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ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
CONCEPT: ALCOHOL NOMENCLATURE
□ Glycols: Alcohols with two hydroxyls are called ___________; with three hydroxyls are called ____________
● Always give most priority to the –OH group.
EXAMPLE: Provide the correct common and IUPAC name of the following alcohols.
a.
b.
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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CONCEPT: ETHER NOMENCLATURE
□ Common Name: List alkyl groups in alphabetical order and follow with the word ____________
□ IUPAC: Smaller half of the ether is named as an _________________ substituent on the main alkane chain
EXAMPLE: Provide the correct common and IUPAC name of the following ether
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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CONCEPT: EPOXIDE NOMENCLATURE
□ Cyclic ethers are named as a unique functional group due to increased reactivity.
● 3-membered ethers are called _________________ or ___________________
□ Cycloalkane Convention: Name the ring as a cycloalkane, adding the prefix ________ and location if necessary
□ Epoxy Convention: Name as a di-located substituent on the longest carbon chain
□ Oxide Convention: Name as an alkene, followed by the word ___________
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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PRACTICE: Provide ALL the names applicable for the following molecule
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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PRACTICE: Provide ALL the names applicable for the following molecule
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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CONCEPT: SULFUR NOMENCLATURE
□ Sulfur is similar to oxygen in its atomic composition, so it forms oxygen compound analogs.
● Alcohol has higher priority than thiols
EXAMPLE: Provide the IUPAC names (and common names if appropriate) for the following compounds.
a.
b.
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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CONCEPT: SYNTHESIS OF ALCOHOLS OVERVIEW
There are 4 different techniques commonly used to create alcohols in Organic 1. Thankfully, you already know all of them!
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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CONCEPT: CONVERSION OF ALCOHOLS TO GOOD LEAVING GROUPS
□ Alcohols are terrible leaving groups. If we want to react with them, they need to be transformed.
●They can be converted into ____________ _________________ or ______________ _______________
2o and 3o Alcohols with HX: SN1 mechanism
1o alcohols with HX: SN2 mechanism
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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CONCEPT: CONVERSION OF ALCOHOLS TO GOOD LEAVING GROUPS
□ SOCl2 and PBr3 are two of the most commonly used reagents to transform alcohols into alkyl halides
●They always proceed with __________________________ of configuration.
1o and 2o Alcohols to RX: SN2 mechanism
EXAMPLE: Determine the mechanism for the following reaction. Draw the final product.
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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CONCEPT: CONVERSION OF ALCOHOLS TO GOOD LEAVING GROUPS
□ Alcohols can attack sulfonyl chlorides to create sulfonate esters.
●They always proceed with __________________________ of configuration.
Alcohols to Sulfonate Esters:
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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Alcohol Conversion Summary:
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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CONCEPT: SYNTHESIS OF ETHERS
1. Williamson Ether Synthesis (SN2 of 1o or 0o RX)
● Substitution with an oxide base. 2o and 3o alkyl halides will favor _______
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CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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CONCEPT: SYNTHESIS OF ETHERS
3. Alkoxymercuration of alkenes
● Same mechanism as oxymercuration, but using _________________ as the nucleophile instead of H2O.
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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2. Acid-Catalyzed Alcohol Condensation
● Only forms _______________________________ ethers.
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CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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4. Acid-Catalyzed Alkoxyation
● Same mechanism as acid-catalyzed hydration, but using ______________ as the nucleophile instead of H2O
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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PRACTICE: Predict the product for the following reaction
PRACTICE: Predict the product for the following reaction
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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CONCEPT: CLEAVAGE OF ETHERS
□ Ethers are very combustible, but unreactive. They contain two strong C—O bonds that are not easy to break.
● They only undergo one synthetically useful reaction: cleavage in the presence of strong acid.
Mechanism:
EXAMPLE: Predict the product of the following reaction
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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CONCEPT: TERT-BUTYL ETHER PROTECTING GROUPS
□ Protecting groups are used to shield reactive moieties while reactions are happening on other parts of the molecule.
● By definition, they must be completely reversible.
EXAMPLE: Will the following reaction proceed efficiently as drawn? Why or why not?
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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t-Butyl Ether: ● Addition of isobutylene through reversible acid-catalyzed alkoxylation
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CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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CONCEPT: SILYL ETHER PROTECTING GROUPS
□ A group used to protect alcohols are silyl (silicon) chlorides.
Mechanism: ● TBDMS is the most common silyl chloride in Organic Chemistry 1
EXAMPLE: Predict the product of the following reaction
ORGANIC - CLUTCH
CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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CONCEPT: SHARPLESS ASYMMETRIC EPOXIDATION
□ Enantioselective reactions are ones that generate _____ enantiomer in significantly higher yield than another.
□ Converts allyl alcohols into enantioselective epoxides depending on the tartrate used (+) or (-).
General Reaction:
□ Always draw alcohol on the ____________ __________ corner of the double bond. Then determine chirality using DET.
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CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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CONCEPT: REACTIONS OF THIOLS
□ Thiols contain an _____________ hydrogen, so they become excellent nucleophiles after exposed to __________
● These nucleophiles are called __________________
Sulfide Synthesis:
Disulfide Synthesis:
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CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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CONCEPT: OXIDATION OF SULFIDES
□ Oxidation reactions involve an increase in the ______________ content of a molecule
□ Sulfides are more reactive than ethers because it has an expanded octet and can form additional bonds with other atoms.
● They are particularly susceptible to oxidation.
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CH. 12 - ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS
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