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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, nc.!pper Sadd"e #i$er, %e& 'ersey 0()*+

"" rights reser$ed.

A Living Language

Medical Terminology

Chapter 4

Musculoskeletal System

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-u"timedia irectory

S"ide /0Bone Structure Eercise

S"ide 1S3e"eta" Bones Eercise

S"ide (+Chiropractic -edicine 4ideo

S"ide 95steoporosis 4ideo

S"ide 9+rthritis 4ideoS"ide 0/rthroscopy 4ideo

S"ide 2)-usc"es nimation

S"ide /+'oint -o$ement nimation

S"ide )6umerus dduction7bduction nimation

S"ide )/E"bo& F"eion7Etension nimationS"ide )*n3"e orsi8"eion and P"antar F"eion nimation

S"ide )+n3"e n$ersion and E$ersion nimation

S"ide *0E"bo& Pronation and Supination nimation
http://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/DD_dragdropbone.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/DD_dragdropskeleton.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/PP_chiropractic.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/no_intro_osteo.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/no_intro_arthritis.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/no_intro_arthroscopy.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/muscles.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/muscles.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/no_intro_arthroscopy.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/no_intro_arthritis.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/no_intro_osteo.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/PP_chiropractic.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/DD_dragdropskeleton.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/DD_dragdropbone.htm

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-u"timedia irectory Continued

S"ide *26umerus Circumduction nimation

S"ide */6and 5pposition nimation

S"ide *)6umerus #otation nimation

S"ide 12-usc"e trophy 4ideo

S"ide 1*-uscu"ar ystrophy 4ideoS"ide 1(Carpa" unne" 4ideo

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S3e"eta" System at a :"ance

Functions o8 S3e"eta" System nterna" 8rame&or3 o8 body

Supports body

Protects interna" organs Point o8 attachment 8or musc"es

Produces b"ood ce""s

Stores minera"s

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S3e"eta" System at a :"ance

5rgans o8 S3e"eta" System Bones o8 the s3e"eton

'oints

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S3e"eta" System Combining Forms

an3y"7o sti88 ;oint

arthr7o ;oint

articu"7o ;oint

burs7o sac

carp7o &rist

cer$ic7o nec3

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chondr7o carti"age

c"a$icu"7o c"a$ic"e

coccyg7o coccy

cortic7o outer portion

cost7o rib

crani7o s3u""

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8emor7o 8emur

8ibu"7o 8ibu"a

humer7o humerus

i"i7o i"ium

ischi7o ischium

3yph7o hump

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"amin7o "amina, part o8 $ertebra

"ord7o bent bac3&ards

"umb7o "oin

mandibu"7o mandib"e

mai""7o mai""a

medu""7o inner portion

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht


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metacarp7o metacarpa"s

metatars7o metatarsa"s

mye"7o bone marro&

orth7o straight

oste7o bone

pate""7o pate""a

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ped7o 8oot

pe"$7o pe"$is

pha"ang7o pha"anges

pod7o 8oot

pub7o pubis

radi7o radius

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sacr7o sacrum

scapu"7o scapu"a

sco"i7o croo3ed, bent

spondy"7o $ertebrae

stern7o sternum

syno$i7o syno$ia" membrane

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syno$7o syno$ia" membrane

tars7o an3"e

thorac7o chest

tibi7o tibia

u"n7o u"na

$ertebr7o $ertebra

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S3e"eta" System Su88ies

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natomy and Physio"ogy

Bones are body organs &ith b"ood supp"y,

ner$es, and "ymphatic $esse"s

Bones are connected to each other to 8orm

skeleton Frame&or3 8or the body

201 bones

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Red bone marrow&ithin bones produces

b"ood ce""s

Bones a"so=

Protect $ita" organs Store minera"s

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Joint P"ace &here t&o bones meet

6e"d together by ligaments

:i$es 8"eibi"ity to s3e"eton

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Bones

"so ca""ed osseous tissue

5ne o8 hardest materia"s in body

Formed 8rom gradua" process be8ore birth

ca""ed ossification

Feta" s3e"eton is 8ormed 8rom a carti"age

mode"

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Bones

F"eib"e tissue is gradua""y rep"aced by

osteoblasts >immature bone ce""s?

n adu"t bones osteob"asts mature into

osteocytesFormation o8 strong bones dependant on

ade@uate supp"y o8 minera"s

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Four Shapes o8 Bones

Longbones

hortbones

!latbones

"rregularbones

Aonger than&ide

#$ample%

8emur

humerus

#ough"y as"ong as &ide

#$ample%

carpa"s

tarsa"s

P"ateshaped

#$ample%

sternum

scapu"a

pe"$is

Shape $eryirregu"ar

#$ample%

$ertebrae

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Figure ). < C"assi8ication o8 bones by shape.

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Aong Bones

-a;ority o8 bones in

body

i$ided into=

&iaphysis#piphysis

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iaphysis

Centra" sha8t

Medullary cavity5pen cana" &ithin

diaphysis Contains yellow

bone marrow -ost"y 8at

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Epiphysis

ide ends o8 "ong

bone &istal epiphysis

'ro$imal epiphysisArticular cartilage

Co$ers epiphysis

Pre$ents bonerubbing on bone

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Periosteum

Co$ers sur8ace o8

bone not co$ered by

articu"ar carti"age

hin connecti$etissue membrane

Contains numerous

ner$e and "ymphatic

$esse"s

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Compact Bone

"so ca""ed

cortical bone

4ery dense and

hard5uter "ayer o8 bone

Found in both

epiphysis anddiaphysis

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Cance""ous Bone

"so ca""ed spongy

bone

Found inside bone

6as spacescontaining red bone

marrow-anu8actures b"ood

ce""s

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Figure ).2 < Components o8 a "ong bone.

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C"ic3 hereto re$ie& "ong bone structure &ith a "abe"ing acti$ity.

Bone Structure Eercise

Bac3 to irectory
http://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/DD_dragdropbone.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/DD_dragdropbone.htm

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Bony Processes

Pro;ection 8rom the sur8ace o8 a bone

#ough processes pro$ide p"ace 8or musc"e

attachment

Smooth rounded processes articu"ate &ithanother bone in a ;oint

%amed 8or shape and "ocation

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Common Bony Processes

(eadAarge smooth ba""shaped end o8 a "ongbone

Condyle Smooth rounded portion at end o8 bone

#picondyle Pro;ection abo$e or on a condy"e

Trochanter Aarge rough process

Tubercle Sma"" rough process

Tuberosity Aarge rough process

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Figure )./ < Bony processes 8ound on the 8emur.

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Bony epressions

inus 6o""o& ca$ity &ithin bone

!oramen

Smooth opening 8or ner$es and b"ood $esse"s

!ossa Sha""o& ca$ity or depression &ithin a bone

!issure eep groo$e or s"it"i3e opening

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he S3e"eton

S3e"eton has t&o di$isions A$ial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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ia" S3e"eton

nc"udes bones in= 6ead

%ec3

Spine Chest

run3

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Figure ).) < Bones o8 the aia" s3e"eton.

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he S3u""

s di$ided into t&o parts Cranium

!acial bones

Protects brain, eyes, ears, nasa" ca$ity, andora" ca$ity

ttachment 8or musc"es o8 che&ing and

turning the head

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Cranium

!rontal< Forehead

'arietal< 2

!pper sides and roo8o8 s3u""

Temporal< 2 Sides D base o8 s3u""

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Cranium

#thmoid< Part o8 eye orbit,

nose, D 8"oor o8 s3u""

phenoid< Part o8 8"oor o8 s3u""

)ccipital< Bac3 D base o8 s3u""

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Figure ).* < Bones o8 the s3u"".

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Facia" Bones

Mandible< Ao&er ;a&bone

Ma$illa<

!pper ;a&bone*ygomatic< 2

Chee3 bones

+omer< Part o8 nasa" septum

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Facia" Bones

'alatine< 6ard pa"ate and 8"oor

o8 nose

,asal< 2 Part o8 nasa" septum

and bridge o8 nose

Lacrimal< 2 nner corner o8 eye

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Figure ).* < Bones o8 the s3u"".

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6yoid Bone

Sing"e !shaped bone

n nec3 bet&een mandib"e and "aryn

ttachment point 8or s&a""o&ing and speech

musc"es

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he run3

+ertebral column

ternum

Rib cage

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he 4ertebra" Co"umn

i$ided into 8i$e

sections Cervical

Thoracic Lumbar

acrum

Coccy$

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he 4ertebra" Co"umn

Cer$ica" ( $ertebrae o8 nec3

horacic

2 $ertebrae o8 chestAumbar

* $ertebrae o8 "o&

bac3

Sacrum * 8used $ertebrae at

base o8 spine

Coccy /

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Figure ).1 < i$isions o8 the $ertebra" co"umn.

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he #ib Cage

2 pairs o8 ribs

ttached to $ertebra"

co"umn at bac3

Pro$ides support 8ororgans, such as

heart and "ungs

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Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, nc.

!pper Sadd"e #i$er, %e& 'ersey 0()*+

"" rights reser$ed.

he #ib Cage

True ribs 0 pairs attached to

sternum in 8ront

!loating ribs n8erior 2 pairs

%o attachment in

8ront

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Figure ).( < he structure o8 the rib cage.

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ppendicu"ar S3e"eton

nc"udes bones o8= 'ectoral girdle

-pper e$tremity

'elvic girdle Lower e$tremity

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Figure ).+ < Bones o8 the appendicu"ar s3e"eton.

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Pectora" :ird"e

ttaches upper etremity to aia" s3e"eton

rticu"ates &ith= Sternum anterior"y

4ertebra" co"umn posterior"yConsists o8=

Clavicle< co""ar bone

capula< shou"der b"ade

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!pper Etremity

rmConsists o8=

(umerus< upper arm

-lna< part o8 8orearm Radius< part o8 8orearm

Carpals< &rist bones

Metacarpals< hand bones

'halanges< 8inger bones

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Figure ).9 < natomica" and common names 8or the pectora" gird"eand upper etremity.

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Pe"$ic :ird"e

"so ca""ed os co$ae, innominate bone, or

hipbone

ttaches "o&er etremity to aia" s3e"eton

rticu"ates &ith sacrum posterior"yConsists o8=

"lium

"schium 'ubis

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Ao&er Etremity

Aeg

Consists o8= !emur< thigh bone

'atella< 3nee cap Tibia< shin bone

!ibula< "o&er "eg bone

Tarsals< an3"e bones

Metatarsals< 8oot bones

'halanges< toe bones

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Figure ).0 < natomica" and common names 8or the pe"$ic gird"eand "o&er etremity.

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C"ic3 hereto re$ie& the bones o8 the s3e"eton &ith a "abe"ing acti$ity.

S3e"eta" Bones Eercise

Bac3 to irectory
http://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/DD_dragdropskeleton.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/DD_dragdropskeleton.htm

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'oints

Formed &here t&o bones meet

"so ca""ed an articulation

hree types based on mo$ement a""o&ed

bet&een the 2 bones= ynovial

Cartilaginous

!ibrous

S

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Syno$ia" 'oints

Free"y mo$ing ;oints

-ost common type o8 ;oint

Eamp"e is ba""andsoc3et ;oint

Bones he"d together by ligaments Strong bands o8 connecti$e tissue

Some contain a bursa

Sac"i3e structure "ined &ith syno$ia" membrane

S i " ' i

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Syno$ia" 'oints

Enc"osed in an

e"astic.oint capsule

Contains synovial

fluid Aubricant secreted by

synovial membrane

Ends o8 bones are

co$ered &itharticular cartilage

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"" rights reser$ed.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht



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Figure ).2 < Structure o8 a syno$ia" ;oint.

C ti" i ' i t

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Carti"aginous 'oints

""o& s"ight

mo$ement

6o"d bones 8irm"y in

p"ace by so"id pieceo8 carti"age

Eamp"e Pubic symphysis

Fib ' i t

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"" rights reser$ed.

Fibrous 'oints

""o& a"most no

mo$ement

'oined by thic3

8ibrous tissueEamp"e

Sutures o8 the s3u""

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"" rights reser$ed.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht



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Figure ). < Eamp"es o8 three types o8 ;oints 8ound in the body.

d B i"di ith th 7

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!pper Sadd"e #i$er, %e& 'ersey 0()*+"" rights reser$ed.

ord Bui"ding &ith arthr7o

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ord Bui"ding &ith burs7o D chondr7o

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ord Bui"ding &ith cortic7o and crani7o

intra<

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ord Bui"ding &ith medu""7o D mye"7o

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ord Bui"ding &ith oste7o

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ord Bui"ding &ith syno$7o D $ertebr7o

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d;ecti$e Forms o8 Bone %ames

i"iac i"ium

carpa" carpus

cer$ica" nec3

costa" rib

crania" cranium

8emora" 8emur

humera" humerus

ischia" ischium

metacarpa" metacarpus

metatarsa" metatarsus

radia" radius

sacra" sacrum

sterna" sternum

tarsa" tarsus


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tibia" tibia

c"a$icu"ar c"a$ic"e

8ibu"ar 8ibu"a

"umbar "o& bac3

mandibu"ar mandib"e

pate""ar pate""a

scapu"ar scapu"a

u"nar u"na

mai""ary mai""a

coccygea" coccy

pha"angea" pha"anges

pe"$ic pe"$is

pubic pubis

thoracic thora

S3e"eta" System 4ocabu"ary

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ca""us mass o8 bone tissue that 8orms at 8racturesite during hea"ing

castso"id materia" to immobi"ize a 8racture maybe made o8 p"aster o8 Paris or 8iberg"ass

chiropracticpractice o8 treating patients usingmanipu"ations o8 $ertebra" co"umnpractitioner is a chiropractor

crepitationnoise produced by bones or carti"age

rubbing togethereostosis bone spur

Chiropractic -edicine 4ideo

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C"ic3 hereto $ie& a $ideo on chiropractic medicine.

Chiropractic -edicine 4ideo

Bac3 to irectory

http://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/PP_chiropractic.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/PP_chiropractic.htm

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3yphosis abnorma" increase in cur$e o8 thoracicspine humpbac3

"ordosisabnorma" increase in 8or&ard cur$ature o8"umbar spine s&aybac3

orthopedicsbranch o8 medicine specia"izing in diagnosisand treatment o8 muscu"os3e"eta" systemphysician is an orthopedist

orthotic

brace or sp"int used to pre$ent or correct

de8ormities specia"ist in ma3ing is anorthotist

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Figure )./ < bnorma" spina" cur$atures= 3yphosis, "ordosis, andsco"iosis.


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podiatrypro8ession specia"izing in diagnosis andtreatment o8 disorders o8 8eet and "o&er "egpractitioner is a podiatrist

prosthesisarti8icia" de$ice to substitute 8or a missing or

damaged body part

prostheticspro8ession specia"izing in ma3ingprostheses specia"ist in ma3ing is aprosthetist

Fractures

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Fractures

c"osed 8racture 8racture &ith no open s3in &ound a"soca""ed simp"e 8racture

Co""es 8racture common &rist 8racture

comminuted8racture 8racture &here bone is shattered,sp"intered, or crushed

compound8racture

8racture &ith an open s3in &ound a"soca""ed open 8racture

compression8racture 8racture &ith "oss o8 height in $ertebra"body o8ten 8rom osteoporosis

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Figure ).) < ? 5pen >or compound? and B? c"osed >or simp"e? 8ractures.

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Figure ).* < Co""es 8racture.>Char"es Ste&art and ssociates?

Fractures

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Fractures

8racture >FG, F? bro3en bone

greenstic3 8ractureincomp"ete brea3 one side o8 boneis bro3en, the other is bent commonin chi"dren

impacted 8racturebone 8ragments are pushed intoeach other

ob"i@ue 8racture 8racture at an ang"e to bone

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Figure ).1 < Gray sho&ing ob"i@ue 8racture o8 the humerus.>Char"es Ste&art and ssociates?

Fractures

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Fractures

patho"ogic 8racture 8racture caused by diseased or&ea3ened bone

spira" 8racture8racture "ine spira" around sha8t o8bone o8ten s"o&er to hea"

stress 8ractures"ight 8racture caused by repetiti$e"o&impact 8orces "i3e running

trans$erse8racture

8racture is straight across bone

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Figure ).( < Gray sho&ing trans$erse 8racture o8 radius.

>'ames Ste$enson7Science Photo Aibrary7Photo #esearchers, nc.?

Bone Patho"ogies

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Bone Patho"ogies

E&ingssarcoma

cancerous tumor o8 sha8t o8 "ong bonesspreads through periosteum amputationis necessary to pre$ent metastasis

osteogenicsarcoma

most common type o8 bone cancerbegins in osteocytes

osteoma"aciaso8tening o8 bones caused by ca"ciumde8iciency caused in chi"dren &ith

insu88icient sun"ight and $itamin

Bone Patho"ogies

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Bone Patho"ogies

osteoporosisdecrease in bone mass resu"ts inthinning and &ea3ening o8 bonesporous bone easi"y 8ractures

Pagetsdisease

metabo"ic disease o8 bone un3no&n

cause resu"ts in bone destruction andde8ormity

ric3etscaused by ca"cium and $itamin de8iciency resu"ts in bone de8ormities

"i3e bo&ed "egs

5steoporosis 4ideo

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C"ic3 hereto $ie& a $ideo on osteoporosis.

5steoporosis 4ideo

Bac3 to irectory

Spina" Co"umn Patho"ogies
http://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/no_intro_osteo.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/no_intro_osteo.htm

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Spina" Co"umn Patho"ogies

an3y"osingspondy"itis

in8"ammatory condition resemb"esrheumatoid arthritis gradua"sti88ening and 8usion o8 $ertebrae

herniated nuc"eus

pu"posus >6%P?

protrusion o8 an inter$ertebra" dis3

a"so ca""ed ruptured dis3

sco"iosis "atera" cur$e o8 spine

spina bi8idacongenita" anoma"y $ertebra 8ai"s to8u""y 8orm around spina" cord

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Figure ).+ < Co"or enhanced magnetic resonance imaging >-#?

image demonstrating a herniated nuc"eus pu"posus putting

pressure on the spina" cord >see arro&s?.

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Figure )./ < bnorma" spina" cur$atures= 3yphosis, "ordosis, andsco"iosis.

Spina" Co"umn Patho"ogy

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Spina" Co"umn Patho"ogy

spina" stenosis narro&ing o8 spina" cana" causespressure on spina" cord and ner$es

spondy"o"isthesis8or&ard s"iding o8 "umbar $ertebrao$er $ertebra be"o& it

'oint Patho"ogy

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'oint Patho"ogy

bunion in8"ammation o8 bursa at base o8 great toe

dis"ocationbones in ;oint are disp"aced 8rom norma"a"ignment

osteoarthritis>5?

resu"ts in degeneration o8 bone and ;ointsbone rubs against bone

rheumatoidarthritis >#?

autoimmune in8"ammation o8 ;oints &iths&e""ing, sti88ness, pain resu"ts in ;ointde8ormities

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Figure ).9 < Patient &ith typica" rheumatoid arthritis contractures.

>Science Photo Aibrary7Photo #esearchers, nc.?

rthritis 4ideo

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C"ic3 hereto $ie& a $ideo on arthritis.

rthritis 4ideo

Bac3 to irectory

S3e"eta" System Patho"ogy
http://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/no_intro_arthritis.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/no_intro_arthritis.htm

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S3e"eta" System Patho"ogy

sprain damage to "igaments around ;oint due too$erstretching no dis"ocation or 8racture

sub"uationincomp"ete dis"ocation ;oint a"ignment isdisrupted, but ends o8 bones remain in

contact

systemic "upuserythematosus>SAE?

autoimmune disease o8 connecti$etissue a88ecting many systems inc"uding

;oints "oo3s "i3e rheumatoid arthritis

ta"ipescongenita" de8ormity o8 an3"emisa"ignment c"ub8oot

iagnostic maging

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iagnostic maging

arthrography $isua"izing ;oint by Gray a8ter in;ectingcontrast medium into ;oint

bone scan

nuc"ear medicine procedureradioacti$e dye is used to $isua"ize

bones use8u" 8or identi8ying stress8ractures and metastases

dua"energyabsorptiometry

>G?

measures bone density using "o& doseGray detects osteoporosis

iagnostic maging

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iagnostic maging

mye"ographyStudy o8 spina" co"umn a8ter in;ectingopa@ue contrast medium use8u" 8oridenti8ying herniated nuc"eus pu"posus

radiography

uses Grays to study interna" structure o8

body especia""y use8u" 8or $isua"izingbones and ;oints

Endoscopic Procedures

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Endoscopic Procedures

arthroscopy

Eamining interior o8 ;oint &ith anarthroscope, a 8iberoptic camera $ie& o8

;oint interior appears on monitor duringprocedure

rthroscopy 4ideo

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rthroscopy 4ideo

C"ic3 hereto $ie& a $ideo on arthroscopy.

Bac3 to irectory

Surgica" Procedures
http://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/no_intro_arthroscopy.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/no_intro_arthroscopy.htm

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Surgica" Procedures

amputation remo$a" o8 a "imb 8or reasons "i3e tumors,gangrene, or crushing in;ury

arthroscopicsurgery

per8orming surgery &hi"e using anarthroscope to $ie& inside ;oint

bone gra8t bone 8rom another source used to rep"aceboney de8ect in another "ocation

Surgica" Procedures

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Surgica" Procedures

bunionectomy remo$a" o8 bursa at base o8 great toe

"aminectomyremo$a" o8 posterior arch o8 $ertebra toremo$e compression o8 a spina" ner$e

percutaneousdis3ectomy

tube is inserted into inter$ertebra" dis3

to suc3 out ruptured dis3 may a"so bedone &ith a "aser

Surgica" Procedures

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g

spina" 8usion surgica" immobi"ization o8 ad;acent$ertebrae

tota" hiparthrop"asty >6?

imp"anting a prosthetic hip ;oint

tota" 3neearthrop"asty >H?

imp"anting a prosthetic 3nee ;oint

Fracture Care

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8iationstabi"izes 8racture &hi"e it hea"s eterna"8iation inc"udes casts and sp"ints interna"8iation inc"udes pins, p"ates, and scre&s

reduction

rea"igning bone 8ragments o8 8racture c"osed

reduction is manipu"ation &ithout surgeryopen reduction re@uires surgery

tractionapp"ying a pu""ing 8orce on 8racture ordis"ocation to restore a"ignment

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Figure ).20 < Prosthetic hip ;oint.>Aa&rence Ai$ermore %ationa" Aibrary7Science Photo Aibrary7Photo #esearchers, nc.?

S3e"eta" System Pharmaco"ogy

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y gy

bonereabsorptioninhibitors

reduce thereabsorption o8 bonetreats osteoporosisand Pagets disease

Fosama, Boni$a

ca"ciumsupp"ementsD 4itamin supp"ements

supp"ements thatmaintain bone densitytreats osteoma"acia,osteoporosis, D ric3ets

5ysterca",Ca"Citrate

S3e"eta" System Pharmaco"ogy

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y gy

corticosteroids

ha$e strong antiin8"ammatoryproperties treatrheumatoid arthritis

prednisone,-edro",ecadron

nonsteroida"antiin8"ammatorydrugs >%Ss?

pro$ide mi"d pain re"ie8and antiin8"ammatorybene8its treat arthritis

d$i", -otrin,"e$e, spirin

S3e"eta" System bbre$iations

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y

E abo$e e"bo&

H abo$e 3nee

B bone density testing

BE be"o& e"bo&

BH be"o& 3nee

B- bone minera" density

C, C2, etc. 8irst cer$ica" $ertebra, etc.


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y

Ca ca"cium

' degenerati$e ;oint disease

G dua"energy absorptiometry

FG, F 8racture

6%P herniated nuc"eus pu"posus

'# ;u$eni"e rheumatoid arthritis


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y

A, A2, etc. 8irst "umbar $ertebra, etc.

AE "o&er etremity

AAE "e8t "o&er etremity

A!E "e8t upper etremity

%S nonsteroida" antiin8"ammatory drug

5 osteoarthritis

5#F open reduction < interna" 8iation


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y

5rth, ortho orthopedics

# rheumatoid arthritis

#AE right "o&er etremity

#!E right upper etremity

SAE systemic "upus erythematosus

, 2, etc. 8irst thoracic $ertebra, etc.

6 tota" hip arthrop"asty


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y

6# tota" hip rep"acement

H tota" 3nee arthrop"asty

H# tota" 3nee rep"acement

!E upper etremity

-uscu"ar System at a :"ance

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y

Function o8 -uscu"ar System ndi$idua" ce""s are ab"e to contract or shorten in

"ength

Shortening produces mo$ement

-uscu"ar System at a :"ance

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y

5rgans o8 -uscu"ar System-usc"es

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-uscu"ar System Combining Forms

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8asci7o 8ibrous band 8ibr7o 8ibers

3inesi7o mo$ement

muscu"7o musc"emy7o musc"e

-uscu"ar System Combining Forms

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myocardi7o heart musc"emyos7o musc"e

p"ant7o so"e o8 8oot

ten7o tendon tend7o tendon

tendin7o tendon

-uscu"ar System Su88ies

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ab< a&ay 8romad< to&ards

circum< around


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Bund"es o8 para""e" muscle tissue fibersFibers contract

Shorten in "ength

Produce mo$ement-o$e bones c"oser together

Push 8ood through digesti$e system

Pump b"ood through b"ood $esse"s

-usc"es nimation

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C"ic3 hereto $ie& an animation on musc"es.

Bac3 to irectory

ypes o8 -usc"es
http://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/muscles.htmhttp://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/medterm/ch04/media/muscles.htm

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keletal musclemooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

4o"untary musc"es Conscious"y choose to contract the musc"e

S3e"eta" musc"es

n$o"untary musc"es !nder contro" o8 subconscious brain

Smooth musc"es and cardiac musc"e

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"" rights reser$ed.





"" rights reser$ed.

Figure ).2 < he three types o8 musc"es= s3e"eta", smooth, andcardiac.

S3e"eta" -usc"es

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"" rights reser$ed.

ttached to bonesProduce $o"untary mo$ement o8 s3e"eton

"so re8erred to as striated muscle

Aoo3s striped under microscope

S3e"eta" -usc"es

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"" rights reser$ed.

-usc"e is &rapped in "ayers o8 connecti$etissue Ca""ed fascia

apers at the end to 8orm tendon

nserts into periosteum to attach musc"e to bone

re stimu"ated by motor neurons Point o8 contact &ith musc"e 8iber is ca""ed

myoneural .unction

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"" rights reser$ed.





"" rights reser$ed.

Figure ).22 < Characteristics o8 the three types o8 musc"es.

Smooth -usc"es

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"" rights reser$ed.

ssociated &ith interna" organs"so ca""ed visceral muscle

Stomach

#espiratory air&ays

B"ood $esse"s

Ca""ed smooth because has no microscopic

stripes

Produces in$o"untary mo$ement o8 theseorgans

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"" rights reser$ed.





"" rights reser$ed.


Cardiac -usc"e

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"" rights reser$ed.

"so ca""ed myocardium-a3es up &a""s o8 heart

n$o"untary contraction o8 heart to pump b"ood

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"" rights reser$ed.





"" rights reser$ed.


-usc"e %ames

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"" rights reser$ed.

Location rectus abdominis straight abdomina"musc"e

)riginand

insertion

sternoc"eidomastoidnamed 8or its t&oorigins= sternum and

c"a$ic"e

i/e g"uteus maimus "arge buttoc3 musc"e

-usc"e %ames

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"" rights reser$ed.

Action 8"eor carpi musc"e that bends the&rist

!iberdirection

eterna" ob"i@ueabdomina" &ith 8ibersrunning on an ang"e

,umber ofattachmentpoints

biceps musc"e &ith t&o heads

S3e"eta" -usc"e ctions

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"" rights reser$ed.

S3e"eta" musc"es attach to t&o di88erent bonesand o$er"ap a ;oint

hen musc"e contracts both bones mo$e, but

not e@ua""y )rigin= "ess mo$eab"e o8 2 bones

"nsertion= more mo$eab"e o8 2 bones

S3e"eta" -usc"e ctions

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"" rights reser$ed.

Action ype o8 mo$ement produced by the musc"e

Antagonistic pairs Pair o8 musc"es arranged around a ;oint

Produce opposite actions

'oint -o$ement nimation

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"" rights reser$ed.

C"ic3 here to $ie& an animation on the mo$ement o8 ;oints.

Bac3 to irectory

-o$ement ermino"ogy

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"" rights reser$ed.

dorsi8"eion bac3&ard bending o8 8oot

p"antar 8"eion bending so"e o8 8oot pointing toes

8"eion act o8 bending or being bent

etension brings "imb into a straight condition

abduction mo$ement a&ay 8rom mid"ine o8 body

adduction mo$ement to&ard mid"ine o8 body

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"" rights reser$ed.





"" rights reser$ed.

Figure ).2/ < bduction and adduction.

6umerus dduction7bduction

nimation

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"" rights reser$ed.

C"ic3 here to $ie& an animation on humerus adduction and abduction.

nimation

Bac3 to irectory

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"" rights reser$ed.





"" rights reser$ed.

Figure ).2) < F"eion and etension.

E"bo& F"eion7Etension

nimation

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"" rights reser$ed.

C"ic3 here to $ie& an animation on e"bo& 8"eion and etension.

nimation

Bac3 to irectory

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"" rights reser$ed.





"" rights reser$ed.

Figure ).2* < orsi8"eion and p"antar 8"eion.

n3"e orsi8"eion and P"antar

F"eion nimation

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"" rights reser$ed.

C"ic3 here to $ie& an animation on an3"e dorsi8"eion and p"antar 8"eion.

F"eion nimation

Bac3 to irectory

-o$ement ermino"ogy

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"" rights reser$ed.

e"e$ation to raise

depression to drop do&n

pronation turning pa"m do&n&ard

supination turning pa"m up&ard

e$ersion turning out&ard

in$ersion turning in&ard

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"" rights reser$ed.





"" rights reser$ed.

Figure ).21 < E$ersion and in$ersion.

n3"e n$ersion and E$ersion

nimation

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"" rights reser$ed.

C"ic3 here to $ie& an animation o8 an3"e in$ersion and e$ersion.

nimation

Bac3 to irectory

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"" rights reser$ed.





"" rights reser$ed.

Figure ).2( < Pronation and supination.

E"bo& Pronation and Supination

nimation

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"" rights reser$ed.

C"ic3 here to $ie& an animation o8 8orearm pronation and supination.

nimation

Bac3 to irectory

i88erent Circu"ar -o$ements

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"" rights reser$ed.

Circumduction-o$ement in circu"ar direction 8rom a centra" point

)pposition-o$ing thumb a&ay 8rom pa"m to contact tip o8

other 8ingers

Rotation-o$ing around a centra" ais

6umerus Circumduction nimation

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"" rights reser$ed.

C"ic3 here to $ie& an animation o8 humerus circumduction.

Bac3 to irectory

6and 5pposition nimation

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"" rights reser$ed.

C"ic3 here to $ie& an animation o8 thumb and 8inger opposition.

Bac3 to irectory

6umerus #otation nimation

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"" rights reser$ed.

C"ic3 here to $ie& an animation o8 humerus rotation.

Bac3 to irectory

ord Bui"ding &ith 8asci7o and 3inesi7o

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"" rights reser$ed.

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"" rights reser$ed.

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"" rights reser$ed.

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"" rights reser$ed.

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"" rights reser$ed.

brady< brady3inesia s"o& mo$ementdys< dys3inesia di88icu"t mo$ement

hyper< hyper3inesia ecessi$e mo$ement

hypo< hypo3inesia insu88icient mo$ement

ord Bui"ding &ith

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"" rights reser$ed.

a< atonia "ac3 o8 tonedys< dystonia abnorma" tone

hyper< hypertonia ecessi$e tone

hypo< hypotonia insu88icient tone

my7o myotonia musc"e tone

-uscu"ar System 4ocabu"ary

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"" rights reser$ed.

adhesion scar tissue in 8ascia ma3es musc"emo$ement di88icu"t

atrophypoor musc"e de$e"opment resu"t o8 musc"edisease or "ac3 o8 use musc"e &asting

contracture abnorma" shortening o8 musc"e 8ibers,tendons, or 8ascia

hypertrophy increase in musc"e bu"3 8rom using it

-usc"e trophy 4ideo

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"" rights reser$ed.

C"ic3 here to $ie& a $ideo on musc"e atrophy.

Bac3 to irectory

-uscu"ar System 4ocabu"ary

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"" rights reser$ed.

intermittentc"audication

attac3s o8 se$ere pain and "amenesscaused by musc"e ischemia usua""y in ca"8musc"es

spasmsudden, in$o"untary, strong musc"econtraction

tortico""isse$ere nec3 spasms pu""ing head to oneside &rynec3 or cric3 in the nec3

-usc"e Patho"ogy

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"" rights reser$ed.

8ibromya"gia &idespread aching and pain inmusc"es and so8t tissue

"atera" epicondy"itisin8"ammation o8 e"bo& musc"escaused by strong gripping tennise"bo&

muscu"ar dystrophy>-?

inherited disease &ith progressi$emusc"e atrophy

pseudohypertrophic

muscu"ar dystrophy

one type o8 inherited muscu"ardystrophy a"so ca""ed uchennesmuscu"ar dystrophy

-uscu"ar ystrophy 4ideo

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"" rights reser$ed.

C"ic3 here to $ie& a $ideo on muscu"ar dystrophy.

Bac3 to irectory

Patho"ogy o8 endons, -usc"es,

and7or Aigaments

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"" rights reser$ed.

carpa" tunne"syndrome>CS?

repetiti$e motion disorder compression o88inger tendons and median ner$e as theypass through carpa" tunne" o8 the &rist

gang"ion cystcyst on tendon sheath usua""y on hand,&rist, or an3"e

repetiti$emotion

disorder

chronic disorders in$o"$ing tendon,musc"es, ;oints, and ner$e damage tissueis sub;ected to pressure, $ibration, or

repetiti$e mo$ements

Carpa" unne" 4ideo

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"" rights reser$ed.

C"ic3 here to $ie& a $ideo on carpa" tunne".

Bac3 to irectory

Patho"ogy o8 endons, -usc"es,

and7or Aigaments

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"" rights reser$ed.

rotator cu88in;ury

;oint capsu"e o8 shou"der ;oint is rein8orcedby tendons high degree o8 8"eibi"ity putsrotator cu88 at ris3 8or strain and tearing

straindamage to musc"e, tendons, or "igamentsdue to o$eruse or o$erstretching

C"inica" Aaboratory ests

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"" rights reser$ed.

creatinephospho3inase>CPH?

musc"e enzyme 8ound in s3e"eta" andcardiac musc"e e"e$ated b"ood "e$e"sindicate musc"e damage seen inmuscu"ar dystrophy and heart attac3

-uscu"ar System iagnostic Procedures

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"" rights reser$ed.

deep tendonre8"ees >#?

musc"e contraction in response tostretch used to determine i8 musc"esare responding proper"y

e"ectromyography

>E-:?

study o8 strength and @ua"ity o8

musc"e contraction in response toe"ectrica" stimu"ation

musc"e biopsyremo$a" o8 musc"e tissue 8oreamination

Surgica" Procedures

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"" rights reser$ed.

carpa" tunne"re"ease

cutting o8 "igament in &rist to re"ie$epressure caused by carpa" tunne"syndrome

tenodesis

surgica" stabi"ization o8 a ;oint by

anchoring do&n tendons o8 musc"es thatmo$e the ;oint

-uscu"ar System Pharmaco"ogy

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"" rights reser$ed.

s3e"eta" musc"ere"aants re"a s3e"eta" musc"espasms F"eeri", Soma

-uscu"ar System bbre$iations

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CS carpa" tunne" syndrome

CPH creatine phospho3inase

# deep tendon re8"ees

E-: e"ectromyogram

- intramuscu"ar

- muscu"ar dystrophy

Documents

ch04.ppt