49
1 Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions S. F. S. F. Bilgili Bilgili and J. B. Hess and J. B. Hess Department of Poultry Science Department of Poultry Science Auburn University Auburn University Auburn, Alabama 36849 Auburn, Alabama 36849

Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions · Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions ... Contact dermatitis (breast, hock joints, foot pads) 5 ... LP P

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Page 1: Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions · Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions ... Contact dermatitis (breast, hock joints, foot pads) 5 ... LP P

1

Carcass Skin Problems:

Causes and Solutions

S. F. S. F. BilgiliBilgili and J. B. Hessand J. B. Hess

Department of Poultry ScienceDepartment of Poultry Science

Auburn UniversityAuburn University

Auburn, Alabama 36849Auburn, Alabama 36849

Page 2: Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions · Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions ... Contact dermatitis (breast, hock joints, foot pads) 5 ... LP P

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The Skin

�� Boundary between the organism and its Boundary between the organism and its

environmentenvironment

�� TwoTwo--way barrier:way barrier:

* entry of injurious substance* entry of injurious substance

* escape of vital fluids* escape of vital fluids

�� Protective armor against mechanical damageProtective armor against mechanical damage

�� Insulation in heat regulationInsulation in heat regulation

�� First line of defense against pests, parasites and First line of defense against pests, parasites and

pathogens pathogens

Skin

�� Largest sense organ:Largest sense organ:

* temperature, pressure, pain and tactile * temperature, pressure, pain and tactile

receptorsreceptors

�� Continuous replacementContinuous replacement

�� Recovers quickly from injuryRecovers quickly from injury

�� Responds by increasing thickness and strength Responds by increasing thickness and strength

to recurrent frictional stress to recurrent frictional stress

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Avian Skin – Unique Aspects…

�� Feathers! (specific tracts = pterylae)Feathers! (specific tracts = pterylae)

�� Thickness:Thickness:

* avian<mammalian skin* avian<mammalian skin

* apteria<pterylae* apteria<pterylae

�� Poor vascular supplyPoor vascular supply

�� Absent:Absent:

* sweat glands* sweat glands

* sebaceous glands (except: uropygeal gland)* sebaceous glands (except: uropygeal gland)

Histology

Epidermis

(13-23 u)

Dermis

(84-214 u)

Subcutis

Cuticle

(~5 u)

Lucas and Stettenheim, 1972.

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Skin Quality

� Integrity

� Color

� Fat distribution

� Free from feathers/hair

� Free from defects/lesions

� Free from pathogenic bacteria

� Free from pathology/disease

Skin Defects in Broilers

�� Abnormal feather growth/featheringAbnormal feather growth/feathering

�� Oily bird syndromeOily bird syndrome

�� Fragile skin (tearing)Fragile skin (tearing)

�� Blisters (breast)Blisters (breast)

�� TumorsTumors

�� New and old scratches, sores/scabsNew and old scratches, sores/scabs

�� Cellulitis (infectious process)Cellulitis (infectious process)

�� Contact dermatitis (breast, hock joints, foot pads)Contact dermatitis (breast, hock joints, foot pads)

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Abnormal Feathering

�� Feathers = keratin (rich in cystine)Feathers = keratin (rich in cystine)

�� Optimum dietary levels of nutrients for feather growth:Optimum dietary levels of nutrients for feather growth:

* ~2% of methionine and ~25% of cystine* ~2% of methionine and ~25% of cystine

* digestibility/availability (cystine?) * digestibility/availability (cystine?)

�� General amino acid inadequacy:General amino acid inadequacy:

* affects mostly primary feathers* affects mostly primary feathers

* reduced/ abnormal feathering* reduced/ abnormal feathering

* spoon* spoon--like (long shafts) and curlinglike (long shafts) and curling

* poor performance…* poor performance…

Abnormal Feathering

�� FusariumFusarium mycotoxinsmycotoxins (T(T--2)2)

* 4 * 4 ppmppm = sparse feathering= sparse feathering

* all feathers affected (odd angles) * all feathers affected (odd angles)

�� Thyroid function Thyroid function

* low iodine (* low iodine (milomilo))

�� MalabsorptionMalabsorption (starter period)(starter period)

�� Trace minerals (<40 Trace minerals (<40 ppmppm Zn = fraying) Zn = fraying)

�� Infection of feather folliclesInfection of feather follicles

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Feathering- Length of Starter PeriodMale boilers (49 d)

0

10

20

30

%

21 d 30 d 21 d 30 d

Fast Feathering Slow Feathering

Lilburn, 1989

Oily Bird Syndrome

�� Oily and greasy skinOily and greasy skin

�� High energy diets/summerHigh energy diets/summer--timetime

�� Females>malesFemales>males

�� Collagen crossCollagen cross--link maturation (Cu?)link maturation (Cu?)

�� Fat type (saturated>unsaturated)Fat type (saturated>unsaturated)

�� Processing conditions (scald/pick)Processing conditions (scald/pick)

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Skin Tearing

�� PostPost--defeathering tears on the skindefeathering tears on the skin

�� Females>malesFemales>males

�� Skin strength = collagen content/maturitySkin strength = collagen content/maturity

* Proline, Zn, Cu, Vitamin C * Proline, Zn, Cu, Vitamin C

�� Halofuginone (antiHalofuginone (anti--coccidial) coccidial)

* affects proline hydroxylation* affects proline hydroxylation

�� Processing conditions (scald/pick)Processing conditions (scald/pick)

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Fragile Skin

Unhealed

Scratches

Skin (Puncture) Strength

Bilgili et al, 1993

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Bilgili et al, 1993

Skin Strength

Skin Elasticity

Genetics

Breast Blisters/Burns

�� Thickening and inflammation Thickening and inflammation

of the keel bursaeof the keel bursae

�� GeneticsGenetics

�� Flock managementFlock management

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Breast Blisters

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

NUMBER OF FLOCKS/LITTER

Tumors�� LeukosisLeukosis

* skin form* skin form

* vaccination failures * vaccination failures

�� CarcinomasCarcinomas

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Scabby Hip Syndrome

�� Fresh or old unhealed scratchesFresh or old unhealed scratches

�� Primarily in pelvic back regionPrimarily in pelvic back region

�� Feathering rate (slow>fast)Feathering rate (slow>fast)

�� Males>femalesMales>females

�� Toe nails (or other sharp objects) Toe nails (or other sharp objects)

�� Pile ups, hysteria, competitionPile ups, hysteria, competition

�� Flock management!Flock management!

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Scabby Hip Syndrome

�� Scabby hips (scratches/sores/scabs)Scabby hips (scratches/sores/scabs)

* Feeder space* Feeder space

+ restricted/timed (meal) feeding+ restricted/timed (meal) feeding

* Lighting programs (duration/intensity) * Lighting programs (duration/intensity)

* Feed outages* Feed outages

* Hysteria/nervousness* Hysteria/nervousness

* Activity in the house* Activity in the house

+ Flock thinning, weighing etc.+ Flock thinning, weighing etc.

Cellulitis (IP)

�� Infectious Process (IP)Infectious Process (IP)

�� Acute, diffuse, spreading edematous Acute, diffuse, spreading edematous

inflammation of the subcutaneous tissueinflammation of the subcutaneous tissue

�� Caseous exudateCaseous exudate

�� Thickened dermisThickened dermis

�� Petechial hemorrhages in muscle fascia Petechial hemorrhages in muscle fascia

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Cellulitis: Bacterial Isolates

�� E.coliE.coli

�� Pseudomonas spp.Pseudomonas spp.

�� Proteus spp.Proteus spp.

�� Aeromonas spp.Aeromonas spp.

�� Citrobacter spp.Citrobacter spp.

�� P. MultocidaP. Multocida

Cellulitis: E.coli

�� 90% of all isolates90% of all isolates

�� 60+% monoculture60+% monoculture

�� Diverse serogroups (078, 02, 0115)Diverse serogroups (078, 02, 0115)

�� Variable drug resistanceVariable drug resistance

�� Variable plasmid profileVariable plasmid profile

�� No toxin productionNo toxin production

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E. Coli Infections

�� ImmunoImmuno--suppressionsuppression

* Viral diseases (CAV, IBDV, IB)* Viral diseases (CAV, IBDV, IB)

�� Damage to mucous membranesDamage to mucous membranes

* Digestive and respiratory * Digestive and respiratory

�� Damage to skinDamage to skin

* Scratches, feather follicles, insect bites * Scratches, feather follicles, insect bites

�� Optimum nutritionOptimum nutrition

�� Sanitation/BiosecuritySanitation/Biosecurity

Cellulitis: Induction Models

�� Isolates vary in pathogenicityIsolates vary in pathogenicity

* cellulitis vs. respiratory vs. fecal* cellulitis vs. respiratory vs. fecal

�� Inoculation: injection vs. scratchingInoculation: injection vs. scratching

* subcutaneous niche* subcutaneous niche

�� Lesion development:Lesion development:

* rapid* rapid

* plaques develop in 18* plaques develop in 18--24 h 24 h

Page 18: Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions · Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions ... Contact dermatitis (breast, hock joints, foot pads) 5 ... LP P

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Source of E. coli

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

%

Fecal Respiratory Cellulits

ISOLATE

Injection Scratch

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Cellulitis: Management Factors

�� Genetics/featheringGenetics/feathering

�� Placement densityPlacement density

�� Litter type/qualityLitter type/quality

�� PilePile--ups/hysteriaups/hysteria

�� Bird migrationBird migration

�� Meal feedingMeal feeding

�� Immunosuppression Immunosuppression

Genetics/Feathering

�� Temperament/nervousnessTemperament/nervousness

�� FeatheringFeathering

* genetics* genetics

* nutrition* nutrition

* management* management

Page 20: Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions · Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions ... Contact dermatitis (breast, hock joints, foot pads) 5 ... LP P

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Placement Density

�� Proper stocking densityProper stocking density

* birds/m2* birds/m2

* kg/m2* kg/m2

�� HousingHousing

* type? * type?

* feeder/drinker space* feeder/drinker space

* migration* migration

�� Environmental control Environmental control

Stocking DensityMale Plant Performance (49 d)

Density

(Kg/m2)

Sores/scabs

(%)

Grade

“A”

Fillet yield

(%)

29.2 17.1b 52.3 14.0a

31.9 26.8ab 48.1 13.9a

35.2 38.1a 46.2 13.5b

Bilgili and Hess,1995

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Stocking DensitySkin Lesions

0

2

4

6

8

10

12P

ercen

t

12.2 12.8 13.5 14.2 14.9 15.8

birds/square meter

Sores and scratches

Bilgili and Horton, 1995

Weight Density

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Percen

t

22.7 26.8 31.7 36.4

Kg/m2

Condemnations

Total Scratches Cellulitis

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Stocking DensityDisturbances

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16N

o. o

f

dis

turb

an

ces/

hr

5 10 15 20

birds/square meter

Pushed, showed, intrerrupted

Estevez, 1994

Cellulitis: Field Study

�� Correlations:Correlations:

* Sep/tox (* Sep/tox (--0.33)0.33)

* Airsacculitis (+.35)* Airsacculitis (+.35)

* Swollen joins (+.38)* Swollen joins (+.38)

* Skin sores/scabs (+0.41) * Skin sores/scabs (+0.41)

* Placement density * Placement density

+ kg/m+ kg/m22 (+0.65)(+0.65)

+ birds/drinker (+0.45)+ birds/drinker (+0.45)

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Hatchery Source

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1P

er

cen

t

A B C D

Source

Condemnations

Total Cellulitis

Down-time Between Flocks

0

0.2

0.4

0.60.8

1

1.2

1.4

Pe

rc

en

t

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

days

Condemnations

Total Cellulitis

Page 24: Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions · Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions ... Contact dermatitis (breast, hock joints, foot pads) 5 ... LP P

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Brooding Method

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Condemned Cellulitis Sores/scabs

1/4 1/3 1/2 1/1

Flock Management

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Percen

t

Poor Average Good Best

Management

Condemnations

Total Cellulitis

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Skin Blotches/Patches

�� Uneven surface drying (removal of cuticle?)Uneven surface drying (removal of cuticle?)

* temperature, RH, air speed, rate * temperature, RH, air speed, rate of chillingof chilling

�� Dark, dehydrated skin areasDark, dehydrated skin areas

�� Almost always associated with soft scalding Almost always associated with soft scalding

followed by “air chilling”followed by “air chilling”

�� ScaldingScalding--picking conditions… picking conditions…

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Foot Health

Page 28: Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions · Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions ... Contact dermatitis (breast, hock joints, foot pads) 5 ... LP P

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Foot Pad Dermatitis

�� Irritation and inflammation of the plantar Irritation and inflammation of the plantar

surfaces of the feetsurfaces of the feet

�� Mild dermatitis to cracks to severe ulcersMild dermatitis to cracks to severe ulcers

�� Quality (downgrading)Quality (downgrading)

�� Welfare (specific audit point):Welfare (specific audit point):

* <30% incidence (NCC* <30% incidence (NCC--US)US)

Foot Pad Dermatitis

�� Irritation and inflammation of the Irritation and inflammation of the

plantar surfaces of the feetplantar surfaces of the feet

�� Mild dermatitis to cracks to severe Mild dermatitis to cracks to severe

ulcersulcers

�� Welfare audit point:Welfare audit point:

<30% (NCC<30% (NCC--US)US)

<4% (RSPCA<4% (RSPCA--UK)UK)

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Lesion Scores:

0 1 2

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Foot Pad Dermatitis Score 1: Mild

Dermis

Epidermis

Thickened

keratin and

epidermis

F. Hoerr

Foot Pad Dermatitis Score 2: Severe

Superficial

Crust

(Scab)

F. Hoerr

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BEDDING TYPE

QUALITY

ENVIRONMENTAL

CONTROL

NUTRITION

FEEDING PROGRAMS

LITTER

MOISTURE

FLOCK

MANAGEMENT

GENETICS

FPDGenetics and Diet Density

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Percen

t

SC-A SC-B

Severe Lesions

High Density Low Density

Bilgili et al., 2006.

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Foot Pad DermatitisFlock Management

�� Housing/rearing methodHousing/rearing method

�� BroodingBrooding

�� Stocking densityStocking density

�� Feeder/drinker type/managementFeeder/drinker type/management

�� Ventilation rateVentilation rate

�� Fogging/cooling/condensationFogging/cooling/condensation

Ventilation vs. Minimum Ventilation

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PER BIRD AGE (Days)

0.10 CFM 1 – 7

0.25 CFM 8 – 14

0.35 CFM 15 - 21

0.50 CFM 22 - 28

0.65 CFM 29 - 35

0.70 CFM 36 - 42

0.80 CFM 43 - 49

0.90 CFM 50 - 56

Minimum Ventilation Rates(Average/Per Bird)

Foot Pad DermatitisProduction System

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percen

t

Standard

Intensive

Free-

Range

Organic RSPCA Corn-Fed

Pagazaurtundua and Warris, 2006.

>90% Cobb

39 d

Hubbard

56 d

Hubbard

>70 d

Hubbard

49 d

<6 lb/sqft

Cobb

49 d

Outside Access

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Foot Pad DermatitisBedding Type/Quality

�� TypeType

�� Particle sizeParticle size

�� Depth/reDepth/re--useuse

�� Moisture/water activityMoisture/water activity

�� Microbial activityMicrobial activity

�� BuiltBuilt--up litter/fecal load:up litter/fecal load:

* caking, crustiness* caking, crustiness

Foot Pad DermatitisBedding Source

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

PE

RC

EN

T

1 2 3 4 5

CONSECUTIVE FLOCKS

Sand Shavings

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Foot Pad DermatitisBedding Source

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

PE

RC

EN

T

PS PB CP MS GP CS DF CT

Bedding Source

Trial I Trial II Trial III

Foot Pad DermatitisLitter Caking and Moisture

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

PS PB CP MS GP CS DF CT

Bedding Source

FP

D P

ER

CE

NT

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

MO

IST

UR

E (

%)

Trial I Trial III Trial II Moisture

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Paw BurnsFeeds and Nutrition

�� Plane of nutrition/feeding programsPlane of nutrition/feeding programs

�� Ingredient selection/levelsIngredient selection/levels

�� Nutrient supplementationNutrient supplementation

* biotin* biotin

* pantothenic acid* pantothenic acid

* zinc (chelated vs. inorganic)* zinc (chelated vs. inorganic)

�� Intestinal integrityIntestinal integrity

* infectious challenge* infectious challenge

* toxins* toxins

* anti* anti--nutritional factors nutritional factors

Optimal

Intestinal

Integrity

Nutrient leakage

Ample

Absorption

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Feeding Program

Company Incidence (%)

Moderate (%) Severe (%)

1 34ab 29ab 5b

2 64a 45a 19a

3 41ab 34ab 7b

4 27b 23b 4b

SEM 1.5 1.3 0.9

P<0.05

Nutrient Density

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Day 35 Day 42 Day 49 Day 56

Pa

w B

urn

s (%

)

Low High

*

*

*

*

*P<0.05

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Feed/nutrients/GI function?

�� Excess nutrientsExcess nutrients

* electrolytes (Na and K)* electrolytes (Na and K)

* nitrogen (uric acid ammonia)* nitrogen (uric acid ammonia)

�� Fecal consistencyFecal consistency

* viscosity* viscosity

* irritants/chemicals* irritants/chemicals

�� Higher incidence in allHigher incidence in all--vegetable dietsvegetable diets

(Europe, Brazil)(Europe, Brazil)

Dietary Protein Level

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Paw

Bu

rn

s (%

)

29 43 54

Days

HP

LP

P<0.05

a

b

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Dietary Protein Level (Day 54)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Paw

Bu

rn

s (%

)

Mild Severe

Days

HP

LP

P<0.05

a

b

Dietary Protein Source

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Paw

Bu

rn

s (%

)

29 43 54

Days

Veg

Veg + Ani

P<0.05

a

b

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Sex (Day 54)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Paw

Bu

rn

s (%

)

Mild Severe

Days

Female

Male

P<0.05

a

b

All Vegetable Diets

Eichner et al, 2007

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All Vegetable Diets

Eichner et al, 2007

Soybean Meal

�� NonNon--starch polysaccharides (NSP) starch polysaccharides (NSP)

* arabinogalactans, * arabinogalactans,

* rhamnogalacturonans, * rhamnogalacturonans,

* α* α--galactosides (raffinose and stachyose)galactosides (raffinose and stachyose)

* wet/sticky feces* wet/sticky feces

�� UnderUnder-- or overor over--processingprocessing

* Trypsin inhibitor (protein digestibility)* Trypsin inhibitor (protein digestibility)

* Urease activity (mucolytic) * Urease activity (mucolytic)

�� High K+High K+

* high water intake * high water intake

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Sodium Bisulfate: No Lesions

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percen

t

Non

e

1x N

aHS04

2x N

aHS0

4

2(1x

NaH

S04)

Day 42

Day 56

1x=0.02 kg/sqft

Sodium Bisulfate: Mild Lesions

0

51015

202530

354045

Percen

t

Non

e

1x N

aHS04

2x N

aHS0

4

2(1x

NaH

S04)

Day 42

Day 56

1x=0.02 kg/sqft

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Sodium Bisulfate: Severe Lesions

0

5

10

15

20

25

Percen

t

Non

e

1x N

aHS04

2x N

aHS0

4

2(1x

NaH

S04)

Day 42

Day 56

1x=0.02 kg/sqft

Ammonia Levels:

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Wk 0 Wk 1 Wk 2 Wk 3 Wk 4 Wk 5 Wk 6 Wk 7

Am

mn

on

ia l

evels

(p

pm

)

Trt 1

Trt 2

Trt 3

Trt 4

* **

*

*P<0.05

Litter artificially wetted

Litter Moisture= 9% 11% 17% 13%

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Composition

(Nitrogen + Uric Acid)

Microbial

Decomposition

Ammonium ion + AMMONIA

(NH4+) (NH3)

Alkaline when

dissolved

Foot Pad Dermatitis

Model:

Consistency

(MOISTURE + Viscosity)

F E C E S

Prolonged

Adhesion

Softening + Irritation

BEDDING

TYPE AND

QUANTITY

Dealing with Skin Lesions

�� Optimum feathering = skin protection Optimum feathering = skin protection

�� Enhance wound healing Enhance wound healing

* Zinc (organic forms)* Zinc (organic forms)

�� Immune modulationImmune modulation

* Vitamin C and E* Vitamin C and E

* Chelated trace minerals (Zn, Mn)* Chelated trace minerals (Zn, Mn)

�� Reduce environmental exposureReduce environmental exposure

* Probiotics * Probiotics

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Immune Modulation

�� Organic, chelated trace mineralsOrganic, chelated trace minerals

* Zinc and manganese* Zinc and manganese

* Increase humoral response to* Increase humoral response to

antigenic challengeantigenic challenge

* Increase cellular immunity by* Increase cellular immunity by

enhancing phagocytic activity enhancing phagocytic activity

of macrophagesof macrophages

FPD: Complexed-Zinc

a

bb

a

b

a

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

None Mild Severe

%

IC IC-C-Zn IC+C-Zn

Parson et al., 2002

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Immune Modulation

�� Vitamin E = disease resistanceVitamin E = disease resistance

* Biological antioxidant (macrophages)* Biological antioxidant (macrophages)

* Cellular membrane protection* Cellular membrane protection

* Platelet aggregation* Platelet aggregation

* Inflammatory response* Inflammatory response

* Heavy metal toxicity (Ag, As, Pb, Cd, Hg)* Heavy metal toxicity (Ag, As, Pb, Cd, Hg)

* Increase phagocytosis* Increase phagocytosis

Immune Modulation

�� Vitamin EVitamin E

* Supplementation often marginal* Supplementation often marginal

* Not well absorbed in young birds* Not well absorbed in young birds

* Increased demand due to immune* Increased demand due to immune

challenge (1challenge (1--21 days)21 days)

* Higher requirement (?)* Higher requirement (?)

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Vitamin E Requirement: Broilers

�� 10,000 to 45,000 IU/ton10,000 to 45,000 IU/ton

�� Growth vs. immune responseGrowth vs. immune response

�� Variable demand in feedVariable demand in feed

* Stability of fats and oils* Stability of fats and oils

* Stress* Stress

* Malabsorption/gut integrity* Malabsorption/gut integrity

* Mycotoxicosis* Mycotoxicosis

* Immune challenge* Immune challenge

Vitamin E SupplementationStarter Feed- Field data

CondemnationCondemnation

(%)(%)

30 30 vsvs 218218

IUIU

30 30 vs vs 218218

IUIU

15 15 vsvs 100100

IUIU

18 18 vs vs 100100

IUIU

Sep/toxSep/tox NANA --25%25% NANA NANA

AirsacculitisAirsacculitis +1%+1% --25%25% NANA --42%42%

CellulitisCellulitis --16%16% --61%61% --26%26% --25%25%

TotalTotal --31%31% --34%34% --12%12% --31%31%

x1000

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Skin Defects: Impact

* Whole carcass and trimmed parts * Whole carcass and trimmed parts

condemnationcondemnation

* Cost of rework * Cost of rework

* Line speed slow* Line speed slow--downdown

* Product downgrading* Product downgrading

* Product contamination (immersion * Product contamination (immersion

chilling!) chilling!)

Skin Defects

�� Must meet postMust meet post--chill “Finished Product chill “Finished Product

Standards”Standards”

�� Plant disposition:Plant disposition:

* Diffuse lesions = Whole carcass * Diffuse lesions = Whole carcass

condemnedcondemned

* Discrete lesions = Trimmed* Discrete lesions = Trimmed

+ On+ On--lineline

+ Off+ Off--line salvage (USDA approval)line salvage (USDA approval)

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Controlling Skin Disorders

Summary

�� “Maturity” at market age“Maturity” at market age

�� Live productionLive production

* Flock management* Flock management

�� NutritionNutrition

* Optimal feathering* Optimal feathering

* Enhanced immune response* Enhanced immune response

�� ProcessingProcessing

* Trim/salvage* Trim/salvage