50

60

70

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90

100

PSI

50

60

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100

WM

I

50

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100

VCI

50

60

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100

LesionNo lesion

z-valueInferior Frontal SulcusSuperior Frontal SulcusIntraparietal Sulcus

Central SulcusPostcentral SulcusSuperior Temporal Sulcus

Index Scores

(a) Perceptual Organization (POI)

Verbal Comprehension (VCI)

Working Memory (WMI)

Processing Speed (PSI)

(b)

(c)

(d)

3 7

POI

FIGURE 17.1 This fi gure summarizes the lesion mapping of cognitive abilities study by Gläscher, Tranel, et al. (2009) showing where abnormally low WAIS-III Index Scores are most associated with focal lesions. Based on data from MRI or CT scans, lesions from 241 individuals with focal brain damage were mapped onto a single reference brain. Using color-coding of z-values on the color bar, the surface brain images on the far left depict the strongest associations between focal cerebral damage and impaired cognitive performance. In the middle of the fi gure the individual axial slices go from the base of the temporal lobe (farthest left axial slice) to the vertex (farthest right axial slice). The four WAIS-III indices (POI, VCI, WMI, PSI) are associated with distinct brain networks, with PSI showing the weakest association with any focal neural sector. See Gläscher, Tranel, et al. (2009) for further details. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier. From Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., Bigler, E.D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological Assessment, Fifth Edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Lezak-Figures.indd 140Lezak-Figures.indd 140 3/15/2012 5:00:22 PM3/15/2012 5:00:22 PM

FIGURE 17.2 The Peabody Individual Achievement Test. From Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., Bigler, E.D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological Assessment, Fifth Edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Lezak-Figures.indd 141Lezak-Figures.indd 141 3/15/2012 5:00:31 PM3/15/2012 5:00:31 PM

0

010

00

Freq

uenc

y

1 2 3 4 5

Total Score

MMSE: Orientation MMSE Logical Memory A Immediate Logical Memory A Delayed

Digit Span – Forward Digit Span – Forward Digit Span – Backward Digit Span – Backward

Cat. Fluency: Animals Cat. Fluency: Vegetables

WAIS Digit Symbol Boston Naming Test

Trail Making: A Trail Making: B

Total Score Total Units

6 7 8 9

2724

17 0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Total Units

0 4 8 12 16 20 2419 21 23 25 27 29

1515

010

00

Freq

uenc

y

1 2 3 4 5

Total Trials

10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Longest Sequence

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Total Trials

100 20 30 40 50 60

6 7 8 9 11

010

00

Freq

uenc

y

0

Total in 60 seconds Total in 60 seconds

10 30 50 70 90 120 150

Time in seconds

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Time in seconds

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

Longest Sequence

010

00

Freq

uenc

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00

Freq

uenc

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Freq

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Freq

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Freq

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Freq

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Freq

uenc

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Freq

uenc

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Freq

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00

Freq

uenc

y

010

00

1880

Freq

uenc

y

0 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 3020 40 60 80 100

Total in 90 seconds Total Score

55453525155

FIGURE 17.3 Histograms illustrating the distribution of scores for each measure in the ADC UDS Neuropsychological Test Battery. The number of subjects is on the y axis and the x axis represents observed test scores. For comparisons across instruments, the y axis is fi xed at 1500. If any frequency exceeded this value, then the count is truncated at this value and the true value denoted within its bar. From Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., Bigler, E.D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological Assessment, Fifth Edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Lezak-Figures.indd 142Lezak-Figures.indd 142 3/15/2012 5:00:32 PM3/15/2012 5:00:32 PM