CERAMIC

WATER FILTER Humanitarian Context

Tahsinur Chowdhury

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Background .................................................................................................................................................................. 2

Proposed Technology ................................................................................................................................................. 2

Effectiveness ............................................................................................................................................................. 3

Mechanism ............................................................................................................................................................... 3

System Boundary Chart .......................................................................................................................................... 3

Stakeholders ............................................................................................................................................................. 4

End users and target market ................................................................................................................................. 4

Constraints ................................................................................................................................................................ 4

SWOT analysis ........................................................................................................................................................... 4

Cost Analysis ............................................................................................................................................................. 5

Environmental .......................................................................................................................................................... 5

Improvements .......................................................................................................................................................... 5

Potential Benefit ........................................................................................................................................................... 5

Implementation ............................................................................................................................................................ 6

Implementation Strategy ....................................................................................................................................... 6

Consultation ......................................................................................................................................................... 6

Participatory Approach ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Women and Children ......................................................................................................................................... 7

Education and Awareness ................................................................................................................................ 7

Integration of social institutions......................................................................................................................... 7

Providing Microloans .......................................................................................................................................... 7

Distribution and Market Strategies ............................................................................................................................ 7

Barriers and challenges .............................................................................................................................................. 8

Communication....................................................................................................................................................... 8

Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................................................ 8

Language ................................................................................................................................................................. 8

Social Acceptance ................................................................................................................................................. 8

Information, inputs and support ................................................................................................................................ 8

Support ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Case Study: Use of Ceramic Water Filters in Cambodia ...................................................................................... 9

Intervention ............................................................................................................................................................... 9

Production and Distribution ................................................................................................................................. 10

Local resources ...................................................................................................................................................... 10

Performance .......................................................................................................................................................... 10

Strategies ................................................................................................................................................................ 10

Challenges .............................................................................................................................................................. 10

References .................................................................................................................................................................. 12

Appendix ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14

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BACKGROUND

“Thousands have lived without love, not one without water” - W.H Auden

Safe drinking water is a basic human right and an essential part of daily life. Access to safe

drinking water is an important issue at a national, regional and local level (WHO 2011). Confirming

the Millennium development goals report 2012, 783 people remain without the privilege of

improved drinking water and 605 million people will lack water coverage in 2015 (UN 2012).

Although the world has met MDG drinking water target, there are still regions where people do

not have minimum access to drinking water. 40 percent of people in Sub-Saharan Africa live

without improved source of drinking water (UN, 2015). In recent times, the United Nations general

assembly has recognised the use of sufficient water for personal and domestic use as a right of

every human being. These water must be safe, acceptable, affordable and physically accessible

(UN 2015). Which means the collection time should not exceed 30 minutes and the water cost

should not exceed 3 percent of the household income.

According to DR Lee Jong Wook (Director-General, WHO), ‘’Water and sanitation is one of the

primary drivers of public health’’ (WHO 2015). As a matter of fact, disease from water alone kills

more people than wars and violence. So, securing the access of clean water will make a huge

difference in global health issues and enhance the living conditions. As reported by World Health

Organization almost 1.8 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases 90% of which are

children under five years (WHO 2015). 1.2 million People die every year from malaria, and most of

disease burden is in Africa (WHO 2015). 500 million people are suffering from trachoma, and 1.5

million people are facing cases of Hepatitis A every year. Moreover, almost 133 million people

suffer from water-related diseases like Ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm (WHO 2015).

Consequently, UN has declared 2005-2015 the “water for life” as the decade for action to focus

on water-related issues.

Every day people in the rural areas suffer from the lack of clean, drinkable and safe water. In

Africa, rural people spend almost 40 billion hours/year just to collect drinking water (The Water

Project 2015). Children and women primarily do the job. According to The Water Project

organisation, lack of access to drinking water in one of the greatest causes of poverty in Africa. .

The amount of time people in sub-Saharan region waste to collect water is as the same as a

whole year’s worth of labour by France (The Water Project 2015). As a result, people often use the

whole day while collecting water and cannot concentrate on other important works as

cultivation, education, etc. So, it is evident that access to clean drinking water has far-reaching

impact on society beyond health issues.

PROPOSED TECHNOLOGY

Ceramic water filter technology is regarded as a convenient choice for purifying water in

households. As the cost of the filter is relatively cheap, the filter can be used in rural areas in the

developing countries. The portability of the filter enables easy distribution and implementation of

the technology. Moreover, it does not require any high-level technological knowledge to use. The

water filter takes in contaminated dirty water and outputs safe drinking water.

The filter is made from clay with a mixture of sawdust, rice husks (CAWST 2015). The ceramic pot

acts as a filter and when stores the filtered water in a plastic container underneath the pot. Use of

colloidal silver prevents algae growth in the filter. Colloidal silver is a disinfectant and ensures 99%

removal of most waterborne bacteria (McAllister 2005). A tap is attached to the plastic container

to collect water. The proposed filter can filter up to 8 litres of water per batch and store the waters

until used. Moreover, water from any source can be used for filtration.

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Packaging Components Quantity

Plastic Container 1

Plastic Lead 1

Plastic tap 1

Ceramic pot 1

Instruction guide 1

Table: Components of each package

EFFECTIVENESS The filter effectively removes E.coli salmonella and other harmful bacteria from the contaminated

water. However, Ceramic water filter is not effective for Chemicals. A table is given below to

illustrate the effectiveness of ceramic water filter:

Very Effective Somewhat effective Not effective

1. Bacteria 1. Viruses 1. Chemicals

2. Protozoa 2. Iron

3. Helminths

4. Turbidity

5. Taste, smell and

colour

Table: Effectiveness of Ceramic Water Filter (CAWST 2015)

Filter Pore Size

(microns)

Bacteria

removal

Hard metal

removal

Virus removal Flow Rate

(litres/hr)

Ceramic

Water Filter

(Silver

impregnated)

0.6 – 3 99% 50% 20% 1.5-2

Table: Ceramic Water filtration (McAllister 2005)

MECHANISM

THE WATER FILTERS CONSIST OF A MIXTURE OF CLAY POWDER, ORGANIC BURN-OUT MATERIAL AND

WATER. THE FILTER ELEMENTS ARE GIVEN A SILVER COATING AFTER FIRING (HAGAN, HARLEY,

POINTING, SAMPSON, SMITH AND SOAM 2009).

THE CLAY PORES FILTER MOST OF THE BACTERIA, PROTOZOA, HELMINTHS AND DIRT. WATER MOVES

SLOWLY THROUGH THE NATURAL PORES OF CLAY. THE ADDITION OF ORGANIC BURNOUT

MATERIALS (RICE HUSKS, COFFEE HUSKS, ETC.) ENABLES THE WATER TO MOVE EASILY (HAGAN,

HARLEY, POINTING, SAMPSON, SMITH AND SOAM 2009). A SILVER SOLUTION IS APPLIED ON THE

FILTER WALL. SILVER INACTIVATES BACTERIA AND VIRUSES. IT PREVENTS THE BACTERIAL GROWTH

INSIDE THE FILTER BODY (HAGAN, HARLEY, POINTING, SAMPSON, SMITH AND SOAM 2009).

SYSTEM BOUNDARY CHART A system boundary chart is given below to illustrate the scope of the discussion on the proposed

technology and its implementation.

Inside System boundary Outside System boundary

Water filtration Water source

Sustainability Political State

Cost Existing water treatment process

Life Cycle Healthcare

End users Education system

Stakeholders

Culture and tradition

Table: System Boundary Chart

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STAKEHOLDERS

1. NGOs

2. Governments

3. Local Communities

4. Engineers

5. World health organisation

6. Small scale business

7. World Health Organisation

8. Unicef

END USERS AND TARGET MARKET

End user attributes Target market

(location) attributes

Traditional and

cultural preferences

Water source

Poor Rural Pottery Should not be

contaminated by

hard metals (iron)

Vulnerable Availability of raw

materials

Table: Attributes of End Users, Target Market and Cultural Preference

THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TARGET USERS ARE POVERTY, LACK OF EDUCATION AND RURAL

COMMUNITY. AS A RESULT, THE TECHNOLOGY NEEDS TO BE EASY TO USE, CHEAP, MAINTAINABLE

AND PORTABLE. ANOTHER IMPORTANT ASPECT OF THE FILTER IS TO USE LOCAL RAW MATERIALS AND

TRADITION. WHICH MEANS THE COMMUNITY HAS AN EXISTING TRADITION OF CERAMIC AND

POTTERY. AS STATED ABOVE CERAMIC WATER FILTER IS NOT EFFECTIVE AGAINST VIRUSES AND HARD

METALS. CONSEQUENTLY, THE TARGET USERS SHOULD HAVE WATER SOURCES SAFE FROM THESE

CONTAMINANTS.

CONSTRAINTS

COST, PERFORMANCE AND FLOW RATE ARE THE THREE PRIMARY CONSTRAINTS FOR THE DESIGN. AS

THE TARGET, USERS ARE POOR RURAL PEOPLE, THE PRODUCT NEEDS TO BE AS CHEAP AS POSSIBLE

WITH A GOOD FLOW- RATE. THE PERFORMANCE REFERS TO THE PROPER FILTRATION OF

CONTAMINATED WATER. THERE ARE OTHER FACTORS THAT CAN ACT AS A BARRIER.

INFRASTRUCTURE: THE AREA WHERE THE FILTERS WILL BE DEPLOYED NEEDS SOME BASIC

INFRASTRUCTURE SUPPORT TO PRODUCE THE CLAY FILTERS AND OTHER MATERIALS. THIS HAS A

DIRECT RELATION WITH THE COST OF THE FILTERS AS TRANSPORTATION WILL INCREASE THE

EXPENDITURE. HOWEVER, MASS PRODUCTION OF THESE FILTERS WILL BRING DOWN THE COST TO AN

OPTIMUM LEVEL.

SOCIAL: MANY ETHNIC GROUPS ARE OFTEN RELUCTANT TO ACCEPT NEW PRODUCTS. HENCE, IT IS

ANOTHER BARRIER THAT NEEDS TO BE DEALT WITH. HOWEVER, FROM THE PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE OF

PLACES LIKE CAMBODIA AND UGANDA IT IS SAFE TO SAY THAT THE PROPOSED WATER FILTER IS LESS

LIKELY TO FACE SUCH SITUATIONS.

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SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness Opportunity Threats

Can be made

anywhere in the

world

Kiln consumes a lot of

fuel

Use of bio

degradable plastic

container will make

the product more

sustainable

Fracture in the

ceramic pot will

make the filter

unusable

Easily available raw

materials

The kiln is not

environment friendly

Alternate technology

to produce ceramic

pot

Lifetime can reduce

due to improper

maintenance.

Addition of colloidal

silver ensures 99%

filtration

Excessive use of silver

can be harmful for

health

Cannot remove

chemicals like

arsenic.

Easily portable Improper use of the

filter may still result in

water related

diseases

Can be distributed in

rural communities

Not effective against

viruses

Easy to use

Table: SWOT Analysis

COST ANALYSIS

According to the Centre for affordable water and sanitation technology’s ceramic pot filter fact

sheet a ceramic pot filter costs 12-25 USD (CAWST 2015). However, mass production of the filters

will reduce the cost. A similar product was deployed in Cambodia for 4-8 USD (WSP UNICEF 2015).

The filter does not require any operational costs.

Filter Locally

Made

Manufacturing

time

Manufacturing

cost (USD)

Material

Availability

Environmental

impact

Ceramic

Water Filter

(Silver

impregnated)

Yes 36 hrs 4 Good Deforestation

Table: Cost Analysis of Ceramic Water Filter (McAllister 2005)

ENVIRONMENTAL

THE OPERATION OF FILTER DOES NOT HAMPER THE ENVIRONMENT. BUT THE PRODUCTION OF

CERAMIC POTS MAY LEAD TO SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES SUCH AS DEFORESTATION, AIR

POLLUTION RISKS, ETC. THE PLASTIC CONTAINER CAN BE REUSED AND RECYCLED.

IMPROVEMENTS

Support stand: A support stand can be added to this ceramic water filter for making it more

accessible. Expected mother and elderly people might need to bend to collect water from the

tape. The inclusion of support stand will overcome this problem. However, the addition of this

extra part will increase the cost of the filter. Consequently, it will be distributed as an additional

part where needed.

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POTENTIAL BENEFIT

The primary aim of the water filter is to provide safe drinkable water within a low cost. Water is an

integrated part of society. Consequently, access of pure drinking water will have broad influence

on other aspects as well. This issue is related with at least six Millennium development goals.

Eradication of poverty and hunger (MDG 1): In many rural areas people spends hours to collect

clean drinking water. Hence, they cannot commit themselves to earn more money and cultivate

crops. Access to pure drinking water will give them the opportunity to earn more money and

grow more crops.

Universal primary educations (MDG 2): In the sub-Saharan region children walk for an hour to

collect water for their family instead of attending school. Moreover, water-borne diseases make it

difficult for the students of the primary level to attend classes in a regular basis.

Reducing Child Mortality (MDG 4): Lion share of the child deaths occur from water-borne diseases

such as diarrhoea and cholera. Access to clean drinking water will directly benefit to achieve the

millennium development goal to reduce child mortality.

Improve Maternal Health (MDG 5): Even today hundreds of expected mothers die before or while

giving birth. Access to Pure drinking water will enable them to lead a healthier life. Thus, it will

effectively improve the maternal health.

Ensure Environmental Sustainability (MDG 7): According to the MDG report of 2015, 91 percent of

the global population is using improved drinking water (UN 2015). However, the condition needs

more improvements as billions of people still lack the access to safe drinking water. These

technology will effectively help to improve the current condition.

Moreover, access to safe drinking water will improve the social dignity of the users. It will ensure

their basic human right to have access to drinking water.

IMPLEMENTATION

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

The primary task is to identify a region where people need the access of cheap and safe drinking

water. Then the team will arrange meetings with various important persons of the community and

run workshops. The aim of these workshops will be to create awareness among people and

introduce the proposed technology to them. It is assumed that people will learn how to use the

product and maintain in after attending the workshops.

CONSULTATION

The team will consult with head of the community (elected parliament member, chairman etc.)

to get a full overview of the community. It is also recommended to consult with other community

leaders.

PARTICIPATORY APPROACH

To acquire a clear understanding of the problem the team needs to run several workshops where

the community members will participate. The team will use surveys, activities to communicate with

the stakeholders and get a proper idea of their problems.

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WOMEN AND CHILDREN

Women play a key role in these rural communities. As they are most vulnerable in the society the

participation of women and children needs to be ensured. Consequently, different approach

should be taken. Assigning female team member is one of them. Moreover, organising different

workshops for women has been proved successful previously in similar situations.

EDUCATION AND AWARENESS

The workshops should also aim at educating people about the filtration technology. It is essential

to make them aware of threats that caused by drinking contaminated water.

INTEGRATION OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Institutions such as hospital, schools, and religious places (church, temple, mosque etc.) is also

important. It is often seen that these organisations have a big influence on the peoples’ daily

lifestyle and ideology.

PROVIDING MICROLOANS

NGOs and Government sectors will be encouraged to provide microloans to buy the filters and to

establish a business revolving the ceramic filters (manufacture, distribution, and repair).

DISTRIBUTION AND MARKET STRATEGIES

1. Subsidised Distribution: NGOs and Government services can be used to distribute the

product with a subsidy for the poor people. These organisations can also provide

financial assistance to the local businessmen to establish a supply chain of ceramic filters.

Advantage: Poor users can buy the product.

2. Market distribution: Users can buy the filters from local stores paying the full cost. The local

stores need to be helped with promotional campaigns and demonstrations of the

product. Consequently, government can help this business sector with low or no taxes.

Advantage: The product can be deployed in much larger scale.

3. Mass media: Radio, television, newspaper can be used to promote the product. This can

be done with the aid of local government of NGOs.

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BARRIERS AND CHALLENGES

COMMUNICATION

The rural areas are expected to have inadequate access to telecommunication and internet. This

might slow down the meeting arrangements and transportation processes.

INFRASTRUCTURE

Roads and highway may be in poor shape, which will affect the transportation process. Moreover,

the team members might need to stay in the area due to limited access. The rural areas are not

expected to have conference rooms with advanced technology. Hence, arranging meeting and

workshops can be difficult and take more time than expected.

LANGUAGE

English might not be the first language in most of the areas. Moreover, due to high illiteracy rate

most of them might not be able to speak or understand English. So, workshops and training

sessions need to be structured accordingly. This may result in a delay.

SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE

Social acceptance of new technology determines the success of it. The point of view varies from

person to person, community to community. It is essential to familiarise the users with the proposed

product and understand if they want it or not.

INFORMATION, INPUTS AND SUPPORT Best practice for installing the filter:

Figure: Best practice for Installing Ceramic Water Filter (CDC 2011)

Best practices for using the filter

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Recommendation 1: Pour water carefully to avoid any accidents. Do not let children pour

water.

Recommendation 2: Keep a rug/mat under the tap to prevent the floor from becoming

slippery.

Recommendation 3: Place the filter in an optimum height if there is any expected mother

or elderly in the house.

Recommendation 4: Wash the filter regularly with clean water. Carefully brush the

ceramic surface to remove any dirt.

Recommendation 5: Always put the lead on. Do not place the filter near toilets.

A detailed instruction showing each step is given in Appendix

Best practice for maintenance:

Wash hands before cleaning the filter

Empty the filter pot before cleaning

Remove the filter from receptacle before cleaning

Clean with filtered water

Scrub the filter with brush

Rinse thoroughly

Wash the plastic receptacle every month

Do not use soap water, chlorinated water for cleaning.

Detailed instruction showing the installation, operational and cleaning process is given in

Appendix

SUPPORT

A water filter is not a passive resource, which means it needs continuous management and

maintenance by users. Consequently, an after sales support network is essential for appropriate

utilisation of the technology. A technical team will stay on-site for the initial period after the

deployment of the technology. They will run training sessions and tech the local distributors how to

maintain and repair the filter. NGOs will make small ‘support teams’ consisting local members to

provide assistance after technical team leaves.

CASE STUDY: USE OF CERAMIC WATER FILTERS IN

CAMBODIA

The ceramic filters were produced using local raw materials such as clay, rice husks etc.

According to IDE, CWPs are produced in three local factories where the capital cost of

Cambodia is a developing country where 66% of the people do not have access to improved

drinking water sources (NIS 2004). Surface water of the country is of very poor quality due

inadequate sanitation. Moreover, some surface water sources along with groundwater contain

arsenic which made the situation even worse (Brown and Sobsey 2007). Which leads to water-

borne diseases like diarrhoea, cholera etc. Consequently, the country has become a focus point

for water treatment research (Brown and Sobsey 2007).

INTERVENTION

In order to overcome the problem, International Development Enterprises Cambodia (IDE) is

manufacturing and distributing ceramic water filters since 2001 (Brown and Sobsey 2007). They

have established a production facility in the region of Kampong Chhang. Another NGO known as

Resource Development International (RDI) has started its operation since 2003 and established a

factory in Kien Svay (Brown and Sobsey 2007). Both these NGOs experienced promising outcomes

which includes substantial decrease in diarrhoeal diseases and improvement of water quality

(Roberts 2004). IDE and RDI introduced more than two thousand water filters in several regions (in

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Kandal by RDI, in Kampong Chhang and Pursat by IDE) of Cambodia since 2002 (Brown and

Sobsey 2007).

PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION

Filters are produced in three factories and then distributed to consumers. These factories

manufacture around 5500 CWP/month with a capacity up to 7000 CWP/ month (Brown and

Sobsey 2007). CWPs are distributed through NGOs and Individual Retailers. NGOs provide the

filters in a subsidized prize whereas independent retailers sell them in regular market price.

IDE used a market based approach with a limited ongoing support to the users. They have used

popular media for promotion of the filters (Brown and Sobsey 2007). On the other hand RDI took a

community based approach in a small scale. They have integrated their approach with sanitation

and hygiene interventions (Brown and Sobsey 2007).

LOCAL RESOURCES

Each factory is between USD 15000 to USD 20000 (IDE 2015). Locally produced filters are

lightweight, portable, cheap, chemical free effective and easy to use (Brown and Sobsey 2007).

PERFORMANCE

Improved household water supply with 99.99% E.coli removal (Brown and Sobsey 2007)

Improved health: families using the filter were reported to suffer from less diarrhoeal

diseases than the families without filters (Brown and Sobsey 2007).

STRATEGIES

RDI used several methods distribute the filters and educate the users. They have distributed the

filters through schools, private distributors and NGOs (RDIC 2015). The organisation realised that

educating the users is an essential part for success and sustainability of the new technology (RDIC

2015). Therefore, the organisation has focused on ensuring appropriate training and education to

the distributors and the users. These trainings were both short term and long term. Thus enabling

the local distributors to explain the operation and maintenance of the filters. Another aspect of

the distribution strategy was to establish an ongoing relation between the distributors and

community members. Which will ensure the value of this technology and aware the users about

the opportunity to access after sales support (replacement parts and repairing).

CHALLENGES

Lack of information: During a study conducted by UNICEF, it was seen that only 26% of the

users knew where to buy the additional filters and parts (Brown and Sobsey 2007). So,

there is still room for improvement in the distribution process to utilise the service.

Ceramic water filters cost USD 7.50- USD 9.50 for each system. But the people under the

poverty line are still finding it difficult to afford one with full cost recovery and acceptable

profit for distributors (Brown and Sobsey 2007).

Rate of disuse: UNICEF has conducted a research study in Cambodia among 506

households. Only 31% of them were using the filters regularly (Brown and Sobsey 2007).

However, this number is strongly related with time elapsed between installation and follow

up. 214 filters were not being used due to breakage of the filter, container or tap. Other

important reasons were not meeting household demand, the filter already passed its

recommended lifespan, selling the filter and passing on to another household.

A detailed picture illustrating the scenario is given in Appendix.

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From the case study, it is evident that proving a technology to a community is just half of the task.

Proper distribution and education along with a good business model can make it work to its full

potential. Ceramic water filters have some innate issues such as not the partial removal of virus

and less effectiveness against arsenic. Further research should be done to make the filter even

better. Consequently, it is recommended to thoroughly conduct research work before deploying

such technology to overcome any weak links. Apart from that, ceramic water filters are proved as

a cheap, easy to use and maintainable medium of accessing safe drinking water.

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APPENDIX Ceramic Water Filter (With Improvement)

Source: Poptaz

Different Positions while using filter

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Source: Poptaz

Proposed Ceramic Water Filter

P a g e | 16

Source: RDIC- Ceramic Water Filter Handbook

Different Types Ceramic Filters

Source:

Filter production flow chart

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Source: CDC 2011

Percentage of users reporting for disuse

Source: WSP 2007

Best Practice:

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Source: CDC 2011