist era, which had taught them to idolize Mao. The youth also did not remember the immensestarvation and suffering caused by Mao's Great Leap Forward, and their thoughts of Mao were generally positive.

Mao Zedong 18

Thus, they were his greatest supporters. Their feelings for him were of such strength that many followed his urge tochallenge all established authority.In October 1966, Mao's Quotations From Chairman Mao Tse-Tung, which was known as the Little Red Book waspublished. Party members were encouraged to carry a copy with them and possession was almost mandatory as acriterion for membership. Over the years, Mao's image became displayed almost everywhere, present in homes,offices and shops. His quotations were typographically emphasized by putting them in boldface or red type in eventhe most obscure writings. Music from the period emphasized Mao's stature, as did children's rhymes. The phrase"Long Live Chairman Mao for ten thousand years" was commonly heard during the era, which was traditionally aphrase reserved for the reigning Emperor.Today, Mao is still regarded by some as the "never setting Red Sun". He has been compared to the Sage Kings of theclassical China.[96] Since 1950, over 40 million people have visited Mao's birthplace in Shaoshan, Hunan.[96]

Mao also has a presence in China and around the world in popular culture, where his face adorns everything fromt-shirts to coffee cups. Mao's granddaughter, Kong Dongmei, defended the phenomenon, stating that "it shows hisinfluence, that he exists in people's consciousness and has influenced several generations of Chinese people's way oflife. Just like Che Guevara's image, his has become a symbol of revolutionary culture."[77]

Genealogy

AncestorsHis ancestors were:

• Mao Yichang (毛贻昌, born Xiangtan 15 October 1870, died Shaoshan 23 January 1920), father, courtesy nameMao Shunsheng (毛顺生) or also known as Mao Jen-sheng

• Wen Qimei (文七妹, born Xiangxiang 1867, died 5 October 1919), mother. She was illiterate and a devoutBuddhist. She was a descendant of Wen Tianxiang.

• Mao Empu (毛恩普), paternal grandfather• Lady Luo (罗氏), paternal grandmother• Mao Zuren (毛祖人), paternal great-grandfather

WivesMao Zedong had several wives who contributed to a large family. These were:

1. Luo Yixiu (罗一秀, 20 October 1889–1910) of Shaoshan: married 1907 to 19102. Yang Kaihui (杨开慧, 1901–1930) of Changsha: married 1921 to 1927, executed by the KMT in 1930; mother to

Mao Anying, Mao Anqing, and Mao Anlong3. He Zizhen (贺子珍, 1910–1984) of Jiangxi: married May 1928 to 1939; mother to Mao Anhong, Li Min, and

four other children4. Jiang Qing: (江青, 1914–1991), married 1939 to Mao's death; mother to Li Na

Mao Zedong 19

SiblingsHe had several siblings:

• Mao Zemin (毛泽民, 1895–1943), younger brother, executed by a warlord• Mao Zetan (毛泽覃, 1905–1935), younger brother, executed by the KMT• Mao Zejian (毛泽建, 1905–1929), adopted sister, executed by the KMT

Mao Zedong's parents altogether had six sons and two daughters. Two of the sons and both daughters diedyoung, leaving the three brothers Mao Zedong, Mao Zemin, and Mao Zetan. Like all three of Mao Zedong'swives, Mao Zemin and Mao Zetan were communists. Like Yang Kaihui, both Zemin and Zetan were killed inwarfare during Mao Zedong's lifetime.

Note that the character ze (泽) appears in all of the siblings' given names. This is a common Chinese namingconvention.From the next generation, Zemin's son, Mao Yuanxin, was raised by Mao Zedong's family. He became MaoZedong's liaison with the Politburo in 1975. Sources like Li Zhisui (The Private Life of Chairman Mao) say that heplayed a role in the final power-struggles.[97]

ChildrenMao Zedong had a total of ten children,[98] including:

• Mao Anying (毛岸英, 1922–1950): son to Yang, married to Liu Siqi (刘思齐), who was born Liu Songlin(刘松林), killed in action during the Korean War

• Mao Anqing (毛岸青, 1923–2007): son to Yang, married to Shao Hua (邵华), son Mao Xinyu (毛新宇),grandson Mao Dongdong

• Mao Anlong (1927–1931): son to Yang, died during the Chinese Civil War• Mao Anhong (b. 1932): son to He, left to Mao's younger brother Zetan and then to one of Zetan's guards when he

went off to war, was never heard of again• Li Min (李敏, b. 1936): daughter to He, married to Kong Linghua (孔令华), son Kong Ji'ning (孔继宁), daughter

Kong Dongmei (孔冬梅)• Li Na (李讷, Pinyin: Lĭ Nà, b. 1940): daughter to Jiang (whose birth given name was Li, a name also used by

Mao while evading the KMT), married to Wang Jingqing (王景清), son Wang Xiaozhi (王效芝)Mao's first and second daughters were left to local villagers because it was too dangerous to raise them whilefighting the Kuomintang and later the Japanese. Their youngest daughter (born in early 1938 in Moscow after Maoand He separated) and one other child (born 1933) died in infancy. Two English researchers who retraced the entireLong March route in 2002–2003[99] located a woman whom they believe might well be one of the missing childrenabandoned by Mao to peasants in 1935. Ed Jocelyn and Andrew McEwen hope a member of the Mao family willrespond to requests for a DNA test.[100]

Personal lifeThere are few academic sources discussing Mao's private life, which was very secretive at the time of his rule.However, and particularly after Mao's death, there has been an influx of publications on his personal life, as anexample The Private Life of Chairman Mao by his physician Li Zhisui. The Private Life of Chairman Mao claims hehad chain smoked cigarettes, had poor dental hygiene, causing his teeth to be colored green (it was also claimed thathe rubbed green tea on his teeth instead of more commonly used dental hygiene methods, giving his teeth a distinctlygreen color) and generally lived a life of deviancy and excess.Having grown up in Hunan, Mao spoke Mandarin with a heavy Xiang Chinese accent that is very pronounced onrecordings of his speeches.

Mao Zedong 20

Writings and calligraphy

Mao's calligraphy: The People's Republic ofChina: all ethnics unite. Mao Zedong. (Chinese:中华人民共和国各民族团结起来 毛泽东

Zhōnghuárénmíngònghéguó gè mínzú tuánjié qǐlái – Máo Zédōng)

Mao was a prolific writer of political and philosophical literature.[101]

Mao is the attributed author of Quotations From Chairman MaoTse-Tung, known in the West as the "Little Red Book" and inCultural-revolution China as the "Red Treasure Book" (红宝书): this isa collection of short extracts from his speeches and articles, edited byLin Biao and ordered topically. Mao wrote several other philosophicaltreatises, both before and after he assumed power. These include:

• On Guerrilla Warfare (《游击战》); 1937• On Practice (《实践论》); 1937• On Contradiction (《矛盾论》); 1937• On Protracted War (《论持久战》); 1938• In Memory of Norman Bethune (《纪念白求恩》); 1939• On New Democracy (《新民主主义论》); 1940• Talks at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art

(《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》); 1942• Serve the People (《为人民服务》); 1944• The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains

(《愚公移山》); 1945• On the Correct Handling of the Contradictions Among the People

(《正确处理人民内部矛盾问题》); 1957

Mao was also a skilled Chinese calligrapher with a highly personalstyle. In China, Mao was considered a master calligrapher during hislifetime.[102] His calligraphy can be seen today throughout mainlandChina.[103] His work gave rise to a new form of Chinese calligraphycalled "Mao-style" or Maoti, which has gained increasing popularity since his death. There currently exist variouscompetitions specializing in Mao-style calligraphy.[104]

Literary works

Politics aside, Mao is considered one of modern China's most influential literary figures, and was an avid poet,mainly in the classical ci and shi forms. His poems are all in the traditional Chinese verse style.

As did most Chinese intellectuals of his generation, Mao received rigorous education in Chinese classical literature.His style was deeply influenced by the great Tang Dynasty poets Li Bai and Li He. He is considered to be a romanticpoet, in contrast to the realist poets represented by Du Fu.Many of Mao's poems are still popular in China and a few are taught as a mandatory part of the elementary schoolcurriculum. Some of his most well-known poems are: Changsha (1925), The Double Ninth (1929.10), Loushan Pass(1935), The Long March (1935), Snow (1936.02), The PLA Captures Nanjing (1949.04), Reply to Li Shuyi(1957.05.11), and Ode to the Plum Blossom (1961.12).

Mao Zedong 21

References[1] Short, Philip (2001). Mao: A Life (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?visbn=0805066381). Owl Books. p. 630. ISBN 0805066381. . "Mao

had an extraordinary mix of talents: he was visionary, statesman, political and military strategist of cunning intellect, a philosopher and poet."[2] Death Toll Median Average Estimates of 14 Sources = 45.75 – 52.5 million people (http:/ / users. erols. com/ mwhite28/ warstat1. htm#Mao)

Which include the books: Le Livre Noir du Communism by Stephane Courtois, Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine by Jasper Becker,China's Changing Population by Judith Banister, Contemporary Chinese Population by Wang Weizhi, Mao: The Unknown Story by JungChang, Victims of Politics by Kurt Glaser, How to Prevent Genocide by John Heidenrich, Mao's China and After by Maurice Meisner, TheHuman Cost of Communism in China by Robert L. Walker. Along with reports by Agence France Press (1999), Dictionary of 20 CenturyWorld History, Guinness Book of World Records, Washington Post (1994), and the Weekly Standard (1997)

[3] Short, Philip (2001). Mao: A Life (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=4y6mACbLWGsC& pg=PA631& dq=mao+ a+ life+ all+ the+ dead+ of+the+ second+ world+ war). Owl Books. p. 631. ISBN 0805066381. .; Chang, Jung and Halliday, Jon. Mao: The Unknown Story. JonathanCape, London, 2005. ISBN 0-224-07126-2 p. 3; Rummel, R. J. China’s Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (http:/ /www. hawaii. edu/ powerkills/ NOTE2. HTM) Transaction Publishers, 1991. ISBN 0-88738-417-X p. 205: In light of recent evidence,Rummel has increased Mao's democide toll to 77 million (http:/ / democraticpeace. wordpress. com/ 2008/ 11/ 24/getting-my-reestimate-of-maos-democide-out/ ); Daniel Jonah Goldhagen. Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the OngoingAssault on Humanity. PublicAffairs, 2009. ISBN 1-58648-769-8 p. 53: "...the Chinese communists' murdering of a mind-boggling number ofpeople, perhaps between 50 million and 70 million Chinese, and an additional 1.2 million Tibetans."

[4] Fenby, Jonathan. Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present. Ecco, 2008. ISBN 0-06-166116-3 p. 351 "Mao’sresponsibility for the extinction of anywhere from 40 to 70 million lives brands him as a mass killer greater than Hitler or Stalin, hisindifference to the suffering and the loss of humans breathtaking."

[5] Schram, Stuart (2007-03). "Mao: The Unknown Story". The China Quarterly (189): 205. "the exact figure... has been estimated bywell-informed writers at between 40 and 70 million".

[6] "Mao Zedong" (http:/ / www. oxfordreference. com/ pages/ samplep02). The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World. . Retrieved2008-08-23.

[7] Time 100: Mao Zedong (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ time100/ leaders/ profile/ mao. html) By Jonathan D. Spence, 13 April 1998.[8] Feigon, Lee (2002). Mao: A Reinterpretation. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. p. 17. ISBN 1566635225.[9] Hollingworth, Clare, Mao and the men against him (Jonathan Cape, London: 1985), p. 45.[10] Chang, Jung; Jon, Halliday (2006). Mao: The Unknown Story. Magazine Publishing (Hong Kong). ISBN 9627934194.[11] "毛泽东生平大事(1893–1976)" (http:/ / news. 163. com/ 05/ 0908/ 11/ 1T4IGSAR00011246_2. html). . (Major event chronology of Mao

Zedong (1893–1976), People's Daily[12] "'Report on an investigation of the peasant movement in Hunan' Mao Zedong 1927" (http:/ / www. etext. org/ Politics/ MIM/ classics/ mao/

sw1/ mswv1_2. html). .[13] Chunhou, Zhang. C (2002). Mao Zedong As Poet and Revolutionary Leader: Social and Historical Perspectives (http:/ / books. google.

com/ ?id=EWtBMQgUGmEC). ISBN 0739104063. .[14] "'Analysis of the classes in Chinese society' Mao Zedong 1927." (http:/ / www. etext. org/ Politics/ MIM/ classics/ mao/ sw1/ mswv1_1.

html). .[15] "Che Guevara: Revolutionary & Icon", by Trisha Ziff, Abrams Image, 2006, pg 66[16] Lynch, Michael J (2004). Mao (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=fzVSkyaBIGEC). ISBN 0415215773. .[17] Short, Philip (2001). Mao: A Life (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=4y6mACbLWGsC& pg=PA272& dq=mao+ a+ life+ ab-tuan+ torture).

Owl Books. pp. 272–274. ISBN 0805066381. .[18] Short, Philip (2001). Mao: A Life (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=4y6mACbLWGsC& pg=PA279& dq=mao+ a+ life+ 'tens+ of+

thousands'+ died). Owl Books. p. 279. ISBN 0805066381. .[19] Jean-Luc Domenach. Chine: L'archipel oublié. (China: The Forgotten Archipelago.) Fayard, 1992. ISBN 2-213-02581-9 pg 47[20] ao Zedong (http:/ / communismonline. com/ figures_mao. html), communismonline.com[21] Fairbank, John K; Albert Feuerwerker (1986). The Cambridge History of China (vol. 13, pt. 2) (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=Fxs3ROaIhPMC). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521243386. .[22] Ying-kwong Wou, Odoric (1994). Mobilizing the Masses: Building Revolution in Henan (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=1BN9dAqprX8C). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804721424. .[23] On Protracted War (http:/ / www. marxists. org/ reference/ archive/ mao/ selected-works/ volume-2/ mswv2_09. htm)[24] " Willy Lam: China's Own Historical Revisionism (http:/ / hnn. us/ roundup/ entries/ 13999. html)", History News Network, August 11,

2005. Retrieved May 15, 2006.[25] Jacobs, Andrew (October 2, 2009). "China Is Wordless on Traumas of Communists’ Rise" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 10/ 02/ world/

asia/ 02anniversary. html). New York Times. . Retrieved October 2, 2009.[26] The famous Mao slogan, that he never even used (http:/ / www. scmp. com/ portal/ site/ SCMP/ menuitem.

2af62ecb329d3d7733492d9253a0a0a0/ ?vgnextoid=aaf2214c1fce3210VgnVCM100000360a0a0aRCRD& ss=China& s=News), SCMP, Sep25, 2009

[27] Burkitt, Laurie; Scobell, Andrew; Wortzel, Larry M. (July 2003). The lessons of history: The Chinese people's Liberation Army at 75 (http:// www. strategicstudiesinstitute. army. mil/ pdffiles/ PUB52. pdf). Strategic Studies Institute. pp. 340–341. ISBN 1-58487-126-1. .

Mao Zedong 22

[28] Short, Philip (2001). Mao: A Life (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=HQwoTtJ43_AC& pg=PA436& dq=Mao+ landlords+ and+ members+of+ their+ families+ killed). Owl Books. pp. 436–437. ISBN 0805066381. .

[29] Yang Kuisong. Reconsidering the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (http:/ / journals. cambridge. org/ production/ action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=1809180) The China Quarterly, 193, March 2008, pp.102–121. PDF file.

[30] Steven W. Mosher. China Misperceived: American Illusions and Chinese Reality. Basic Books, 1992. ISBN 0-465-09813-4 pp 72, 73[31] Stephen Rosskamm Shalom. Deaths in China Due to Communism. Center for Asian Studies Arizona State University, 1984. ISBN

0-939252-11-2 pg 24[32] Jung Chang and Jon Halliday. Mao: The Unknown Story. pg 337: "Mao claimed that the total number executed was 700,000 but this did not

include those beaten or tortured to death in the post-1949 land reform, which would at the very least be as many again. Then there weresuicides, which, based on several local inquiries, were very probably about equal to the number of those killed." Also cited in Mao Zedong, byJonathan Spence, as cited (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ books/ 00/ 02/ 06/ reviews/ 000206. 06burnst. html). Mao got this number from areport submitted by Xu Zirong, Deputy Public Security Minister, which stated 712,000 counterrevolutionaries were executed, 1,290,000 wereimprisoned, and another 1,200,000 were "subjected to control.": Yang Kuisong. Reconsidering the Campaign to SuppressCounterrevolutionaries (http:/ / journals. cambridge. org/ production/ action/ cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=1809180) The China Quarterly, 193,March 2008, pp.102–121. PDF file.

[33] Twitchett, Denis; John K. Fairbank, Roderick MacFarquhar (1987-06-26). The Cambridge history of China (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=ioppEjkCkeEC& pg=PA87& dq=at+ least+ one+ landlord,+ and+ usually+ several,+ in+ virtually+ every+ village+ for+ public+execution). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052124336X. . Retrieved August 23, 2008.

[34] Maurice Meisner. Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic, Third Edition. Free,Press, 1999. ISBN 0-684-85635-2 p. 72:"...the estimate of many relatively impartial observers that there were 2,000,000 people executed during the first three years of the People'sRepublic is probably as accurate a guess as one can make on the basis of scanty information."

[35] Steven W. Mosher. China Misperceived: American Illusions and Chinese Reality. Basic Books, 1992. ISBN 0-465-09813-4 pg 74: "...afigure that Fairbank has cited as the upper range of "sober" estimates."

[36] Lee Feigon. Mao: A Reinterpretation. Ivan R. Dee, 2002. ISBN 1-56663-522-5 p. 96: "By 1952 they had extended land reform throughoutthe countryside, but in the process somewhere between two and five million landlords had been killed."

[37] Short, Philip (2001). Mao: A Life (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=HQwoTtJ43_AC& pg=PA436& dq=''At+ least+ a+ million-and-a-half+more+ disappeared+ into+ the+ newly+ established+ 'reform+ through+ labour'+ camps,+ purpose-built+ to+ accommodate+ them). OwlBooks. pp. 436. ISBN 0805066381. .

[38] Benjamin A. Valentino. Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=LQfeXVU_EvgC& pg=PA121& dq=four+ million+ to+ six+ million+ forced+ labor#v=onepage& q=four million to six millionforced labor& f=false) Cornell University Press, 2004. pp. 121–122. ISBN 0-8014-3965-5

[39] Changyu, Li. "Mao's "Killing Quotas." Human Rights in China (HRIC). September 26, 2005, at Shandong University" (http:/ / hrichina. org/public/ PDFs/ CRF. 4. 2005/ CRF-2005-4_Quota. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved June 21, 2009.

[40] Brown, Jeremy. "Terrible Honeymoon: Struggling with the Problem of Terror in Early 1950s China." (http:/ / orpheus. ucsd. edu/chinesehistory/ pgp/ jeremy50sessay. htm). .

[41] Short, Philip (2001). Mao: A Life (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=4y6mACbLWGsC& pg=PA437& dq=mao+ while+ the+ worst+ among+them+ should+ be+ shot). Owl Books. p. 437. ISBN 0805066381. .

[42] "High Tide of Terror" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,808241-5,00. html). Time Magazine. March 5, 1956. .Retrieved May 11, 2009.

[43] Short, Philip (2001). Mao: A Life (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=4y6mACbLWGsC& pg=PA631& dq=no+ cadre+ is+ to+ be+ killed+kang+ sheng). Owl Books. p. 631. ISBN 0805066381. .

[44] Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon. 2005. Mao: The Unknown Story. New York: Knopf. 410.[45] " China's great famine: 40 years later (http:/ / www. bmj. com/ cgi/ content/ extract/ 319/ 7225/ 1619)". British Medical Journal

1999;319:1619-1621 (18 December )[46] Frank Dikötter, Mao’s Great Famine, Key Arguments (http:/ / web. mac. com/ dikotter/ Dikotter/ Famine_2. html)[47] Jasper Becker. Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=iC4g0gXBmIkC& pg=PA81& dq=refused+ to+

open+ state+ granaries#v=onepage& q=refused to open state granaries& f=false). Holt Paperbacks, 1998. ISBN 0-8050-5668-8 p. 81[48] Jasper Becker. Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=iC4g0gXBmIkC& pg=PA86& dq=Mao+

peasants+ were+ lying#v=onepage& q=Mao peasants were lying& f=false). Holt Paperbacks, 1998. ISBN 0-8050-5668-8 p. 86[49] Jasper Becker. Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=iC4g0gXBmIkC& pg=PA93& dq=peasants+

beaten+ tortured+ to+ death& lr=#v=onepage& q=peasants beaten tortured to death& f=false). Holt Paperbacks, 1998. ISBN 0-8050-5668-8 p.93

[50] Benjamin A. Valentino. Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=LQfeXVU_EvgC& pg=PA128& dq=Mao+ black+ element+ Great+ Leap+ Forward#v=onepage& q=Mao black element GreatLeap Forward& f=false) Cornell University Press, 2004. p. 128. ISBN 0-8014-3965-5

[51] Jasper Becker. Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=iC4g0gXBmIkC& pg=PA103& dq=mao+black+ element+ died+ in+ the+ greatest+ numbers#v=onepage& q=mao black element died in the greatest numbers& f=false). HoltPaperbacks, 1998. ISBN 0-8050-5668-8 p. 103

Mao Zedong 23

[52] Jasper Becker. Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=iC4g0gXBmIkC& pg=PA93& dq=terrible+famine+ mao+ right+ opportunist& lr=#v=onepage& q=terrible famine mao right opportunist& f=false). Holt Paperbacks, 1998. ISBN0-8050-5668-8 pp. 92–93

[53] Benjamin A. Valentino. Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=LQfeXVU_EvgC& pg=PA127& dq=6+ million+ wrongly+ punished& lr=#v=onepage& q=& f=false) Cornell University Press,2004. p. 127. ISBN 0-8014-3965-5

[54] Mark O'Neill. A hunger for the truth: A new book, banned on the mainland, is becoming the definitive account of the Great Famine. (http:/ /en. chinaelections. org/ newsinfo. asp?newsid=18328#) South China Morning Post, July 6, 2008.

[55] Short, Philip (2001). Mao: A Life (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=4y6mACbLWGsC& pg=PA631& dq=mao+ a+ life+ all+ the+ dead+ of+the+ second+ world+ war). Owl Books. p. 761. ISBN 9780805066388. .

[56] Akbar, Arifa (2010-09-17). "Mao's Great Leap Forward 'killed 45 million in four years'" (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/arts-entertainment/ books/ news/ maos-great-leap-forward-killed-45-million-in-four-years-2081630. html). . Retrieved 2010-09-20.

[57] Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62. Walker & Company, 2010. p. 333.ISBN 0802777686

[58] "Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm" (http:/ / users. erols. com/ mwhite28/ warstat1. htm#Mao).Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century. . Retrieved August 23, 2008.

[59] Chang, Jung and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story (2006), pp. 568, 579.[60] Mao a Reinterpretation by Lee Feigon, page 140[61] For a full treatment of this idea see- Mobo Gao, "The Battle for China's Past", Pluto Press, London, 2008[62] Jonathan Mirsky. Issues. (http:/ / www. literaryreview. co. uk/ mirsky_09_10. html''Livelihood) Literary Review[63] MacFarquhar, Roderick; Schoenhals, Michael (2006). Mao's Last Revolution. Harvard University Press. pp. 110. ISBN 0674023323.[64] MacFarquhar, Roderick and Schoenhals, Michael. Mao's Last Revolution. Harvard University Press, 2006. p. 125[65] MacFarquhar, Roderick and Schoenhals, Michael. Mao's Last Revolution. Harvard University Press, 2006. p. 124[66] Ion Mihai Pacepa (November 28, 2006). "The Kremlin’s Killing Ways" (http:/ / article. nationalreview. com/

?q=MzY4NWU2ZjY3YWYxMDllNWQ5MjQ3ZGJmMzg3MmQyNjQ=). National Review Online. . Retrieved August 23, 2008.[67] Daniel Chirot. Modern tyrants: the power and prevalence of evil in our age (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=e-kVgozyE8gC&

pg=PA198& dq=100+ million+ persecution+ cultural+ revolution& cd=7#v=onepage& q=& f=false). Princeton University Press, 1996. ISBN0-691-02777-3 p. 198

[68] For a lengthy discussion on this topic see Mobo Gao, "The Battle for China's Past", Pluto Press, London, 2008; and Lee Feigon "Mao aReinterpretation" 2002

[69] "China After Mao's Death: Nation of Rumor and Uncertainty". New York Times. October 6, 1976. "Hong Kong, October 5, 1976. With noword on the fate of the body of Mao Zedong, almost a month after his death, rumors are beginning to percolate in China, much as they didfollowing the death of Prime Minister Chou En-lai..."

[70] Chairman Mao square opened on his 115th birth anniversary (http:/ / www. chinadaily. com. cn/ china/ 2008-12/ 25/ content_7341714. htm)[71] Mao Zedong still draws crowds on 113th birth anniversary http:/ / english. peopledaily. com. cn/ 200612/ 27/ eng20061227_336033. html[72] Michael Lynch. Mao (Routledge Historical Biographies). Routledge, 2004. p. 230: "The People’s Republic of China under Mao exhibited

the oppressive tendencies that were discernible in all the major absolutist regimes of the twentieth century. There are obvious parallelsbetween Mao’s China, Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia. Each of these regimes witnessed deliberately ordered mass ‘cleansing’ andextermination."

[73] MacFarquhar, Roderick and Schoenhals, Michael. Mao's Last Revolution. Harvard University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-674-02332-3 p. 471:"Together with Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler, Mao appears destined to go down in history as one of the great tyrants of the twentiethcentury."

[74] Stéphane Courtois, Jean-Louis Margolin, et al. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press,1999. ISBN 0-674-07608-7 p. 465-466

[75] MacFarquhar, Roderick and Schoenhals, Michael. Mao's Last Revolution. Harvard University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-674-02332-3 p. 428[76] Mao Zedong sixiang wan sui! (1969), p. 195. Referenced in Governing China: From Revolution to Reform (Second Edition) by Kenneth

Lieberthal. W.W. Norton & Co., 2003. ISBN 0-393-92492-0 p. 71.[77] Granddaughter Keeps Mao's Memory Alive in Bookshop (http:/ / in. reuters. com/ article/ entertainmentNews/

idINIndia-42756920090928?sp=true) by Maxim Duncan, Reuters, September 28, 2009[78] Jonathan Watts. China must confront dark past, says Mao confidant (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ world/ 2005/ jun/ 02/ china.

jonathanwatts) The Guardian, June 2, 2005[79] Chang, Jung and Halliday, Jon. Mao: The Unknown Story. Jonathan Cape, London, 2005. p 458 ISBN 0224071262 [Chang's source (p.725):

*Mao CCRM, vol. 13, pp. 203-4 (E: MacFarquhar et al., pp. 494-5)].[80] Bernstein, Thomas III (Julu 2006). "Mao Zedong and the Famine of 1959-1960: A Study in Wilfulness". The China Quarterly 186:

421–445. doi:10.1017/S0305741006000221.[81] Jasper Becker. Systematic genocide (http:/ / www. spectator. co. uk/ books/ 6296363/ part_2/ systematic-genocide-. thtml). The Spectator,

25 September 2010.[82] Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62. Walker & Company, 2010. p. 299.

ISBN 0802777686

Mao Zedong 24

[83] Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62. Walker & Company, 2010. p. 33.ISBN 0802777686

[84] " Mao Tse-Tung: Father of Chinese Revolution (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ learning/ general/ onthisday/ bday/ 1226. html)". The New YorkTimes. September 10, 1976

[85] " Mao Reportedly Sought to A-Bomb U.S. Troops (http:/ / articles. latimes. com/ 1988-02-23/ news/ mn-44747_1_nuclear-weapons)". LosAngeles Times. February 23, 1988.

[86] Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62. Walker & Company, 2010. p.13.ISBN 0802777686

[87] Robert Service. Comrades!: A History of World Communism. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Frgm5QodnFoC& lpg=PP1&dq=editions:Frgm5QodnFoC& pg=PA321#v=onepage& q& f=false) Harvard University Press, 2007. p. 321. ISBN 067402530X

[88] "奥巴马就职演说 引毛泽东诗词" (http:/ / chinapressusa. com/ newscenter/ 2009-01/ 22/ content_186098. htm). People's Daily Online.January 22, 2009. . Retrieved July 15, 2009.

[89] Robert Jackson Alexander. International Maoism in the developing world. Praeger, 1999. p 200.[90] Jackson, Karl D (1992-03-17). Cambodia, 1975–1978: Rendezvous with Death (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=h27D3EYGwzgC&

pg=PA219& dq=Radical+ Left-wing+ Chinese+ Communist+ Underpinnings+ of+ Cambodian+ Communism). Princeton University Press.p. 219. ISBN 069102541X. .

[91] "Portraits of Sun Yat-sen, Deng Xiaoping proposed adding to RMB notes" (http:/ / english. people. com. cn/ 200603/ 13/eng20060313_250192. html). People's Daily Online. March 13, 2006. . Retrieved August 23, 2008.

[92] Kahn, Joseph (September 2, 2006). "Where’s Mao? Chinese Revise History Books" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 09/ 01/ world/ asia/01china. html?ex=1314763200& en=abf86c087b22be74& ei=5088& partner=rssnyt& emc=rss). New York Times. . Retrieved February 28,2007.

[93] "Cult of Mao" (http:/ / library. thinkquest. org/ 26469/ cultural-revolution/ cult. html). library.thinkquest.org. . Retrieved August 23, 2008."This remark of Mao seems to have elements of truth but it is false. He confuses the worship of truth with a personality cult, despite therebeing an essential difference between them. But this remark played a role in helping to promote the personality cult that gradually arose in theCCP."

[94] Chapter 5: "Mao Badges – Visual Imagery and Inscriptions" (http:/ / www. britishmuseum. org/ pdf/ 2 - Part 2 - Mao badges with low resimage of poster. pdf) in: Helen Wang: Chairman Mao badges: symbols and Slogans of the Cultural Revolution (British Museum ResearchPublication 169). The Trustees of the British Museum, 2008. ISBN 978 086159 169 5.

[95] In "The East is Red" (东方红), an anthem that wasq popular during the Cultural Revolution. See lyrics and English translation atChinaPoet.net (http:/ / www. chinapoet. net/ bbs/ thread-61611-1-1. html) or Sogou.net (http:/ / bbs. sogou. com/ f?s=ΡΡÀ¥ÂØ&t=TP$TmyfqIOaxV6GBAAAA& page=1#flB8). Accessed August 24, 2009.

[96] 韶山升起永远不落的红太阳[[Category:Articles containing Chinese language text (http:/ / www. shaoshan. gov. cn/ Article/ ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=14617)]]

[97] Biographical Sketches in The Private Life of Chairman Mao[98] Jonathan Spence. Mao Zedong. Penguin Lives, 1999[99] "Stepping into history" (http:/ / www. chinadaily. com. cn/ en/ doc/ 2003-11/ 23/ content_283948. htm). China Daily. November 23, 2003. .

Retrieved August 23, 2008.[100] The Long March, by Ed Jocelyn and Andrew McEwen. Constable 2006[101] "Stefan Landsberger's Chinese Propaganda Poster Pages-Mao Zedong Thought<!- Bot generated title ->" (http:/ / www. iisg. nl/

~landsberger/ mzdt. html). . Retrieved August 23, 2008.[102] "100 years<!- Bot generated title ->" (http:/ / www. asiawind. com/ art/ callig/ modern. htm#Contemporary Chinese Calligraphy). .

Retrieved August 23, 2008.[103] Yen, Yuehping (2005). Calligraphy and Power in Contemporary Chinese Society (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?visbn=0415317533).

Routledge. p. 2. .[104] "首届毛体书法邀请赛精品纷呈" (http:/ / art. people. com. cn/ GB/ 41132/ 41137/ 4802132. html) (in Chinese). People.com. September

11, 2006. .

Mao Zedong 25

Further reading• Becker, Jasper (1998). Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. Holt Paperbacks. ISBN 0805056688.• Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon (2005). Mao: The Unknown Story. Knopf. ISBN 0679422714.• Cheek, Timothy, ed. Mao Zedong and China's Revolutions: A Brief History with Documents (The Bedford Series

in History and Culture. NY: Palgrave, 2002).• Cheek, Timothy, ed.A Critical Introduction to Mao (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010 ISBN

9780521884624).• Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62. Walker &

Company, 2010. ISBN 0802777686• Feigon, Lee (2003). Mao: A Reinterpretation. Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. ISBN 1566635225.• Li, Zhisui (1996). The Private Life of Chairman Mao. Random House. ISBN 0679764437.• MacFarquhar, Roderick; Schoenhals, Michael (2006). Mao's Last Revolution. Harvard University Press.

ISBN 0674023323.• Mobo, Gao (2008). The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution. Pluto Press.

ISBN 074532780X.• Schram, Stuart R. (1967). Mao Tse-Tung. Penguin. ISBN 0140208402.• Schwartz, Benjamin Isadore (1951). Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao. Harvard University Press.

ISBN 0674122518.• Short, Philip (2001). Mao: A Life (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=HQwoTtJ43_AC& dq=mao+ a+ life). Owl

Books. p. 761. ISBN 0805066381.• Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). Mao Zedong. Viking. ISBN 0670886696.• Terrill, Ross (1980). Mao: A Biography. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804729212.• Chinese Writers on Writing featuring Mao Zedong. Ed. Arthur Sze. (Trinity University Press, 2010).

Annotated writings• Serve the People (http:/ / www. popupchinese. com/ lessons/ archive/ short-stories/ serve-the-people), mouseover

annotated version of Mao's 1944 speech• Remembering Norman Bethune (http:/ / www. popupchinese. com/ lessons/ archive/ short-stories/

remembering-norman-bethune) mouseover annotated version of Mao's 1935 eulogy for the famous Canadiandoctor

External links• Works by or about Mao Zedong (http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ lccn-n78-87649) in libraries (WorldCat catalog)• Discusses the life, military influence and writings of Chairman Mao ZeDong. (http:/ / chairmanmaozedong. org)• Asia Source biography (http:/ / www. asiasource. org/ society/ mao. cfm)• ChineseMao.com: Extensive resources about Mao Zedong (http:/ / www. chinesemao. com/ )• CNN profile (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ SPECIALS/ 1999/ china. 50/ inside. china/ profiles/ mao. tsetung/ )• China must confront dark past, says Mao confidant (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ world/ 2005/ jun/ 02/ china.

jonathanwatts)• Collected Works of Mao at the Maoist Internationalist Movement (http:/ / www. etext. org/ Politics/ MIM/

classics/ mao/ index. html)• Mao quotations (http:/ / art-bin. com/ art/ omaotoc. html)• Mao was cruel – but also laid the ground for today's China (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ commentisfree/ 2007/

jan/ 18/ comment. china)• Mao Zedong Reference Archive at marxists.org (http:/ / www. marxists. org/ reference/ archive/ mao/ index. htm)• On the Role of Mao Zedong (http:/ / www. monthlyreview. org/ 0904hinton. htm)

Mao Zedong 26

• Oxford Companion to World Politics: Mao Zedong (http:/ / www. oxfordreference. com/ pages/ samplep02)• Propaganda paintings showing Mao as the great leader of China (http:/ / artchina. free. fr/ items/ creasite.

php?params=Mao Zedong_CATEGORY_0)• Remembering Mao's Victims (http:/ / www. spiegel. de/ international/ world/ 0,1518,483023,00. html)• Mao Tse Tung: Leader, Killer, Icon (http:/ / www. biography. com/ video. do?name=politicalfigures&

bcpid=1740037438& bclid=1774292646& bctid=1731352871)• Spartacus Educational biography (http:/ / www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/ COLDmao. htm)• Uncounted Millions: Mass Death in Mao's China (http:/ / www. paulbogdanor. com/ left/ china/ deaths1. html)• Mao's Great Leap to Famine (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 12/ 16/ opinion/ 16iht-eddikotter16. html)• Finding the Facts About Mao’s Victims (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ blogs/ nyrblog/ 2010/ dec/ 20/

finding-facts-about-maos-victims/ )• What Maoism Has Contributed (http:/ / www. monthlyreview. org/ 0906amin. htm)• Remembering China's Great Helmsman (http:/ / www. huffingtonpost. com/ eric-margolis/

remembering-chinas-great_b_303107. html)• Short bio of Mao at the official Communist Party of China web site (http:/ / english. cpc. people. com. cn/ 66095/

4468893. html)

Article Sources and Contributors 27

Article Sources and ContributorsMao Zedong  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=414614498  Contributors: *drew, .V., 000pete1983, 053bss, 123w456t, 172, 19DrPepper91, 200.191.188.xxx, 24.4.254.xxx, 346Gordon, 50Stars, A Sunshade Lust, A young communist, A. B., A.Beaz, A.J.A., A455bcd9, ABCD, AKGhetto, ASDFGH, Aaaaaa190, Ab762, Abductive, Abelius, Abjs, Aboutocean, Acallon, Acepatrick, Acerperi, Adam Bishop, Adam Conover, Adam block, Adam mcmaster, Adam sk, Adamjamesbromley, Adashiel, AdjustShift, AdultSwim, Aecis, Aegeus, Aep, Aesopos, Aeusoes1, Aflm, Afrank, After Midnight, Agathoclea, Aghniyya, Ahoerstemeier, Ahuitzotl, Airplaneman, Aitias, Aivazovsky, Ajraddatz, Akamad, Al234, Alansohn, Aldis90, Ale And Quail, Alerules, Alex Ruddick, Alex Shih, Alexb1828, Alexjohnc3, Algormortis, Allstar86, Alrasheedan, Altenmann, Alyeska2112, Amandafagan, Amcfreely, America1, Anclation, AndrewHowse, Andrewlp1991, Andrewrp, Andy Marchbanks, Anetheron589, Angela, Anger22, Angr, Angusmclellan, Animatedlooney28, Ann arbor street, AnnaFrance, Anonymous Dissident, Anonymous editor, Anonymous101, AnonymousUser1111, Antandrus, Antón Francho, Apostrophe, Arakunem, Aranherunar, Arathjp, Archfalhwyl, Arilang1234, Aristotle1990, ArmadilloFromHell, Arsene, Asav, Ashish Krishna, Ashmoo, Asiaticus, Asience, Aspects, Astorknlam, AstroGod, Athelwulf, Atticuslai, AubreyEllenShomo, Audacity, Auno3, Austinthebookworm, AuthenticM, Autocratique, Avono, Awark04, Axelstep, Axlq, Az1568, Aznangel86, Aznman, Azzarr, B34ny, BGOATDoughnut, Babajobu, BabelStone, Babij, Bad2101, Badagnani, Bagatelle, Balok, Balthazarduju, BanyanTree, BarretBonden, Bart133, Basketball fan24111, Bayazidd, Bbmccue, Bbsrock, Beijinger, Beland, Belgium EO, Bemoeial, Ben34, Bender235, Benlisquare, Bentivogli, Berox, Berserkerz Crit, Bhpwnergayarejay, Biblbroks, Big slick69, Bigar, BillSung, Billybishop*123, Binary TSO, Binarybits, Biot, Biplabpal2000, Biruitorul, Biscuit Krumonski, Bizcallers, Biŋhai, Bladeofgrass, Blagedyblargblarg, Blah28948, Blanchardb, Blue520, BlueCaper, Bluemoose, Blueshirts, Bluesteel2, Bngu, Bob19841984, Bobbity666, Bobblewik, Bobman555, Bobo192, Bobtheuglyhobo, Boda90, Bodnotbod, Bogdangiusca, Bongwarrior, BonsaiViking, BoomerAB, Boredtodeath1234567890, BorgHunter, BorgQueen, Bornsommer, Boromir123, Bostaaa, Bovineone, Bowlhover, BrJon, Brazzy, Brendan642, Brian0324, Brighterorange, Brion VIBBER, BrokenSegue, Brutannica, Bryan Derksen, Bsadowski1, Bsroiaadn, Bt8257, Bua333, Buchanan-Hermit, Budelberger, Bule55, Burner0718, Buspar, C.J. Griffin, C1k3, C33, C6541, CCCPSOVIET, CFIF, CHJL, CJ, CJK, CJLL Wright, CMacMillan, CPMcE, CTSCo, CTSWyneken, CWH, Cacophony, Caercaradoc, Calcwatch, CaliforniaAliBaba, Calliopejen1, Calton, Calvados, CambridgeBayWeather, Camillus McElhinney, Camilton, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadianLinuxUser, Canjth, Caper13, Capricorn42, Captain Wikify, Captain panda, Careless hx, Carlaude, Carlj7, Carlson288, CatsClaw, Cedric88, Centralk, Cerpintaxt12, Cgingold, Chad Van Schoelandt, CharlesZ, Charleyramm, Charvex, Chasingsol, Ched Davis, Chemicalist, Chensiyuan, Chenyu, Chessphoon, Chevy0193, Chibiheart, ChinaHistorian, Chinalegacy, Chino, Choichi8, Choij, Chomsky1, Chongkian, Chopinlist, Chris Roy, Chris7264, Chris_mahan, Chrisrtait, ChristopheS, Christopher Parham, Chronicidal, Chs8178, Chuunen Baka, Citatsce, Clementi, Clementine101, Closedmouth, Clownsarescary, Clygeric, Cmos, Cncs wikipedia, Cobreeze, Colipon, Colonel Bask, Comandante, Commie2008, CommonsDelinker, Connormah, Conscript, Constantinople777, Conti, Conversion script, Cool2not, CopperSquare, Coreydragon, Cossaxx, Cow milker, Cowman109, Cpgb-mlBristol, CrazyMexican69, Credema, Cricketgirl, Cripipper, Cst17, Curps, Cvc6, Cyber Infinity, Cyblue, Cyclonius, D-Notice, D6, DMcM, DMorpheus, DOR (HK), DRSwspain, DVD R W, DaL33T, Daa89563, Dahn, Dainfinke, DaisukeVulgar, Damicatz, DanKeshet, Dancing faun, DanielMohanSahu, Danielfolsom, Darth Panda, Dave.Dunford, Daveswagon, Davidndaniell, Dawn Bard, Dboydjr, DeadEyeArrow, Deathbypapercutz, Debresser, Declan trott, Ded77, Deemo, Defender of the 3rd Beige, Den fjättrade ankan, Deor, Dept of Alchemy, Descendall, Deyyaz, Dhg, Diadem, Dicttrshp, Die Titanic, Difu Wu, Dimadick, Dionyseus, Discospinster, Disposition, DocWatson42, Dogman15, Donaldd23, Dondegroovily, Donieve123, Donkey1233, Dorullkongen, Dothiwhoareyou, DoubleBlue, Doulos Christos, Downtown deadbeat, Downwards, Dpr, Dr who1975, Drabj, Dragonfang2, DragonflySixtyseven, Dragpon, Drake1230, Drczar, Dreadstar, Drewboy64, Ds13, Duncan.france, Dupont och Dupond, Durin, Dustimagic, Dybdal, Dylan Lake, Dylan620, DynamoJax, E smith2000, ENDCRFM, ESkog, Eastfrisian, Eastlaw, EchetusXe, Ed Fitzgerald, EdBever, Eddie Wall, Editingman, Edivorce, Edton, Edward, Edward321, Eeeeeewtw, Ef23, Eggglarge, Egglarge, Ehn, Eirelover@earthlink.net, Either way, Ekotekk, El Jogg, ElTyrant, Elfguy, Elmer92413, Elvenscout742, Elynt, Emdlx, Emilio floris, Emmancipator, Enchanter, Entenman, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Epeefleche, Eranb, Eraserhead1, Erebus Morgaine, Erkan Yilmaz, Ermite, Error -128, Esperant, Esradekan, Essjay, Eukesh, Evercat, Everyking, Evilgohan2, Ewulp, Excirial, Exerda, Extransit, Ezeu, FF2010, Faaraan123, Fabricationary, Facial, Falcon8765, Fallout boy, Fang Aili, Fauslay, FayssalF, Fdauro, FeanorStar7, FedeloKomma, Fennessy, Ferdinand Pienaar, Fernblatt, FighterJetPilot16, Fitzcm, Flammifer, Fleetwing, Flockmeal, Flowerofchivalry, Folic Acid, Fookoyt, Foolyo, Forestmm, Formeruser-82, Formulax, Fourpointsix, Fox Mccloud, Foxhunt king, Fraggle81, Fran Rogers, Freakofnurture, Fred Bauder, FredStrauss, Fredbauder, FreplySpang, Frigoris, From the Sidelines, FurrySings, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Fyyer, GCarty, GHe, GRuban, GT5162, Gabbe, Gadfium, Galaxiaad, Gary King, Gavatron, Gbr3, Gdo01, Ged UK, Gene Nygaard, General Idea, Geo3gh, Geoff B, George Church, Ghooldy13, Gianfranco, Giant24us, Gigity68, Giovanni33, Gjd001, Glane23, Glaurung, GnuDoyng, Goatasaur, Gogo Dodo, Gomeying, GordonUS, Gracenotes, GraemeL, Graham87, Grayshi, Greatdowner, Greatgavini, Greenharpoon, GregAsche, GregLondon, Grenavitar, Grifftob, Grifter84, Ground Zero, Grstain, Gscshoyru, Gsmgm, Gtdp, Guitar3000, Gujiindian, Guliolopez, Guy Peters, Gwern, Gwernol, GwydionM, Gzkn, HIST091N, Hadal, Hadjin, Haigee2007, Haipa Doragon, Hairy Dude, Halfdan, HamatoKameko, Hamtechperson, HanBoN, Hankpin, Hankyeol, Hans Dunkelberg, Hans yulun lai, Hansfahlen, HappyCamper, HappyInGeneral, Happyme22, Harold f, Haukurth, Hayden911x, Hbdragon88, Hcfwesker, Heimstern, Hemulen, Henry Flower, Hephaestos, Heptor, Heydoc2007, Hgkk, Hillshum, HiraV, Hirpex, HistoryOne, Hmains, HoDoLo, Hodja Nasreddin, Homagetocatalonia, Homo stannous, HongQiGong, Hongooi, Hooperbloob, Hottentot, Howcheng, Hqb, Huaiwei, Huguet 9255, Husond, Hydrogen Iodide, IRP, IShadowed, Iamahistorian, Iamback, Iamwisesun, Ibanez shred, Ibarrutidarruti, IceUnshattered, Ichwan Palongengi, Ignorance is strength, Igoldste, Ihavenoidea0918, Ikh, Inchoatehand, Indiealtphreak, Infrogmation, Inner Earth, Instantnood, Intelligentsium, Intermittentgardener, Intesvensk, Ionius Mundus, Iridescent, Ismouton, Isnow, Ivancurtisivancurtis, J Di, J.delanoy, J00W, JEVNK, JForget, JHMM13, JJman69, JYOuyang, Jackcnd, Jackfork, JackofOz, Jackohare, Jacob Robertson, Jacob1207, Jacobswain, Jandrews23jandrews23, Janniboy, JarlaxleArtemis, Jatkins, Jatoncjt, Javert, JavierMC, Jawz, Jay Litman, Jb849, Jbamb, Jbeckwith, Jcmurphy, Jean-Jacques Georges, Jeff G., Jeffness, Jeremiestrother, Jeronimo, JesseGarrett, JewishLeftist, Jgchao, Jhamby, Jiang, Jigglypuffiscool, Jim Douglas, Jim101, Jimg, Jimmy-barnes, Jimtaip, Jksusi, JoanneB, Joao Xavier, Joel55, Jogloran, John, John Reaves, John Smith's, John Vandenberg, John Z, John of Lancaster, John of Reading, JohnSavery, Johngagon, Johnsy88, Jojhutton, Joker T cell, Jon Harald Søby, Jon frodsham, Jonas.bergstrom, Jonathan Webley, Jonathan.s.kt, Jonnabuz, Jonolumb, Joseph Solis in Australia, Josh Parris, Josh829, Jossi, Jpgasp, Jpgordon, Jpta, Jrdioko, Jtkiefer, Jtmendes, Juansheng, Juicyfruity, Juliancolton, Julle, Jusdafax, JustinFromAus, KJS77, KTC, Kaare, Kaberf, Kaldari, Kalmia, Karada, Kassjab, Katefan0, Kateshortforbob, Kauffner, KazakhPol, Kbdank71, Kbh3rd, Kchiu, Kcremer, Keelm, Keilana, Kelly Martin, Kelvinite, Kennellyb, Kerowyn, Kersenplukker, Kesac, Kevinmon, Kevinsam, Keyi, Khalad, Khanyboy2, Khoikhoi, Khsparkie, Kim-Zhang-Hong, Kimdino, Kimse, KimvdLinde, Kinamand, Kingpin13, Kingrom, Kitch, Kittybrewster, Kittyfins89, Kiwislayer, Klichka, Knutux, Koenige, Korath, Kozlovesred, Krasilschic, Krawi, Kriegaffe, Ktsquare, Kukini, Kungfuadam, KurtRaschke, Kuru, Kurykh, Kurzon, Kwamikagami, Kyle, KyraVixen, Kyuunensoshou, Kî-tuk-thù, La goutte de pluie, LaNicoya, Lancemurdoch, Lao Wai, Lapsed Pacifist, Lariano, Larkusix, Lars Washington, Laurinavicius, Lawwithal, Laxxx4lyfe, LeaveSleaves, Lebronjamey, Lee J Haywood, Lego8, Leijerholt, Lenerd, Leonardo1111, Lepus009, Lestatdelc, Letter 7, Lewvalton, Lfh, Lightmouse, Lights, Lights out!, Lijnema, Limeatine, Linkgmr, Lion Info, Liquidtenmillion, LittleOldMe, Livajo, LlywelynII, Lolocaust, Lonelydarksky, Loonymonkey, Lopakhin, Lord of the roasts, LordZarglif555, Lssah 88, LtNOWIS, Lu Xun, Lugnuts, Luis rib, Luk, Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters, Luna Santin, Lupin, Lupo, Luthinya, LuxNevada, M4ck, MC MasterChef, MJO, MKil, MManning, MSTCrow, MZMcBride, Macmedic892, Maddie!, Madhatter198, Magioladitis, Magister Mathematicae, Majin Takeru, Mak8907, Malcolm Farmer, Malinaccier, Malo, Malphus, Mamalujo, Mandarax, Mandel, MaoaMz, Marek69, MarkGallagher, MarkS, MarkSweep, Marktreut, MarquisCostello, Martin Wisse, Martinp23, Martinwilke1980, Master of Puppets, Mastercampbell, Mathpianist93, Matt Crypto, Matthew Yeager, Mattley, Mattpauls, Matty j, Mav, Mawai, Maximus Rex, Maxpad, Maxwahrhaftig, Mboverload, Mbz1, McDogm, Mccready, Me2good, Meaghan, Meelar, Melinda wang, Melsaran, Men without hats, Menchi, Menilui, Mentifisto, Mercury McKinnon, Merlion444, Meursault2004, Mewto24, Miborovsky, MichaelBillington, Michaelpkk, Midnightblueowl, Miffy bunny, Mighty Antar, Mikaey, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mimihitam, Mimiian, Mimithebrain, Minimac, MinnesotanConfederacy, Mintguy, Miquonranger03, Mishatx, Mista-X, Misza13, Mjpieters, Mjquinn id, Mkill, Mkweise, Mlet, Mnementh, Moby-Dick3000, Mod Jagex, Modernist, Modulatum, Mohonu, Moink, Mokgen, Momo san, Monegasque, Monkeylover69, Moogin, Moriori, Morriss003, Motorizer, Mpradeep, Mqduck, Mr Adequate, Mr Chuckles, Mr Stephen, Mr-Thomas, Mr. Billion, Mr. Bouncy, Mr. IP, Mr. Lefty, MrOllie, Mrbluesky, Mrziggy1, Mscuthbert, Mtaylor848, Mtl1969, MuZemike, Muboshgu, Murph24, Mushroom, Musical Linguist, Mwanner, My winkey has a key, Mysteryman135, NOfxsoccer25, Nahallac Silverwinds, Nakon, Nandesuka, Napoleonvii, Narcala, Nat, Naturekist, NawlinWiki, Neier, Neilc, NekoDaemon, Nema Fakei, Neo-Jay, NeoJustin, Neutrality, NewEnglandYankee, Newmanbe, Niceguyedc, Nicholasink, NickCT, Nickthekick11, Nicsilo, Nihiltres, Nikodemos, Niohe, Niro5, Nishkid64, Nixeagle, NjtoTX, Nk, Nlu, Nmpenguin, Nn777nn, No substitute for you, Noah Salzman, Nobuts, NochnoiDozor, North Shoreman, Noverflow, Nowozin, Nsaa, NuclearWarfare, Number 8, Nunquam Dormio, Oda Mari, Off2riorob, Ohconfucius, OlEnglish, Old Moonraker, Olivier, OllieFury, Olorin28, Omicronpersei8, Ong elvin, Onyx65, Opelio, OrangeDog, Orangeagentkils, Orileyfactor, Orpheus, OverlordQ, OwenX, Oxymoron83, P-Chan, PAK Man, PCPP, PHaze, PNA record, Paektu, PalaceGuard008, PaladinWhite, Paracite, Pascal.Tesson, PasswordUsername, PatCheng, Patstuart, Paul August, Paul Stansifer, PaulHanson, Pcb21, Pearle, Peltimikko, Pennytoni, Penser, Perceval, Perfectganesh, Persian Poet Gal, Pete.mcconnell, Peterlin, Pethr, Pgecaj, Pgk, Pharaoh of the Wizards, PhiLiP, PhilFriesen, Philip Trueman, PhilipO, Picaroon, Piggy8, Pilotguy, PizzaofDoom, Plange, Plastictv, Plasticup, Pmlineditor, PoccilScript, Pogle, Pogoman, Pollinator, Pomte, Poopusher, Popsracer, Populus, Poridge, Postbagboy, Primpella, PruitIgoe, PseudoSudo, Psychomelodic, Purpleturple, Pwt898, Pyro19, Python eggs, QEDtheory, QRX, Qaddosh, Quadell, Quaeler, QueenCake, Quelcrime, Quesotiotyo, Quigley, Quince Quincy, Qwe, Qweqwewe, Qxz, R'n'B, R.O.C, R1es, RG2, RS1900, RTC, RaCha'ar, RaGnaRoK SepHír0tH, RafaAzevedo, RainbowOfLight, Raitocorleone, Rajah, Ran, RandomOrca2, RandomP, Ratonyi, Rawling, RayAYang, Rchamberlain, Rdsmith4, Re-evaluation, RebelAt, Red Winged Duck, RedHillian, Redbuster, Redsoxhater2468, Redthoreau, Reofjerf34m, Rettetast, Reuvenk, Revan98, Revcph1958, RevolverOcelotX, RexNL, Reywas92, Rezashah4, Riana, Rich Farmbrough, Rich jj, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Richard D. LeCour, Richman271, Richwil, RickK, Ricky@36, Rickyrab, Rimoll, Riplo, Rjanag, Rjd0060, Rje, Rjwilmsi, Rklawton, Rm999, Roadrunner, Robert Merkel, RobertLunaIII, Robsteadman, RockMFR, Rogswikipage, Roland Longbow, Rory096, Roscelese, RoseSoul, RoyBoy, Royalguard11, Rrburke, RugerMK1, Ruy Lopez, Ryanjo, Ryulong, S0aasdf2sf, SFGiants, SMC, SMcCandlish, SPD, SStracksman, ST47, Sabahnameweepapa, Saebjorn, Saforrest, Saluyot, Sam Korn, Samf-nz, Samwingkit, San Min Zhu Yi, Sander123, Sandor Clegane, Sandstein, Sandycx, Sango123, Sannse, Sarah, Sardanaphalus, Sceptre, SchfiftyThree, Schopenhauar, Scientizzle, Scipantheist, Sciurinæ, ScottCheloha, SeNeKa, Sean987654321, Seanwilliams98, Seanyboy0627, Sebleblanc, Seclipse21, SecretAgentMan00, Semprini, September777, Sertrel, Sevilledade, Sexybacy12, Sfu, Shadowfinted, Shadowlynk, Shahram, Shamrox, Shanes, ShaunES, Shawn in Montreal, SheepNotGoats, Shinjiman, Shizhao, Shoeofdeath, Shorne, Shutupandrun07, SidP, SigmaX54, SilkTork, Silly rabbit, Silverback, Silverfish2910, Silverhorse, SimonATL, SineWave, Sineofx, Sinohits, SiobhanHansa, Siyavash, Sjakkalle, Sjb90, Skater, Skinnygal, Skinnyweed, Skunkboy74, Sky01, Skyfiler, Sladen, Smalljim, Smartse, Smurdah, Smyth, Snek01, Snigbrook, Snowdog, Snowflake382, So God created Manchester, Sojournerpaul, Soman, Sophysduckling, Spartan, Speedboy Salesman, Speedoflight, Spellmaster, Spencer195, Spicyj, Spitfire, Spongebobjames, Sprocket, Srijon, Staberinde, Stanley.v.campbell, Steel, Steelerdon, Stefanomione, Stepheno, Stephian, Steven J. Anderson, Stevenmc, Stevertigo, StewieK, Stickee, Storm Rider, Str1977, StradivariusTV, Stratman69, Strula, Sturm55, Suisui, Suklaa, Sumple, Suncheng125, SuperHiro, Superzohar, Suruena, Svelty skye, Syedkidd, Syferus, Sylent, SynergyBlades, Syrthiss, TAIWAN, TBadger, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, TTGL, Taco325i, Tadanaranu, TallNapoleon, Tango Alpha Foxtrot, Tangotango, Tapir Terrific, Tascha96, TastyPoutine, Tccherrypie, Tckma, Tcncv, TeaDrinker, Techfast50, Technopilgrim, Tee Meng, Teeninvestor, TehBrandon, Teknologicks, Tellyaddict, Tempodivalse, Tengg, Terrillja, Testewart, Textangel, Tfischer 10, Thatguyflint, The Enlightened, The Fwanksta, The Great Veritas, The High Magus, The Marmalade, The Oh-So Humble One, The Proffesor, The Rambling Man, The Super Cool Amazement, The Thing That Should Not Be, The

Article Sources and Contributors 28

china portal, The true laughing man, TheFix63, TheLetterM, TheRedPenOfDoom, TheSeez, Theda, Thedudedude, Themfromspace, Thewallowmaker, Thingg, Thiseye, ThomasLB, Thou art an3wb!, Thryduulf, Thu, Tiddly Tom, Tide rolls, Tim Ivorson, Tim R, Timc, Timeoin, Timeshifter, Timrem, Tiptoety, Tiwonk, Tjistin, Tktktk, Tktru, Tmfox, ToastieIL, Tobby72, Tobeyjaggle,Tomchen1989, Tonnyy, Tonysowl, TornadoFist, Tosqueira, Tothebarricades.tk, Tpbradbury, Trapper, Trevelyan22, Trilobite, Triwbe, Troublemaker1949, Trubye, Truenorth1, Truthanado,Tryptofeng, Ttiotsw, Ttwaring, Turboduded, Tuzigou, Tzartzam, Ughugh, Uglyguy2006, Ukexpat, Ulric1313, Ultramarine, Ultraviolet scissor flame, Uncle Dick, Universewik, Unkownrebel,Unreal128, Unyoyega, User6854, VI, Vacuum, Valentinian, Vancouverguy, Versus22, Vess, Vicenarian, Victor, Vidboy10, Vietlong, Viking880, Vikrant A Phadkay, Vints, Viperslashreturns,Viridiflavus, Viskonsas, Visualerror, Vito Genovese, Vividuppper, Vjajay911, Vl'hurg, Voidvector, Volunteer Marek, Vozas, Vsion, Vzbs34, WGee, WODUP, Wadofwhatyoulove, Wafulz,Wallie, Wapcaplet, Warfvinge, Warofdreams, Wavelength, Wayward, Web Nerds, Wefrucar, Weijiya, Wenteng, Werdna, Weregerbil, WhisperToMe, White Shadows, White whirlwind,Whiteside, Wickethewok, WikHead, Wiki alf, WikiLaurent, Wikicum, Wikidenizen, Wikievil666, Wikijsmak, WikipedianMarlith, Wikispammer, Will, William Avery, WilliamDParker,Willking1979, Willowalker, Willtron, Wink wank, Wizzy, Wkdewey, Wmahan, Wmblade, Wolf2p, Woohookitty, Woosa2007, Work permit, Wshun, Wtmitchell, Wwbread, Wwoo22,Wyvernoid, XDarklytez, Xdenizen, Xjess4everx, Xsuite, Xtcy3, XtoF, Xyzzyva, Ya super mum, Yahel Guhan, Yahoo, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yangzhourong, Yau, Yekrats, Ygeng, Yialanliu, YiyuShen, Yodawg123456789, Yonskii, Yossarian, Youngtitus1125, Yuninjie, Yvg09, Yyy, ZPM, Zarel, Zazou, Zeroman2, Zh, Zhou Yu, Zhouyn, Zigger, Zinp, Zoe, Zoltan93, ^demon, ΔΥΝΓΑΝΕ,刻意, 工具书系列, 统理, 2939 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributorsfile:Mao_Zedong_portrait.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mao_Zedong_portrait.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Zhang Zhenshi(1914–1992)File:Mao Zedong Signature.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mao_Zedong_Signature.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:WikiLaurentFile:Mao1927.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mao1927.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ianbu, Kalki, Shizhao, Spencer195File:Mao1931.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mao1931.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Herzi Pinki, Ianbu, Red devil 666, Spencer195Image:1928 Mao and third wife He Jijen.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1928_Mao_and_third_wife_He_Jijen.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Arilang1234File:Mao1938a.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mao1938a.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Herzi Pinki, Ianbu, Olivier2, Shizhao, Spencer195, Tar-ba-ganImage:Marshallmao.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Marshallmao.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: RebelAtImage:China, Mao (2).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:China,_Mao_(2).jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Chrislb, Hongkongresident, Ianbu, Matanya,Pullus In Fabula, Shizhao, Stevenliuyi, 4 anonymous editsImage:Mao and Jiang Qing 1946.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mao_and_Jiang_Qing_1946.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unidentified photographerImage:Maoflag1.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Maoflag1.PNG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unidentified graphic designers, adapted by "The ShiningPath"File:Kissinger Mao.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kissinger_Mao.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Oliver Atkins (w:User:JiangJiang -original uploaderon en wiki)File:CheWithMao1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CheWithMao1.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: RedthoreauImage:Mao-Hoxha CR Poster.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mao-Hoxha_CR_Poster.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Andy Dingley, Rezashah4, 1anonymous editsFile:Nixon Mao 1972-02-29.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nixon_Mao_1972-02-29.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: White House Photo Office (1969 –1974)File:Mao Zedong Porträt am Eingang zur Verbotenen Stadt.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mao_Zedong_Porträt_am_Eingang_zur_Verbotenen_Stadt.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:RaymondFile:1950s 毛主席给我们的幸福生活.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1950s_毛主席给我们的幸福生活.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: UnknownFile:Mao mausoleum queue.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mao_mausoleum_queue.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:SfuFile:Mao-calligraphy1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mao-calligraphy1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Spencer195, WhisperToMe, 1 anonymous edits

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unportedhttp:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/