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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Konferencija „Budućnost centralnih toplinskih sustava u Republici Hrvatskoj“
2.10.2014, Zagreb
Centralni toplinski sustavi: izazovi i
perspektiva
Prof.dr.sc. Neven DuićZavod za energetiku, energetska postrojenja i ekologiju
Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje
Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Croatia
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
3 options for heat sector
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Individual heating
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Heat networks
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Surplus heat today in Europe
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
EHI proportional
to square root of
degree days,
100 EHI = 2600
degree days
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Power sector developments
EU electricity generation installed capacity net change,
2000-2013 [GW], EWEA
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Wind share in electricity demand 2013Denmark – 34%
Portugal – 24% Spain – 21%
Cape Verde – 19% Ireland – 17%
Germany – 10% Romania – 9%
Estonia, UK, EU – 8%
Greece, Sweden – 7%
Lithuania – 6%
Cyprus, Italy, Netherlands – 5%
India, US, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Poland – 4%
Canada, Costa Rica, Australia, Morocco, Croatia, France– 3%
World, China, Hungary, Latvia, Luxembourg – 2%
Wind share in electricity demand
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
11
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
PV revolucija
12
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
PV revolution
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
PV revolution
Solar share in electricity demand 2013Greece, Italy – 7%
Germany, Spain – 5%
Bulgaria – 4%
Belgium, Czech Rep. – 3%
Luxembourg, Slovakia – 2%
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Electricity price = marginal cost
Demand
Supply
HE
NE
Coal
Import Gas
Fuel oil
Marginal cost
Base load
Electricity market
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Demand
Supply
HE
NE
Coal
ImportsGas
Fuel oil
Marginal costBase load –
windy nightWind
Electricity price = marginal cost
Electricity market
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Wind and solar: Coal vs. gas?
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Go-live!
NWE+CWE price
coupling on
February 4, 2014
75% of European
power marketES+PT connected in
May 2014
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Consequences of market liberalisation: Demission of base load
The importance of balancing power (gas, hydro)
Cycling of old coal power plants (4000 hours by 2020)
End of need for feed-in tariff
Market arbitrage (time delay, power-heat, power-water, demand management)
Markets and RES
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Case: Skagen CHP plant
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Skagen CHP plant
CHP capacity: 13 MWe and 16 MWth
(Three 4.3 MWe Wärtsilä Natural Gas
engines)
250 MWh heat storage
37 MW peak load boilers
10 MW electric boiler
Heat Pumps Investment under consideration
Operated together with a Waste Incineration plant (heat only).
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Primary reserves (frequency controlled production)
Secondary reserves (controlled by status of primary reserves)
Manuel regulating power (Tertiary reserves)
30 sec
15 min
Intra day market
Day ahead spot market
1 hour > 12 hours
The main electricity markets
The M.Sc. Programmes in Environm. Managem. & Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, 8. Semester, http://people.plan.aau.dk/~ana
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Skagen
Day ahead spot market in Jan. 2005
Regulating power market in approx. 2006
Automatic primary reserve market
in Nov. 2009
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Cost of entering primary automatic reserves market
Cost of making +- 1.4 MW available on the
engines: Only approx. 27.000 EUR.
Investing in 10 MW electric boiler:
Approx 0.7 MEUR.
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Skagen CHP plant
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
DH in Sweden
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
4th generation district heating Low temperature 60-70/40
Low ratio heating/hot water – continuity of heat load
Heat storage (4 m3/customer)
CHP – follows electricity market
Waste heat from various sources (power plants, waste to energy, industry)
Heat from solar, biomass, gas
Electric heaters – primary reserve market (in future heat pumps, also secondary reserve)
District heating
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
Thank you for your attention!
Scientists have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it.
