49
THREE CAREER EPISODES 2. ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS SYSTEM TO PLAN AND EVALUATE NATURAL RESOURCESS MANAGEMENT IN COLOMBIA 2.1 INTRODUCTION CE 2.1 This project was made by the Environmental Policy Office, EPO, at the National Planning Department of Colombia, DNP, in cooperation with the UNEP (United Nations Environmental Program) and the CIAT (International Center of Tropical Agriculture), from 1996 to 1998. The purpose was to identify main environmental problems of the country as well as socioeconomic pressures over natural resources, in order to assess Policies, Plans and Programs, PPP, bearing in mind the framework of sustainable development. CE 2.2. Environmental Indicators then, where formulated for the first time at a National Level, working together with the Ministry of the Environment, MMA, the IGAC (Geographical National Institute) and the DANE (Statistical National Institute). CE 2.3. I worked as a consultant of the EPO for the topics of Urban Industrial Areas, Infrastructure, Mining and Energy sectors: demand of Natural Resources done by these sectors, as wells as impacts over the environment and population. 2.2 BACKGROUND CE 2.4 The decisions making process for planning Environmental Resources Management starts from the identification of key resources to manage (e.g. water and land use) as well as significant environmental impacts caused by development processes such as mine exploitation, urban activities, industrial processes, among others. Once Land Use and water conditions (both availability and quality), are assessed and critical areas or resources identified, the definition of PPP can be done.

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Page 1: CAREER EPISODES E-2

THREE CAREER EPISODES

2. ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS SYSTEM TO PLAN AND EVALUATE

NATURAL RESOURCESS MANAGEMENT IN COLOMBIA

2.1 INTRODUCTION

CE 2.1 This project was made by the Environmental Policy Office, EPO, at the National

Planning Department of Colombia, DNP, in cooperation with the UNEP (United

Nations Environmental Program) and the CIAT (International Center of Tropical

Agriculture), from 1996 to 1998. The purpose was to identify main environmental

problems of the country as well as socioeconomic pressures over natural resources, in order

to assess Policies, Plans and Programs, PPP, bearing in mind the framework of sustainable

development.

CE 2.2. Environmental Indicators then, where formulated for the first time at a National

Level, working together with the Ministry of the Environment, MMA, the IGAC

(Geographical National Institute) and the DANE (Statistical National Institute).

CE 2.3. I worked as a consultant of the EPO for the topics of Urban Industrial Areas,

Infrastructure, Mining and Energy sectors: demand of Natural Resources done by these

sectors, as wells as impacts over the environment and population.

2.2 BACKGROUND

CE 2.4 The decisions making process for planning Environmental Resources Management

starts from the identification of key resources to manage (e.g. water and land use) as well

as significant environmental impacts caused by development processes such as mine

exploitation, urban activities, industrial processes, among others. Once Land Use and

water conditions (both availability and quality), are assessed and critical areas or resources

identified, the definition of PPP can be done.

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CE 2.5. Having PPP, objectives and goals are set in function of priorities, pressures,

technical and political needs. Actions and strategies must be established then throughout

the regions and at local levels. Next, monitoring the efficiency management in the

compliment and execution of Programs and projects, as well as the impact on the economic,

social, and environmental components needs to be done by using indicators. More over,

indicators are needed to set objectives and goals in a reasonable way.

Figure 1. The Decisions Making Process

CE 2.6. To carry out the process (Figure 1), is necessary the production of information that

allows to measure the success in getting the objectives, goals, actions and strategies taken.

The decisions making process as well as the development process, are dynamic, which

imply the necessity of elaborating tools which permit analysis and monitoring at different

levels and scales. Thus, these processes are carried out at different levels of decision

making in the country, administrative and/or ecological (eg. Territories, Basins, etc.) and

imply environmental, political, institutional, economic, social, and cultural considerations.

Therefore, when the projects and actions are applied and executed, should be taken into

SEA, EIA Assessments

and Diagnostic

Formulation of Policy,

Plans and Programs:

Setting Objectives and

Goals

Identification of Problems

Establishment of Actions and

Strategies

Monitoring and

Measurement

QA/QC

Evaluation of PPP, and

Performance of the

National & Regional

Environmental Management System

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account the different scales (national, regional and local) since imply different impacts in

the space and the time.

CE 2.7. The cycle shown in Figure 1 is not quite different to the one known as the Deming

Cycle, or Continual Improvement Scheme, stated by the ISO 14001 International Standard

for an Environmental Management System1. For the decisions making process, the

analysis and monitoring of the politics and strategies of development, exist a series of

economic and social statistical data, at national, regional and local levels, that is usually

used (UNEP 1993, UNDP 1994; World Bank 1995; WRI 1996). Nevertheless, equivalent

environmental information does not exist, is not found available for the users, or needs to

be built, as it was the Colombian case, and the reason of the Project.

CE 2.8 As a Chemical Engineer I made notice to EPO-DNP, that the problem of

production and availability of information to support decisions making increases when we

want to monitor the interactions and relations among components such as environmental

risks and public health implications, eco-efficiency and clean production, life cycle

assessment of products manufactured in Colombia and interactions with International

Green Markets, among others, as shown in figure 2 in the following page.

CE 2.9. Inside this context, the Geographical Information Systems, GIS, are useful tools to

incorporate environmental information inside the decisions taking and planning process.

The environmental, economic, and social integration of indicators inside a spatial context,

permits powerful and more real analysis of the ones that offer the conventional methods

(tabulated data, time series, etc.)

1 International Standard Organization, “ISO 14001: Requirements for an Environmental Management

System”, TC 198, SC-1, London, 1996.

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Figure 2. HSEQ Interactions at a National Level

CE 2.10. The application and integration of these tools (Indicators and GIS) improved the

application of the National Framework, which was built upon a modification of the OECD

model, known such as Pressure – State – Response, to built the environmental indicators2,

Figure 3.

Figure 3. The P-S-R Framework

CE 2.11. The P-S-R model is a simple framework which allows to organize the information

in a causal progression of the human actions that produce a pressure on the natural

resources, and that at the same time involve a change in the state of the environment. Then,

the Governmental Organizations responds with measures or actions, to reduce or prevent

significant environmental impacts.

2 OECD; OECD Core Set of Indicators for Environmental Performance Reviews, Environmental

Monograph # 83, OCDE, Paris, 1993.

ENVIRONMENTAL

RISK

PUBLIC

HEALTH

ECO EFFICIENCY

Sustainable

Development

sarrollo

Sostenible

PRESSURE STATE RESPONSE

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2.3 PERSONAL WORKPLACE ACTIVITY

CE 2.12. With the CIAT at DNP we added two categories to the model. The one of

Impact, and the one of Management. This, due to I considered that one thing is the State of

the environment, for instance a polluted river with an excessive concentration of heavy

metals, and another, the impact that it may cause upon the fisheries, as well as the human

health. The category of Management was introduced to measure efficiency of the National

Environmental System Entities (SINA) on the head of the MMA in implementing

response, such as PPP, at a National, Regional and local levels (See, Figure A-1,

Organizational Diagram of SIPSA Project, in Appendix 1).

Figure 4. The P-S-I-R-M Framework

As there was a Chemical Engineer in the consultant team, last model looked like the

one shown in Figure 4.

CE 2.13. My experience in Simulation models and as a Process Engineer made me think

the importance of “recycling streams”. In real terms what the recycling stream inside this

model means, is that natural resources management must focus on the pressures that

population and economic activities do over natural resources3. This pressures and sometime

unsustainable uses deteriorates ecosystems quality (State category of the model). Polluted

ecosystems, causes impacts over biodiversity and human health (Impact category).

3 For instance, if we want to control urban atmospheric pollution we might measure the concentration of

pollutants in the air, but the action we really have to do is to identify and reduce some emissions sources, considered as pressures, in de model. The same may happens with a turbid river: we can measure the Suspended Solids, and then for instance realize that the increment of this indicator is caused by an erosion process. But we don’t know if this is due to a deforestation activity done upstream by a farmer, or due to a land use change e.g., mining exploitation (both of them pressures over the environment) Taken from PESCADOR, Alvaro, “Toward a System to Monitor Natural Resources and its Management in Colombia”, Magazine of Environment and Development, Vol. 7, p. 147-170, University Javeriana, Bogotá, CEJA, 1997, See Appendix 2.).

IMPACT STATE RESPONSE MANAGEMENT

E PRESURE

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CE 2.14. So, SINA might focus over the driving forces or pressures: must effective way of

dealing with pollution is avoiding it, or reducing it at the source through the use of

technology, application of economic instruments, financial incentives, and enforcement by

law (e.g. setting up emissions allowed).

CE 2.15. Besides influencing the structure, interpretation and application of the Model to

build Environmental Indicators in Colombia, as shown in Figure 4, (see published paper in

Appendix 2), I formulated the Indicators for Themes and Variables Boldfaced on

Table 1. Developed in the Matrix at following page, on Table 2.

CE 2.16. Table 1. Variables under my Responsibility at SIPSA4 Project are boldfaced

THEME VARIABLES

SOCIAL DYNAMIC

Population

Employment

Education

Health

Quality of Life

ECONOMIC DYNAMIC Production

Finances

LANDSCAPE AND

LAND USE

Land Uses

Infrastructure

Human Settles in Risk

Areas

BIODIVERSITY Ecosystems

Biological Resources

AGRICULTURE

SYSTEMS

Agriculture

Cattle

Forest

Fisheries and Sea

catchments

MINNING AND

ENERGY

Mining

Production and Use of

Energy

Transport

URBAN INDUSTRIAL

SETTLEMENTS Atmosphere

Solid Wastes

WATER Basin Management

Use and Quality

4 Boldfaced Variables concerned to the Quality Unit inside the EPO (Environmental Policy Office at DNP). In

the contract at Appendix 1, appears just as “Quality Indicators”.

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CE 2.17. Table 2. Matrix of the Planning and Monitoring Environmental Indicators System

THEME VARIABLES PRESSURE STATE IMPACT RESPONSE MANAGEMENT

Infrastructure *Accessibility (hours)*Capacity of

infrastructure

*Ecosystem

fragmentation*Investment/year

*EIA run over major

Projects.

*No of natural

disasters / year

* Population exposed to

disasters

*Population affected by

disasters / year

* Investment in

Prevention Projects (

$/year)

*Area stabilized / Total

Risk Area

*No of accidents with

hazardous substances /

year

*Area affected by

disasters (Ha / year)

* Investment in

Contingency Plans

($/year)

*Population resettled /

Total Exposed

*Economic lost due to

natural disasters

($/year)

*Human lost (hab /

year)

*Extraction of

Minerals (Ton/year)

*Mining exploitation

(No, size, kind)

% Reduction of

Reserves: (Used /

Proven) x 100

* Investment in

monitoring

Environmental

Management Plan ( $/

year)

*Legal Licenses given for

mining exploitation / Total

*Consumption of

Minerals / hab-year

*Production, Processing

and Hydrocarbons

Transport

* Area eroded by

mining extraction (Ha)

* Area monitored along a

year /Total

*Power Generation

(Total and as % of the

Installed Capacity,

GW)

* % of Energy generated

by: Hydroelectricity

* Inundated Area, (Ha /

Kw generated) in

Hydroelectric

% Wind Energy / Total

* Transfers of the

Hydroelectric sector to

basin protection ($ / GW

Generated-Year)

* Energetic

Consumption by

sector (%)

* % of Energy generated

by: coal, natural gas% Solar Energy /Total

* Energy demand

hab(Kw/hab-year)

*Vehicles per

capita (No/hab)

*Distribution of the

automotive park

* Average Speed in

big cities

*Passengers using

public transport (

#/day)

*Monitoring vehicular

emissions certificates

(# / total)

*Consumption of

Nafta, Diesel, and

Natural gas / year

*Investment in

massive transport ($

/ year)

Mining

Transport

MINNING AND

ENERGY

LANDSCAPE &

LAND USE

Production and

Energy Use

Human Settles in

Risk Areas

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THEME VARIABLES PRESSURE STATE IMPACT RESPONSE MANAGEMENT

*Emissions of

GHG (Gg equiv

CO2)

*Concentration of

conventional

atmospheric

contaminants (ppm)

*Morbidity rate (#

cases / 10,000 hab)

* International

Agreements ratified

(#, Kind)

*Implementation of

Economic Instruments

* Emissions of

NOx, SOx,

(Ton/year)

*UV Index

*Potential

population

contracting Malaria

due to global

warming

* Investment in

Pollution control ($ /

year)

* Compliance Plans

for emission control

* Emissions of

CFC(Ton/year)

* Noise sources

*Noise levels (dB)* Population exposed

to noise ( (# cases /

10,000 hab)

*Monitoring net for

cities over 500,000

habitants

*Waste

Generation

(Kg/hab-day)

*# of landfills

(capacity, Ton / day,

useful life)

*Population

exposed to wastes

(No.) *Polluted

land by wastes (Ha)

* Plans for Integrated

Waste Disposal (#

cities implanted

/Total)

*(Waste technically

Disposed/Generated)

*Hazardous

wastes (Ton/day)

* Incineration

(Ton/day)

*Recycling of

materials / Total

generated

*Demand of water

by Sector, %

* A Index for

drinking water

* Morbidity rate by

Diarrhea (# cases /

10,000 hab)

*Spent Waters

Treatment Plants

Invesment ($ / year)

(% of Water Treated

/Total Spent)

*Demand of water

(M 3/hab-day)

* B Index for

drinking water

* Infant Mortality

rate (# cases /

10,000 children)

* Plans to attend

vulnerability for

water availability

* Pollution Taxes over

DBO5, DQO and SST.

*Spent waters

(M 3/day)

*Pop. with access

to drink water, %

*DBO5(mg/l)

* Investment in

IDEAM monitoring

Net ($/year)

* DBO5 (Ton/day) *DBQ (mg/l)

* DBQ (Ton/day) * SST (mg/l)

* SST (Ton/day)

Use and Quality WATER

URBAN

INDUSTRIAL

SETTLEMENTS

Atmosphere

Solid Wastes

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CE 2.18. On the other hand, I also developed the Methodological Sheets, known today in

the international literature as Meta Data, for each one of the formulated indicators on Table

2. In order to build the Methodological Sheets, as a primary source I worked under the

frame work of international protocols, The Convention on Climate Change of United

Nations, The Montreal Protocol, the Agenda XXI, and the OECD core of indicators. See

bibliography at the end of each Methodological Sheet. As a main criteria to build the

Indicators I used the suggested by EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, USA), shown

on Table 3.

Table 3. Main Criteria when selecting a core of Environmental

Indicators (EPA,1995; Rump,1995)

DATA Accuracy

Relation with the problems

Utility for the USERS

Scientific Support Measurement Techniques

Representatively Convenience of the Scales

Applicability Not Redundancy

Availability

Geographic area involved

Compressibility and Interpretability

Quality

Sensitivity to the changing conditions

Value of Reference

Cost-effective development

Specificity

Retrospective-Predictive

Statistics Series Accessibility

Connectivity

Comparability Opportunity

CE 2.19. As an example of my job as a Chemical Engineer, I have translated three

methodological Sheets, one in the theme of Mining and Energy in Appendix 3, one in the

theme of Urban Industrial Settlements in Appendix 4, and one in the theme of Water, as

appears in Appendix 5.

CE 2.20. Main difficulties found along the project were Institutional Coordination for

sharing the information, lacks of information, and differences in methodology building or

the units used to measure indicators, among others. Sometimes, to cope with an indicator

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that could accomplish the criteria on Table 3, for a variable and model category was so hard

to do it. In some other cases, aggregated indicators were found to be transversal to different

themes.

CE 2.21. For instance, Emissions of GHG which appears at the Theme of Urban Industrial

Settlements in the Variable of Atmosphere, is related with the themes of Agriculture,

Mining and Energy, and Land Use Changes. The important issue was to identify the

contribution of each Variable (Transport, plus Production and Energy Use, in the case of

Mining an Energy), and then, to have the information available in some place: In this case

at the Variable of Atmosphere, although as explained, GHG emissions are not done by

Human Settlements only.

2.4 SUMMARY

CE 2.22. In function of the quality and availability of the data, SIPSA supplied planners

with a cost effective tool, allowing to work and to use the information at the necessary

scales, in order to assess in the more accurate way the decisions making cycle done at DNP,

toward the desirable sustainability of Colombian development process.

CE 2.23. GIS and Environmental Indicators together allowed to make analysis not

performed before for Natural Resources Management in Colombia. On the other hand, by

crossing maps with indicators and doing overlays we could identify potential conflict for

land use, as the one shown on Map 2 and 3 in Appendix 6, Using SIPSA. When I make an

overlay with the Protected Territory over Map 1, in Map 2, I can identify a potential

conflict due to oil reservoirs under Protected Territory at a National Natural Park, as shown

with a zoom in Map 3.

CE 2.24. Indeed the Conflict happened in 1997, while we were building SIPSA, due to an

Environmental License granted by the MMA to Oil Companies for exploration of Oil over

a geological zone known as the Samoré Block, inside the Cobarria Reserve, where UWA

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Indigenous people live, and were not consulted5. This case went up to the Inter American

Commission of Human Rights.

CE 2.25. DNP got the tool to analyze and foreseen potential conflicts. I think most

interesting issue, SIPSA was the seed for what it is known today as the SIAC6 (Colombian

Environmental Information System), on behalf of the MMA and IDEAM (Environmental,

Atmospheric and Hydrological Studies Institute).

CE 2.26. On the other hand, an agreement of Clean Production was signed with the

Industries which manufactures cement, due to in the Urban-Industrial Corridor of

Sogamoso they were identified as the main fix emission source. Besides, they were

affecting human health because of the strong amount of particles in suspension with a dp <

10 microns.

5 AEO And UNIVERSITY OF HARVARD, “Observations and Recommendations About the Block Samoré

Case”, Washington, 1997. 6 MMA, IDEAM, AVH, INVEMAR, IIAP, SINCHI, Embassy of The Netherlands, “Environmental

Information System of Colombia”, 3 Vol. Vol. 1 Concepts, Definitions and Instruments of the

Environmental Information in Colombia. Vol. 2 First Generation Indicators and Base Line. Vol. 3

State Profile of the Natural Resources in Colombia, 2002.

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CE 2.27 ABREVIATIONS

AVH – Biodiversity Research Institute, Alexander Von Humboldt.

BPD - Barrels per Day

CFC – Chlorine Fluorine Carbons

CGR – General Republic Central Auditing, Colombia

CIAT – International Center of Tropical Agriculture

DANE – National Department of Statistics, Colombia

DNP – National Planning Department, Colombia

EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment

EPA – Environmental Protection Agency, USA

EPO – Environmental Policy Office at DNP

GHG – Green House Gases

GNP – Gross National Product

IGAC – National Geographical Institute, Agustin Codatzzi

INVEMAR – Marine Research Institute

KPCD - Kilo Cubic Feet per Day

KBPD - Kilo Barrels per Day

MBPD - Million of Barrels per Day

MMA – Ministry of Environment, Colombia

HSEQ – Health, Safety, Environment and Quality

IDEAM – Environmental, Atmospheric and Hydrological Studies Institute

ISO – International Standard Organization

IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change of United Nations

IIAP – Pacific Ecosystems Research Institute, Colombia

OECD – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

P-E-R – Pressure, State, Response Model, OECD

PPP – Policies, Plans and Programs

QA/QC – Quality Assurance / Quality Control

SEA – Strategic Environmental Assessment

SINA – National Environmental System, Colombia

SIPSA - Sustainable Indicators for Planning and Support Actions.

SIAC – Sistema de Información Ambiental para Colombia.

TPD - Ton per Day

UNEP – United Nations Environmental Program

VOC – Volatile Organic Compounds

WRI – World Resources Institute

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

AEO And UNIVERSITY OF HARVARD, “Observations and Recommendations About the

Block Samoré Case”, Washington, 1997.

CHAPARRO RODRIGO, AND OTHERS, “Emissions to the Environment in Colombia”,

IDEAM, Bogotá, 1998

COMMISSION ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, “Indicators of Sustainable

Development, Framework and Methodologies”, UNEP, New York, 428 p.

DNP, Tables and Atlas of Infrastructure, Transport and Energy, Bogotá, UINF, 1996.

EPA, quoted by CGR, , “The State of the Natural Resources and the Environment”,

Bogotá, 1995, p. 69-72.

GONZALEZ FABIO AND OTHERS, “Preliminary Inventory of GHG in Colombia,

sources and catchers”, Colombian Association of Physics, Natural and Exact Sciences

Magazine, Vol. XXI, No 79, Bogotá, 1997.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ORGANIZATION, “ISO 14001: Requirements for an

Environmental Management System”, TC 198, SC-1, London, 1996.

MINISTRY OF HEALTH, Drinking Water Norm 2105, Bogotá, 1983.

MMA, IDEAM, AVH, INVEMAR, IIAP, SINCHI, Embassy of The Netherlands,

“Environmental Information System of Colombia”, Vol. 1 Concepts, Definitions and

Instruments of Environmental Information in Colombia. Vol. 2 First Indicators

Generation and Base Line. Vol. 3 Profile of the Natural Resources in Colombia, 2002.

OECD; OECD Core Set of Indicators for Environmental Performance Reviews,

Environmental Monograph # 83, OCDE, Paris, 1993.

PESCADOR, Alvaro, “Toward a System to Monitor Natural Resources and its

Management in Colombia”, Magazine of Environment and Development, Vol. 7, p.

147-170, University Javeriana, Bogotá, CEJA, 1997.

UNEP, WMO, OECD, 1995, “IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories”,

New York, 87 p.

WINOGRAD, Manuel, “Environmental Indicators for Latin American and the Caribbean:

Toward the Sustainability in Land Use”, IICA; GTZ; OEA; WRI, San Jose of Costa

Rica, 1995, 84 p.

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APPENDIX 1 – National Environmental System of Colombia and

Organizations Involved in the SIPSA Development

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NATIONAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

SYSTEM - SINA

NATIONAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

SYSTEM - SINA

Figure A-1 Organizational Diagram of the SIPSA ProjectFigure A-1 Organizational Diagram of the SIPSA Project

DNP

MMA

REGIONAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

CORPORATIONS

URBAN and LOCAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

UNITS

OTHER

MINISTRIES

NATIONAL NATURAL

PARKS UNIT

RESEARCH INSTITUES

AVH – Biodiversity

IDEAM – Information

INVEMAR-Marine Ecosystems

SINCHI – Amazonian Research

IIAP- Pacific Studies

EPO

DANE

PRESIDENCY

OTHER

UNITS

AT DNP

IGAC

CIAT & Consultant

Team

Conventions

My role was to Assess EPO at DNP in the Topics Of built environment, and

to develop environmental quality Indicators for the Mining, Energy and

Infrastructure sectors, known at the EPO of DNP as “quality indicators”,

as appears in the contract attached, translated to the English.

DNP

MMA

REGIONAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

CORPORATIONS

URBAN and LOCAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

UNITS

OTHER

MINISTRIES

NATIONAL NATURAL

PARKS UNIT

RESEARCH INSTITUES

AVH – Biodiversity

IDEAM – Information

INVEMAR-Marine Ecosystems

SINCHI – Amazonian Research

IIAP- Pacific Studies

EPO

DANE

PRESIDENCY

OTHER

UNITS

AT DNP

IGAC

CIAT & Consultant

Team

Conventions

NATIONAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

SYSTEM - SINA

NATIONAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

SYSTEM - SINA

Figure A-1 Organizational Diagram of the SIPSA ProjectFigure A-1 Organizational Diagram of the SIPSA Project

DNP

MMA

REGIONAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

CORPORATIONS

URBAN and LOCAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

UNITS

OTHER

MINISTRIES

NATIONAL NATURAL

PARKS UNIT

RESEARCH INSTITUES

AVH – Biodiversity

IDEAM – Information

INVEMAR-Marine Ecosystems

SINCHI – Amazonian Research

IIAP- Pacific Studies

EPO

DANE

PRESIDENCY

OTHER

UNITS

AT DNP

IGAC

CIAT & Consultant

Team

Conventions

My role was to Assess EPO at DNP in the Topics Of built environment, and

to develop environmental quality Indicators for the Mining, Energy and

Infrastructure sectors, known at the EPO of DNP as “quality indicators”,

as appears in the contract attached, translated to the English.

DNP

MMA

REGIONAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

CORPORATIONS

URBAN and LOCAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

UNITS

OTHER

MINISTRIES

NATIONAL NATURAL

PARKS UNIT

RESEARCH INSTITUES

AVH – Biodiversity

IDEAM – Information

INVEMAR-Marine Ecosystems

SINCHI – Amazonian Research

IIAP- Pacific Studies

EPO

DANE

PRESIDENCY

OTHER

UNITS

AT DNP

IGAC

CIAT & Consultant

Team

Conventions

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APPENDIX 2 – Environmental Indicators Papers Written by the Author

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PUBLICATIONS

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APPENDIX 3 – METHODOLOGICAL SHEET – Example 1

THEME: MINNING AND ENERGY

Production, Processing and Hydrocarbon Transport

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Theme Variable Pressure State Impact Response Management

Mining

and

Energy

Mining Production,

Processing and

Hydrocarbon

Transport

Name: Production, Processing and Hydrocarbon Transport

Descriptor: Production and Transport of Natural Gas by Reservoir

Production, Transport and Oil Processing

Units: Oil: Production in BPD

Processing in BPD

Transport through pipes in KBPD

Natural Gas: Production in KPCD

Transport through pipes in KPCD

Coal: TPD

Abbreviations: BPD: Barrels per Day

KBPD: Kilo Barrels per Day

MBPD: Million of Barrels per Day

KPCD: Kilo Cubic Feet per Day

TPD: Ton per Day

Geographical

Denominator: Basic: Town

Aggregated: Department

Other: By hydrocarbon’s reservoirs

Oil, Gas and Poly pipes Net

Definition and

Concepts: These indicators are part of the Fossil Fuels required by the country for

industrial, trade and transport activities. It is important to set the concept of

sustainability in the medium term to manage strategic energetic resources

such as hydrocarbons. Being Not Renewable Natural Resources there must

be a continual balance between extraction and proven reservoirs and thus

between exploration and production activities.

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Measurement: Production. For each Gas, Oil or associated camps, the name, oil basin,

kind of contract, reserves and production. For Coal mines the reservoirs

are geo referenced with its installed capacity and production.

Transport. Pipe diameter of oil, gas and processed hydrocarbons, length

between connected nodes, capacity MBPD or KPCD, and owner. For coal

the roots and transport means (by truck or train) destines and embark ports.

Storage. Raw Oil Storage Places, owner, name, capacity, kind and number

of Tanks.

Processing. In agreement with the capacity charge of raw oil by Refinery,

in BPD. LNG, GLP, Gasoline and Diesel Produced in BPD.

Interpretation: Production and Processing must be studied together with the Consumption

of Fuels in Colombia. Even tough the country produces and exports

Hydrocarbons, it does imports fuels such as Gasoline and Diesel, due to

Refineries Capacity is not enough to cover the internal demand. It is a

matter of Policy to set a more favorable economical balance, by increasing

Refinery capacity, which may need some investment.

Limitations: Environmental Impact Assessment must be done following up the

Environmental License granted to each oil camp, oil or gas facility. There

are Clean Production agreements with ECOPETROL to mitigate

production and processing impacts. Nevertheless it has been estimated that

Colombia looses U$ 1.000.000.000 dollars per year7 due to gorilla’s

terrorism over pipes infrastructure has a strong impact over aquatic and

land ecosystems. Oil spills affects economic activities of fishers and land

farmers.

Alternative

Indicators: Exploitation Hydrocarbon Areas, Production and Reservoirs.

Hydrocarbons, Gas and Oil Transportation Pipes Net.

Importance: Hydrocarbon Pipe lines Geo referenced is useful due to many of them

cross trough sensible ecosystems. It also shows the access capacity and

fossil fuels energy distribution to municipalities and regions along the

country. Production and Processing indicators allows to know the state of

oil and gas reservoirs and coal exploitation, allowing to design Energy

Policies in a short, mean and long term.

7 DNP – UNEP, “Impacts of Oil Spills in Colombia”, Bogotá, 1992.

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Due to Hydrocarbons are a gorilla's target, geo referencing them is useful

in order to see possible impacts and direction that the spills will take

toward potential sensible ecosystems, by crossing with elevation maps,

protected areas and natural parks.

Relationship

with other

indicators: Exploitation of Hydrocarbons / Proven Reservoirs by Kind of HC.

Available

Information: ECOPETROL. ECOCARBON. INGEOMINAS. UPME, Ministry of

Mines and Energy, Bogotá. Mining, Energy, Infrastructure and

Communications Unit (UINF) at DNP, Colombia.

Bibliography: DNP, Consulting Table and Atlas of Infrastructure, Transport and Energy,

UINF, 1996.

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APPENDIX 4 – METHODOLOGICAL SHEET – Example 2

THEME: URBAN INDUSTRIAL SETTLEMENTS

Green House Gases Net Emissions

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Theme Variable Pressure State Impact Response Management

Urban

Industrial

Settlements

Atmosphere Green House

Gases Net

Emissions

Name: Green Houses Gases Net Emissions.

Descriptor: Measurement of Green House Gases Emitted, inducing Global Warming.

Units: Equivalent Ton of CO2 / year.

Geographical

Denominator Basic: Georeferenced

Definition and

Concepts Green House Gases correspond to Dioxide and Monoxide of Carbon,

Methane, CFCs and Nitrogen Oxides8. Although CFCs are known as

substances which induce depletion of the ozone layer, they also have a

strong Global Warming Potential capacity, with degradation horizons

between 20 and 100 years. On the other hand, Nitrogen Oxides causes acid

rains, are ozone layer deplezores and induce global warming: one molecule

of N2O has 320 times more power to catch heat, than a molecule of CO2.

Measurement Estimation of CO, CO2, CH4 and NOX emissions, is made upon fossil fuels

production and consumption (combustion of hydrocarbons), volatilization of

its vapors, industrial processes (cement manufacture, mainly), land use

changes such as deforestation and pasturing, inadequate agricultural

practices and waste disposal. On the other hand, CFCs has its source in the

refrigeration industry, rigid foam manufacturing and aerosol propellants,

mainly.

It is the duty of the MMA and a Policy question to standardize norms and

measurement methods for fix sources. Articles 110 to 113 of Atmospheric

Pollution Act 948 of 1995, specifies isokinetic test over discharge chimneys,

mass balance and emissions factors. The Norm 005 of 1996 rules the

parameters and measurement methods for mobile sources, either new

vehicles or used, with motors using gasoline or diesel as a fuel.

8 United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, “Indicators of Sustainable Development,

Framework and Methodologies”, UNEP, New York, 428 p.

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The following parameters or relevant activities are internationally used to

build this indicator, bearing in mind the emissions of each kind of gas done

by the activities9.

1. Energy (Generation and use)

2. Industrial Production (Cement Manufacturing)

3. Agriculture (Including Catering)

4. Land Use Change

5. Waste Disposal

As appears in the Matrix of the Planning and Monitoring Environmental

Indicators System, Table 2 of the main body, CFCs are built as separate

indicators. To avoid double counting, they won’t be measured here, but they

will be as separate indicators, bearing in mind its importance as Ozone

Layer depletion substances (controlled under Montreal Protocol).

The indicator is built for each direct GHG not controlled under the Montreal

Protocol, as recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change of United Nations (IPCC). The Global Warming Potential, GWP,

is used then as a standardization factor to compute the emissions as

equivalents of CO2 for a degradation time of 100 years, as shown on Table

A4.110.

Table A4.1 GWP Factors for Direct GHG

GAS GWP

Carbon Dioxide, CO2 1

Methane, CH4 24,5

Nitrous Oxide, N2O 320

Carbon Monoxide (CO), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), and NOX, are

considered indirect GHG by the IPCC (Econormopoulus, 1993; UNEP,

1995). The IPCC has come to harmonize Data Comparability, proposing to

make an inventory taking 1990 as a base year. As an example, on how to

apply this methodological sheet, I built the indicator for 1990 at a National

level, bearing in mind the relevant activities (Winograd, 1995), as shown on

Table A4.2, and the information provided by the inventory done at the

Colombian Association of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences.

9 UNEP, WMO, OECD, 1995, “IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories”, New York, 87 p. 10 LASHOF and AHUJA, quoted by Winograd, Manuel, “Environmental Indicators for Latin American and

the Caribbean: Toward the Sustainability in Land Use”, IICA; GTZ; OEA; WRI, San Jose of Costa

Rica, 1995, 84 p.

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Table A4.2 Emissions of GHG by Activity, Gg, 1990

ACTIVITY / GAS CO2 CH4 N2O

Energy (Generation

and use) 52.383 198 1

Industrial Production 3.388

Agriculture 1.985 1407 0,2

Land Use Change 130.702 234 7.4

Waste Disposal 160 1.6

TOTAL 188.458 1.999 10,2

Source: Colombian Association of Physics, Natural and Exact

Sciences Magazine, Vol. XXI, No 79, Bogotá, 1997.

Having this primary source, I could built the indicator by using the GWP

factors form Table A4.1, as shown on Table A4.3

Table A4.3. Net Emissions of GHG in Gg Equiv. of CO2,

Colombia, 1990.

GAS CO2 CH4 N2O TOTAL

Emissions 188.458 1.999 10,2

GWP 1 24,5 320

Emissions

in Gg Eq. CO2 188.458 48.976 3264 240.698

Fig A4.1 Emissions Contribution by GHG as % of

CO2, Colombia, 1990

79%

20%1%

CO2

CH4

N2O

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0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

CO2 CH4 N2O TOTAL

Fig A4.2 Net Emissions in Gg Eq. CO2, Colombia, 1990

CO2

CH4

N2O

TOTAL

Importance This indicator measures human activities contribution to global warming.

Although there are natural GHG emissions, human contribution is

considered a climate change factor (IPCC, Second Assessment Report,

1995). It is also a world wide accepted instrument (Convention on Climate

Change, UNEP) to record driving forces which may have intergenerational

consequences.

The IPCC points that Earth’s mean temperature could increase 1 up to 3,5

°C around 2020, which means a bigger overheat than the one from 10.000

years ago. This would cause ecosystem changes, sea level increment

producing inundation of coastal areas due to poles melting, and snowy

mountains reduction.

Interpretation CO2 emissions depends upon energy generation and consumption,

production systems, industrial structure, transport systems, agriculture and

forest practices. CH4 or methane from agriculture and catering as well as

waste disposal.

The convention on Climate Change of United Nations ratified by 152

countries points at the article 4 that by 2000 CO2 emissions as well as the one

of direct and indirect GHG not controlled under Montreal Protocol, should

stay at the same level of the base line (1990).

Now, when I am translating this Methodological Sheet, I can say that this

could not be accomplish by most countries, but German results showed us

that it is possible and economic grow while reducing GHG emissions.

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The Colombian inventory of 2000 should be done using the same categories

(Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use Change and Waste Disposal) in

order to observe changes by economic activity.

On the other hand it is necessary to be extremely cautious with emissions

standardization to Gg Equivalent of CO2, due to GWP factors may change as

the international community increases its knowledge about absorption and

degradation of the CO2 cycle, used as a reference substance (UNEP,

Montreal Protocol, 1994, p.13.20-13.30). So, for standardized analysis, it is

necessary to use the same GWP factors for all the statistical series.

Limitations CFCs and NOX causes global warming, but as they are controlled under the

Montreal protocol as Ozone Layer deplezores are not taking into account in

this indicator, as recommended by IPCC. This indicator is built upon direct

GHG emissions, while undirected GHG emissions (CO, VOCs, and

troposphere O3) are not being taking into account. First measures in

Colombia shows a contribution not mayor to 10%, for what would be Total,

both direct and undirected GHG emissions (IDEAM, 1998).

Alternative

Indicators Due to each substance causes different over heated levels, it is necessary to

develop simple or individual indicators for each kind of emission (as shown

in Figures A4.1 and A4.2) before aggregation in Gg of Equivalent CO2

emissions, as in this indicator (Green bar at Figure A4.2).

Relationship

with other

Indicators There are Global Warming synergism with other indicators such as CFC and

NOX emissions, which are also deplezores of the ozone layer. A better

compression to the possible damage caused to ecosystems, local and global

environment may be inferred by integrating analysis with state indicators

(concentration of conventional atmosphere contaminants in big cities) and

impact indicators (population exposed to contract Malaria due to global

warming).

It will be also useful to establish correlations between emission levels and

energy consumption from fossil fuels sources, GNP and GHG emissions per

capita, as well as land use changes (e.g. deforestation to establish illicit

cultivars, in Colombia).

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International

Conventions The convention on Climate Change of United Nations ratified by 152

countries points at the article 4 that by 2000 CO2 emissions as well as the one

of direct and indirect GHG not controlled under Montreal Protocol, should

stay at the same level of the base line (1990). The Kyoto Protocol ratified by

Colombia is an instrument that may contribute to the reduction of GHG at a

global scale. In order to become a real toll to reduce GHG it is required to

control 55% of World’s emissions.

Now, when I am translating this Methodological Sheet, I can say that this

was reached on February of 2005.

Available

Information Gonzalez Fabio and Others, “Preliminary Inventory of GHG in Colombia,

sources and catchers”, Colombian Association of Physics, Natural and

Exact Sciences Magazine, Vol. XXI, No 79, Bogotá, 1997.

Chaparro Rodrigo, and Others, “Emissions to the Environment in

Colombia”, IDEAM, Bogotá, 1998.

Bibliography

CHAPARRO RODRIGO, AND OTHERS, “Emissions to the Environment in Colombia”, IDEAM,

Bogotá, 1998.

GONZALEZ FABIO AND OTHERS, “Preliminary Inventory of GHG in Colombia, sources and

catchers”, Colombian Association of Physics, Natural and Exact Sciences Magazine, Vol. XXI,

No 79, Bogotá, 1997.

COMMISSION ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, “Indicators of Sustainable Development,

Framework and Methodologies”, UNEP, New York, 428 p.

UNEP, WMO, OECD, 1995, “IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories”, New

York, 87 p.

WINOGRAD, Manuel, “Environmental Indicators for Latin American and the Caribbean: Toward

the Sustainability in Land Use”, IICA; GTZ; OEA; WRI, San Jose of Costa Rica, 1995, 84 p.

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APPENDIX 5 – METHODOLOGICAL SHEET – Example 3

THEME: WATER: A and B Drinking Water Indexes

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Theme Variable Pressure State Impact Response Management

WATER Use and

Quality

Index A

Index B

Name: A and B Drinking Water Indexes

Descriptor: Physicochemical and bacteriological drinkable water measurement

Units: Adimensional, from 1 to 5.

Geographical

Denominator It can be measured over any water body.

Definition and

Concepts Its importance lies in compiling a high aggregated information level used to

establish whether a water is drinkable or not. The A and B Indexes are

defined as a parametrical weight of the following indicators, used by the

Environmental Ministry to measure water quality in Colombia:

1. PHYSIC QUALITY

INDICATOR UNITS ADMISIBLE VALUE

True Color PCU < 15

Odor and Flower Absent

Turbidity NTU < 5

Total Solids mg / L < 500

Conductivity µsiemens < 500

Floating substances Absent

2. CHEMICAL QUALITY

SUBSTANCE UNITS ADMISIBLE VALUE

(mg/L of) (mg/L)

Aluminum Al+3 0,2

Antimony Sb 0,005

Arsenic As 0,05

Barium Ba 1

Boron B 0,3

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2. CHEMICAL QUALITY (Continuation)

SUBSTANCE UNITS ADMISIBLE VALUE

(mg/L of) (mg/L)

Cadmium* Cd 0,005

Cyanide CN- 0,005

Chlorine Cl- 1

Cupper Cu 1

Chrome Cr+6 0,05

Phenols C6 H6 OH Absent

Oil Hydrocarbons 0,3

Total Iron Fe+3 0,3

Manganese Mn 0,1

Mercury* Hg 0,001

Molybdenum Mb 0,7

Nyquil Ni 0,02

Nitrites NO2 0,1

Nitrates NO3 46

Plate Ag+1 0,05

Lead* Pb 0,05

Insecticides 0,0001 to 0,01

Selenium Se 0,01

Active substances at

Methylene Blue ABS 0,05

Sulfates SO4-2 250

Total Trihalo methane THMs 0,01

Zinc Zn 5

Total Alkalinity CaCO3 100

Total Acidity CaCO3 50

Residual Chlorine Cl- 0,3 < Cl- < 10

Hydroxides CaCO3 0

Hydrogen Potential, pH Units 6,5 < pH < 9

* Highly toxic heavy metals (EU and EPA´S black list)

3. BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY

SUBSTANCE UNITS ADMISIBLE VALUE

(mg/L of) (mg/L)

Total Coli forms CFU/100 ml 0*

E-Coli CFU/100 ml Negative*

* Measured by the filtration membranes method.

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Measurement Each one of the parameters can be measured by using portable laboratory

equipments manufactured by MERCK, HACH, etc. which come with the

instructions to do the titulations. In some other cases as in heavy metals,

spectrophotometer or chromatographic techniques may be used. What ever

the method or equipment employed the results must be quantitative and

they can not exceed the Allowed range or Admissible Value.

Interpretation There are some indicators which have a major influence over drinking

water quality. One economic although not 100% secure way to establish

drinkable status of water, instead running all test over the physic, chemical

and bacteriological parameters, is by calculating the A and B Indexes of

Water Quality.

Index A

The A Index is obtained from the minimal parameters to establish drinking

water quality in the Norm 2105 of the Health Ministry (Colombia, 1983),

As shown on Table A5.1 and Figure A5.1:

TABLE A5.1. Parameters and Weight for Index A*

INDICATOR WEIGHT, %

Alkalinity 7,7

Residual Chlorine 13,8

Chlorine 3,1

E-Coli 23,0

Total Coli forms 16,9

Color 4,6

Total Hardness 3,1

Total Iron 3,1

pH 7,7

Sulfates 6,2

Total Solids 3,1

Turbidity 7,7

* Taken from CGR, “The State of the Natural Resources and the

Environment”, Bogotá, 1995, p.69.

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Fig. A5.1 Parameters Used to build Index A

for Drinking Watyer Quality

7,7%

13,8%

3,1%

23,0%

16,9%

4,6%3,1%

3,1%

7,7%

6,2%3,1%

7,7%

Alkalinity

Residual Chlorine

Chlorine

E-Coli

Total Coli forms

Color

Total Hardness

Total Iron

pH

Sulfates

Total Solids

Turbidity

The qualification for each of the Indicators goes from 0 to 5 and it is

shown on Table A5.2

TABLE A5.2. PARAMETERS SCORES FOR INDEX A AND B*

Parameter/ SCORE 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,0 0,0

Alkalinity 0-120 > 120

Residual Chlorine 0,1-1** > 1,0

Chlorine 0-250 > 250

E-Coli 0 > 0

Total Coli forms 0 > 0

Color 0-5 > 15

Total Hardness 30-150 <30, >150

Total Iron 0-0,3 > 0,3

pH 7.0-8,5 6,5-7,0 8,5-9,0 6,0-6,5 <6 or >9

Sulfates < 500 > 500

Total Solids < 250 > 250

Turbidity 0-1 > 5

* Source: CGR, , “The State of the Natural Resources and the Environment”, Bogotá,

1995, p.69. ** For effluent the range varies between 0,1 and 1,5: effluent concentration is higher due

to residual chlorine must be enough throughout kilometers of pipes net.

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Limitations A and B Indexes varies from 1 to 5 and their result must be read as follows:

Optimal Level : 5,0

Acceptable Level: 3,0

High Risk Level : 1,0

By not including indicators such as heavy metals, their presence may be

skipped. Nevertheless they are cost-effective for continual monitoring of

freshwaters bodies over deeper monitoring analyses already have been done.

They are also useful as a first approximation, and then, in agreement with the

results, to run exhaustive research upon other physic chemical and

bacteriological parameters, already mentioned..

Alternative

Indicators Index B

The B Index uses less indicators than the A and therefore it can be built in a

more cost effective way, as shown on Table A5.3 and Figure A5.2,

Parameters and Weight for Index B. From the Parameters used to built the A

Index, shown on Table A5.1, the alkalinity is skipped due to is in a close

relationship with the pH. Chlorine, Total Iron and Total Hardness are also

skipped because they relay upon color and turbidity, as well as Sulfates and

Total Solids. Lastly, The E-Coli is not included because if it is positive, the

water must be consider as not drinkable immediately.

TABLE A5.3. Parameters and Weight for Index B *

INDICATOR WEIGHT, %

Residual Chlorine 30

Total Coli forms 40

Color 5

pH 10

Turbidity 15

* Taken from CGR, “The State of the Natural Resources

and the Environment”, Bogotá, 1995, p. 70.

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Fig. A5.2 Parameters to build Index B

for Drinking Watyer Quality

30%

40%

5%

10%

15% Residual Chlorine

Total Coli forms

Color

pH

Turbidity

Importance The Indexes A and B allows to establish drinking water quality in a quick

and cost effective way. The weight in which each parameter influences the

overall Index value, is based upon an technical criteria. For instance, Total

coliforms and residual chlorine have a major importance over drinking water

quality, while the presence of E-Coli is a determinant criteria. The

qualification system is rude, assigning “0” (zero) to the parameters that are

over the value admitted by law as shown on Table A5.2.

On the other hand, these Indexes allows an integral way for measuring water

quality, quite useful to perform comparative studies and time series, without

using 12 or 5 indicators but one single Index instead. As an example, the

results for the Indexes A and B in the city of Bogotá for the year 1994 can be

seen on Table A5.4 in the following page.

Relationship

with other

indicators The A and B Indexes of drinking water quality have a direct relation with the

simple indicators or parameters used to their construction as shown on Table

A5.1 and A5.3. They also have an indirectly relation with the DBO5 (mg/l)

and DQO (mg/l) used to measure organic and inorganic pollution,

respectively, in a water body.

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TABLE A5.4. INDEX A AND B FOR BOGOTA, 1994*

INDICATOR VALUE Score

(A5,2)

% A

(A5.1)

Weight % B

(A5.3)

Weight

Alkalinity 18 5 7,7 0,385

Residual Chlorine 0,5 5 13,8 0,690 30 1,5

Chlorine 3,8 5 3,1 0,155

E-Coli 0 5 23,0 1,150

Total Coli forms 0 5 16,9 0,845 40 2,0

Color 9 4 4,6 0,184 5

Total Hardness 27 0 3,1 0,000

Total Iron 0,2 5 3,1 0,155

pH 7,1 5 7,7 0,385 10 0,5

Sulfates 250 5 6,2 0,310

Total Solids 120 5 3,1 0,155

Turbidity 1,8 4 7,7 0,308 15 0,6

Index Result 4,7 4,6

* Source: CGR, , “The State of the Natural Resources and the Environment”, Bogotá,

1995, p.72.

Index A show a value of 4,7, Acceptable, while Index B shows a value of

4,6, Acceptable too.

Available

Information Indicators of the Public Services Companies. Public Services

Superintendence, Bogotá. Drinking Water Regulation Commission, Bogotá.

Urban and Regional Planning Unit at National Planning Department of

Colombia, Ministry of Development, Colombia.

Bibliography Drinking Water Norm 2105, Health Ministry, Bogotá, 1983.

EPA, quoted by CGR, , “The State of the Natural Resources and the

Environment”, Bogotá, 1995, p.69-72.

MMA, Drinking Water Quality Standard and Measurement, Bogotá, 1998.

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APPENDIX 6 - USING SIPSA

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APPENDIX 7. COURSES GIVEN IN ENVIRONMENTAL POSTGRADUATES

PROGRAMS OF SEVERAL UNIVERSITIES IN COLOMBIA

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