Carbon Nanotubes: Continued Innovations and Challenges

Carbon nanotubes, as self-assemblingnanostructures, have attracted a great dealof attention as model systems for nano-science and for various potential applica-tions, including composite materials, batteryelectrode materials, field emitters, nano-electronics, and nanoscale sensors. The in-terest in carbon nanotubes stems from theirunique structure and properties, includingtheir very small size (down to �0.42 nm indiameter); the possibility for carbon nano-tubes to be metallic or semiconducting,depending on their geometrical structure;their exceptional properties of ballistictransport; their extremely high thermalconductivity and optical polarizability;

and the possibilities of high structuralperfection.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)have only one atomic species (carbon) anda relatively simple structure—a sheet ofregular hexagons rolled in a seamless wayinto a cylinder one atom thick. Because ofthis simplicity, detailed calculations of theunique properties of SWNTs can be car-ried out. In fact, theoretical predictionsthat SWNTs can be either semiconductingor metallic, depending on their geometri-cal structure, were made1–3 before a SWNTwas ever synthesized in the laboratory.4,5

From the inception of research onSWNTs, they have served as a model one-

dimensional (1D) system for a variety ofnew phenomena, where theory and ex-periment have worked hand-in-hand inadvancing the field. SWNTs thus providea benchmark for new phenomena thatmight be possible, based on their uniquemolecular density of states, whereby everystructurally distinct (n,m) nanotube (wheren and m are the integers defining thewrapping vectors that describe the geom-etry of each tube) has its own unique andcharacteristic 1D density-of-states spectra.Now that nanotubes have been synthesizedfrom many other chemical species includ-ing carbon, boron nitride, bismuth, metalchalcogenides, and many others, a widerange of novel properties may be discov-ered. Investigating how the properties of1D nanotubes differ from 1D nanowires,2D thin films, or 3D bulk structures of thesame material should provide interestingand useful data.

Research in the carbon nanotube fieldhas now advanced to the stage where agood understanding of the structure andof many of the basic properties is in place,together with an appreciation of their in-terrelation. Many unexpected phenomenathat do not occur in the parent graphitematerial have been discovered in nano-tubes, and these discoveries have ener-gized not only nanotube research, but alsonanoscience research in general. On theother hand, major gaps in our basicknowledge remain, with the major obstacleconfronting the field being the lack of adetailed understanding of the nanotubegrowth mechanism. Such an understand-ing is needed because of the unusuallyclose connection between nanotube proper-ties (such as their metallicity) and theirgeometric structure; the knowledge willallow the diameter and chirality of nano-tubes to be controlled by chemical synthe-sis methods.

The brief review by leading experts ofthe carbon nanotube field in this issue ofthe MRS Bulletin comes at an opportunetime. Many exciting results regarding thestructural, electronic, optical, and trans-port properties of these tiny well-orderedstructures have already been achieved,and the research is well-enough developedto assess present progress and identify newresearch opportunities.

From the beginning, the main emphasisof carbon nanotube research has been inthe synthesis area, and this remains thegreat challenge of the field. This view-point is strongly reflected in the organiza-tion of this issue. Rapid progress is beingmade to increase control of the synthesisprocess, steadily narrowing the diameterand chirality range of the nanotubes, de-creasing defects and impurities, and in-

MRS BULLETIN/APRIL 2004 237

Carbon Nanotubes:ContinuedInnovations andChallenges

M.S. Dresselhaus and H. Dai, Guest Editors

AbstractThis article outlines the content of the April 2004 issue of MRS Bulletin on Advances

in Carbon Nanotubes. Essentially, carbon nanotubes are self-assembling nanostructuresconstructed of sheets of hexagonal-shaped carbon atoms rolled up into cylinders.Carbon nanotubes have attracted a great deal of attention as model systems fornanoscience and for potential applications.The special interest in carbon nanotubesstems from their unique structure and properties: their very small size (down to�0.42 nm in diameter); the possibility for carbon nanotubes to be metallic or semi-conducting, depending on their geometrical structure; their exceptional properties ofballistic transport; their extremely high thermal conductivity and high optical polarizability;and the possibilities of high structural perfection. Research in the carbon nanotube fieldhas now advanced to the stage where a good understanding of the structure and manyof the basic properties are in place, together with much appreciation of their interrelation.On the other hand, major gaps in basic knowledge remain, with the major obstaclesconfronting the carbon nanotube field being the lack of a detailed understanding of thenanotube growth mechanism and control of the synthesis process to produce nanotubeswith a desired diameter and chirality.The brief review of the carbon nanotube field byleading experts in this issue comes at an opportune time. Many exciting results on thestructural, electronic, optical, and transport properties of these tiny well-orderedstructures have already been achieved, and the research is well enough developed toassess present progress and identify new research directions waiting to be explored.

Keywords: ballistic transport, carbon nanotubes, chemical functionalization, chirality,field-effect transistors, fluorescence, photophysics, Raman spectroscopy.

www.mrs.org/publications/bulletin

creasing production efficiency and yieldwhile expanding functionality. The mainpursuits in controlling nanotube synthesisinclude the synthesis of molecular catalyticclusters with atomically well-defined sizeand shape, the development of mild,reduced-temperature catalytic synthesisconditions, the development of patternedgrowth with a high degree of control innanotube location and orientation, and thesynthesis of complex and organized net-works or arrays of nanotubes on large sub-strates. Progress in the synthesis area andopportunities for new research are pre-sented in the article by Liu et al.

Because SWNTs are usually grown in thepresence of a variety of carbon species,catalyst particles, and other unwanted con-stituents, much attention has been givento nanotube purification. This has led totechniques for the characterization of nano-tube purity, and the preparation/sortingof nanotubes by length, diameter, chirality,and metallic/semiconducting properties.These issues are discussed in detail in thearticle by Haddon et al.

The issues of synthesis and separationdiscussed in the articles by Liu et al. andHaddon et al. are closely related. Together,these articles reveal the approaches thateventually might lead to ultimate controlof the nanotube synthesis process. Withimproved synthesis regarding purity andmonodispersity in tube diameter and chi-rality, problems in purification and sepa-ration could be largely eliminated oravoided. On the other hand, if efficientand precise purification and separationtechniques can be developed, challengesto growth can become much more tractable.It is highly likely that the convergence orcombination of the two areas—that is, the controlled or preferential growth of ananotube with a particular chirality, and purification/separation—could provepowerful in producing nanotubes withwell-defined diameters and chiralities.

The filling of nanotubes with variousfullerene species offers an entree into usingnanotubes as a template for the synthesisof many new nanostructured species. Fur-thermore, the subsequent thermal conver-sion of the encapsulated fullerenes to aninner carbon nanotube gives rise to double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs), whichare a prototype for studying the structureand properties of multiwalled carbon nano-tubes (MWNTs) in a quantitative way.Because of the increased stability anddurability of DWNTs and MWNTs relativeto SWNTs, these more robust nanotubeshave greater potential for applicationsrequiring the exceptional mechanicalstrength, stiffness, and high thermal con-ductivity of carbon nanotubes. An assess-

ment of current knowledge about the twoprototype materials, SWNTs filled withfullerenes (called peapods) and DWNTs, ispresented in the article by Bandow et al.

The use of nanotubes as a laboratory forproducing novel nanostructures, includ-ing nanowires, is discussed in the articleby Sloan et al. The spatial and structuralconstraints of the hollow core and inner-shell “surface” of the nanotube can giverise to unusual structures. Great strideshave been made in both the synthesis ofthe novel structures within the cores ofnanotubes and their detailed structuralcharacterization by high-resolution trans-mission electron microscopy. Much remainsto be done in investigating the uniquephysical properties possessed by thesenanowires, how these properties might re-late to their novel nanowire structures,and how the structure and properties ofthese nanowires relate to those of bulk 3Dmaterials. The wide range of materials thathave been shown to form endohedralnanowires within SWNTs is impressive,including the case of peapods containingfullerenes that merge to form a secondnanotube within SWNTs. These peapodshave thus far received the most attention,with many publications on their novelstructural, electronic, and vibrationalproperties, as described in a complemen-tary way in the articles by Sloan et al. andby Bandow et al. These results are justharbingers of the richness of new phe-nomena that are expected to occur under theunusual nanolaboratory conditions foundwithin the core region of nanotubes.

Regarding property measurements, themost attention thus far has been devotedto studies of the remarkable transport prop-erties observed in individual field-effecttransistors (FETs), including ballistic trans-port, the suppression of carrier backscat-tering, single-electron transistor effects,enormously high current densities, goodFET device performance, and the demon-stration of a variety of device functions(AND and NOR gates, etc.). While highmobility and ballistic transport are partlydue to the structural perfection possiblewith nanotubes, the chemical stability androbustness of nanotubes and the lack ofunsaturated surface dangling bonds makenanotubes unique among electronic mate-rials. Sustaining ultrahigh current flowsand retaining high mobility are possiblewhen nanotubes are processed and inte-grated into realistic transistor structures.Recent achievements in advancing ourunderstanding of the remarkable electrontransport properties of both semiconduct-ing and metallic single-walled nanotubesare described in the article by McEuen andPark.

The optical photophysics of nanotubeshas likewise received considerable atten-tion as a means for studying electron,phonon, and optoelectronic phenomena.Progress on this topic and future chal-lenges are presented in the article by Jorioet al. Since Raman scattering and opticalabsorption and emission in SWNTs areresonant processes, depending on the sin-gularities in the 1D density of electronicstates, these techniques provide a con-venient method for characterizing the dia-meter distribution and the metallicitydistribution of the SWNTs in a sample. Therelative sensitivities and resolution of thevarious techniques, such as Raman scat-tering, optical luminescence, and opticalabsorption are discussed, although the em-phasis in this article is on the new physicsuncovered through these studies. Fast op-tics provides unique information about life-times of excited states, while photophysicsand transport properties merge in areas ofelectroluminescence and photoconductiv-ity, two frontiers of nanotube photophysicsat present.

A great amount of effort and emphasisin nanotube research has focused on theeventual use of carbon nanotubes in de-vices. The article by de Heer presents a critical evaluation of progress in the com-mercial exploitation of carbon nanotubes.Most researchers in the nanotube field atuniversities, industrial research laborato-ries, and government laboratories world-wide are optimistic about important andeven large-scale applications eventuallyemerging from nanotube research, althoughat present the largest volume applicationsuse MWNTs for increasing the strengthand modulus of composite materials, andfor improving the lifetime and perform-ance of lithium-ion batteries. There arelaboratory demonstrations of many inter-esting prototype devices, but much of theactual commercialization remains in thefuture. Almost all of the articles allude toapplications of nanotubes and to their fu-ture commercial exploitation.

The future of nanotubes for electronicsapplications remains bright. The nearlyunparalleled and unprecedented electricalproperties and chemical stability of nano-tubes provide a powerful driving force tofully utilize these properties. Nanotubesare just beginning to be exploited for build-ing high-performance transistors, buttheir use has yet to be convincingly demon-strated for interconnect applications. Manydevice designers are eagerly awaitingbreakthroughs to enable them to intercon-nect increasing numbers of devices insmaller spaces. Nanotubes offer greatpromise here. Applications of nanotubes asfluorescence-label-free electronic, chemi-

238 MRS BULLETIN/APRIL 2004

Carbon Nanotubes: Continued Innovations and Challenges



Mildred S. Dresselhaus,Guest Editor for thisissue of MRS Bulletin, isInstitute Professor ofphysics and electricalengineering at theMassachusetts Instituteof Technology. She hasbeen active in researchacross broad areas ofsolid-state physics,especially in carbonscience. Her presentresearch activities focuson nanoscience, withspecial emphasis oncarbon nanotubes,bismuth nanowires,low-dimensional thermo-electricity, and novelforms of carbon.

Dresselhaus receivedher PhD degree inphysics from the Uni-versity of Chicago in1958. She joined the MIT faculty in 1967 andhas been an InstituteProfessor since 1985. Shehas received the Na-tional Medal of Scienceand 19 honorary degreesworldwide. Dresselhausalso served as the direc-tor of the Office of Sci-ence at the U.S.Department of Energyin 2000–2001.

Dresselhaus can bereached by e-mail [email protected].

Hongjie Dai, Guest Edi-tor for this issue of MRSBulletin, is an associateprofessor in the Chemi-stry Department at Stan-ford University. Hisresearch spans the areasof nanomaterials synthe-sis, electron transport,molecular electronics,

and chemical and bio-logical sensors.

Dai received his bach-elor’s degree from Tsinghua University inChina in 1989 and hisPhD degree in physicalchemistry and appliedsciences from HarvardUniversity in 1994; hecarried out postdoctoralresearch at Rice Univer-sity from 1994 to 1997before joining the facultyat Stanford.

Dai can be reached bye-mail at [email protected].

Shunji Bandow is anassociate professor inthe Department of Materials Science andEngineering at MeijoUniversity in Nagoya,Japan. His primary re-search interests havebeen in the fields of ma-terials science (espe-cially in finite-sizedmaterials) and physics.He is experienced inelectron microscopy,electron spin resonance,magnetic measurement,and Raman scattering,and has studied thequantum size effect ofpure metal nanoparti-cles, metallofullerenes,and nanotubes.

Bandow received hisBS degree in electric en-gineering from MeijoUniversity in 1981 andhis doctorate in sciencefrom the Tokyo Instituteof Technology in 1991.Prior to joining the fac-ulty of Meijo Universityin 2001, he was a techni-cal associate at the Insti-

tute for Molecular Sci-ence, a research associ-ate in the InstrumentCenter and the Centerfor Molecular Materialsat the Institute for Mole-cular Science, and a re-search associate with theNanotubulites Project ofthe Japan Science andTechnology Corpora-tion. He was also a visit-ing scientist at theUniversity of Kentucky.Bandow has authoredand co-authored morethan 80 papers on awide range of materialsscience topics.

Bandow can be reachedby e-mail at [email protected].

Gugang Chen is a post-doctoral researcher inthe Physics Departmentat the PennsylvaniaState University. Hisareas of research includeoptical studies of nano-materials (carbon nano-tubes, semiconductornanowires, etc.), chemi-cal doping of nanotubes,and gas adsorption onthese quantum fila-ments. He is currently

developing lithographicprocedures for makingelectrical contacts to in-dividual nanotubes andnanowires.

Chen received a BSdegree (1994) in semi-conductor physics anddevices and a MS degree(1997) in condensed-matter physics fromWuhan University(China), working on thesynthesis, purification,and optical properties offullerene materials. Chenreceived his PhD degreefrom Penn State in 2003,where he focused on theoptical properties ofnanotubes.

Chen has authoredmore than 10 peer-

reviewed research papersand 20 internationalconference presentations.He received the Duncanfellowship from PennState in 2002 and 2003.Chen is a member of theAmerican Physical Soci-ety (APS) and the Mate-rial Research Society(MRS).

Chen can be reachedby e-mail at [email protected].

Walt A. de Heer is aprofessor in the Schoolof Physics at the GeorgiaInstitute of Technology.He joined the faculty in1996 and has been en-gaged in research onnanotubes, leading to

cal, and biological sensors, especially inminiaturized, multiplexed, and arrayedforms, are novel and promising. For sensorapplications, much less stringent require-ments will be placed on the nanotube chir-ality, and just like other sensor technologies,the challenges lie in selectivity and strate-gies in multiplexing, arraying, and ad-dressing. In the past several years, therehas been a steady increase in activities thatincorporate nanotubes into biological sys-tems, including proteins, DNA, and living

cells. This is an interesting and relativelynew area that can be categorized as the“wet” side of nanotube science and tech-nology. Exciting results and discoverieshave already been achieved in nanotuberesearch, and much more can be expectedin the next few years.

References1. R. Saito, M. Fujita, G. Dresselhaus, and M.S.Dresselhaus, Phys. Rev. B 46 (1992) p. 1804.2. J.W. Mintmire, D.H. Robertson, and C.T.

White, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 54 (1993) p. 1835.3. R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, and M.S. Dressel-haus, Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes(Imperial College Press, London, 1998).4. S. Iijima and T. Ichihashi, Nature 363 (1993)p. 603.5. D.S. Bethune, C.H. Kiang, M.S. de Vries, G.Gorman, R. Savoy, J. Vazquez, and R. Beyers,Nature 363 (1993) p. 605. ■■


Mildred S. Dresselhaus Hongjie Dai Shunji Bandow

Gugang Chen Walt A. de Heer

the discovery of room-temperature ballisticconduction in carbonnanotubes in 1998. Hedeveloped a electron-microscopy-based reso-nance method to measurethe elastic properties ofnanotubes in 1999.Recently, he has foundevidence for supercon-ductivity in small nio-bium clusters. Currently,he is working on carbonnanotubes, ultrathin pat-terned graphite films,and the electronic andmagnetic properties ofcold metal clusters inmolecular beams.

De Heer received hisPhD degree at the Uni-versity of California,Berkeley, in 1985. He in-vestigated the propertiesof alkali clusters in mo-lecular beams, resultingin the discovery of theelectronic shell structureand plasma resonances.He moved to Lausanne,Switzerland, in 1987,where he worked at theEPFL until 1996. Whilethere, he studied themagnetic properties offree transition-metalclusters. In 1992, hestarted his investiga-tions of arc-producedmultiwalled carbonnanotubes. Investiga-tions of nanotube filmscumulated in the dis-covery of their field-emission properties.

De Heer can be reachedby e-mail at [email protected].

Gene Dresselhaus is amember of the seniorstaff within the FrancisBitter Magnet Laboratoryat the Massachusetts In-stitute of Technology.His area of interest is theelectronic structure ofnanomaterials, and he hasco-authored with M.S.Dresselhaus several bookson fullerenes, nanowires,and nanotubes.

Dresselhaus receivedhis PhD degree in physics

from the University ofCalifornia in 1955. Hewas a faculty member atthe University of Chicagoand an assistant profes-sor at Cornell Universitybefore joining the MITLincoln Laboratory in1960 as a staff member.In 1976, he assumed hiscurrent senior staffposition.

Dresselhaus can bereached by e-mail [email protected].

Peter C. Eklund is aprofessor of physics atthe Pennsylvania StateUniversity. He is alsoassociated with the De-partment of MaterialsScience and Engineeringand the Penn State Ma-terials Research Institute.Many of the materialshe has made and studiedhave been built fromcarbon (e.g., diamondfilms, intercalatedgraphite, fullerenes, car-bon nanotubes). His cur-rent research interests liein the physics of quan-tum wires, nanoscale fil-aments, and relatedelectronic devices. Hemaintains a general inter-est in materials synthe-sis, optical and transportproperties, IR andRaman vibrational spec-troscopy, hydrogen stor-age and generation, andchemical sensors.

Eklund received hisundergraduate andgraduate degrees inphysics from the Uni-versity of California,

Berkeley, and PurdueUniversity, respectively,and he obtained hispostdoctoral training atthe Massachusetts Insti-tute of Technology. He isa fellow of the AmericanPhysical Society andserves on the Solid-StateSciences Committee ofthe National Academyof Science. He is a co-author of The Science ofFullerenes and CarbonNanotubes (AcademicPress, 1996) and a co-editor of Fullerene Poly-mers and Fullerene Poly-mer Composites (SpringerSeries on Materials Sci-ence, 2000). He co-founded two R&Dbusinesses, both of whichare still active (NeoPho-tonics in Fremont, Calif.,and CarboLex in Lex-ington, Ky.).

Eklund can bereached by e-mail [email protected].

Shoushan Fan is a pro-fessor of physics, direc-tor of the Tsinghua–Foxconn Nanotechnol-ogy Research Center,

and associate director ofthe Institute of MaterialsScience and Engineeringat Tsinghua Universityin Beijing, China. Hisrecent research interestsare focused on the fabri-cation, characterization,and application ofnanomaterials andnanodevices.

Fan graduated fromTsinghua University in1981, then joined thefaculty of the PhysicsDepartment. He hasbeen a visiting scientistat the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology,Harvard University, andStanford University.

Fan can be reached bye-mail at [email protected].

Malcolm L.H. Green ishead of the InorganicChemistry Departmentat the University of Ox-ford, where he has beensince 1998. His researchinterests include organo-transition-metal chemi-stry, homogeneous andheterogeneous catalystsfor methane conversion

chemistry, and thechemistry of carbonnanotubes.

He received his PhDdegree from the ImperialCollege of Science andTechnology. Among hismany awards and honorsare the Davy Medal ofthe Royal Society, A.D.Little Lecturer of theMassachusetts Instituteof Technology, theAmerican Chemical Society Award inOrganometallic Chem-istry, the Fred BasoloMedal and Lecture ofNorthwestern Univer-sity, the Ernest H. SwiftLectureship of the Cali-fornia Institute of Tech-nology, the Sir GeoffreyWilkinson Medal andPrize from the Royal So-ciety of Chemistry, theLewis Lecture of Cam-bridge, and the FMCLecturer of PrincetonUniversity.

He is a fellow of theRoyal Society. He wasnamed doutor honoriscausa by the Universityof Lisbon, Portugal, andhas been a Distinguished



Peter C. Eklund Shoushan Fan Malcolm L. H. Green

Sumio Iijima Ado Jorio

Gene Dresselhaus

John L. Hutchison



Visiting Professor atHong Kong University.

Green can be reached by e-mail [email protected].

Robert C. Haddonspent most of his careerat Bell Laboratories(AT&T, Lucent Tech-nologies), where he wasa Distinguished Mem-ber of Technical Staff inthe Materials ChemistryDepartment. He joinedthe University of Cali-fornia, Riverside, in2000 as a DistinguishedProfessor in the Depart-ments of Chemistry andChemical & Environ-mental Engineering andas director of the Centerfor Nanoscale Scienceand Engineering (CNSE).

Haddon is best knownfor the prediction anddiscovery of supercon-ductivity in alkali-metal-doped carbon-60. Hisresearch group is cur-rently working on thechemistry and applica-tions of carbon nano-tubes and on the

synthesis and propertiesof neutral radical molec-ular conductors.

Haddon can bereached by e-mail [email protected].

Tobias Hertel is an asso-ciate professor in theDepartment of Physicsand Astronomy at Van-derbilt University inNashville. His workconcentrates on photo-stimulated processes atmetal surfaces, carbonnanotubes, and othernovel materials, with aparticular focus on opti-cal and electron spectro-scopic studies ofultrafast dynamics.

Hertel received hisPhD in physics from theFree University in Berlinin 1995. He became afaulty member at Van-derbilt University in2004, where he is alsoco-director at the Van-derbilt Institute ofNanoscale Science andEngineering. He organ-ized the Nanotube 2001International Workshopand is organizer of the

first International Work-shop on the Spec-troscopy of Nanotubesin 2005. Among his hon-ors are the FeodorLynen Scholarship fromthe Alexander vonHumboldt Foundation,the Carl RamsauerAward, and the OttoHahn Medal from theMax Planck Society.

Hertel can be reachedby e-mail at [email protected].

Kaori Hirahara is a re-searcher in the Depart-ment of MaterialsScience and Engineeringat Meijo University inNagoya, Japan. Herprimary research inter-ests are in the fields ofmaterials science infinite-sized materialsand physics. She isexperienced in high-resolution transmissionelectron microscopytechniques (especiallynanodiffraction) and has studied structuralcharacterizations ofsingle- and multi-walledcarbon nanotubes,

metallofullerenes, andpeapods.

Hirahara received herMS degree in appliedphysics from NagoyaUniversity in 1999.Prior to joining MeijoUniversity in 2003, shewas a research associatewith the NanotubulitesProject of the JapanScience and TechnologyCorporation.

Hirahara can bereached by e-mail [email protected].

Tatsuki Hiraoka is adoctoral student in theDepartment of MaterialsScience and Engineeringat Meijo University inNagoya, Japan. He isalso a research fellow ofthe Japan Society for thePromotion of Science.He has investigated thesynthesis of nanotubesby catalytic chemicalvapor deposition, usingtransmission electronmicroscopy and Ramanscattering.

Hiraoka earned a BSdegree in materials sci-ence from Himeji Insti-tute of Technology in2001 and an MS degreein chemistry fromNagoya University in2003.

Hiraoka can bereached at [email protected].

John L. Hutchison is areader in materials atthe University of Ox-ford. His research inter-

ests currently includethe development ofaberration-correctedhigh-resolution electronmicroscopy (HREM)techniques, structuraldisorder in complexoxides, nanostructuredmaterials, and filled car-bon nanotubes.

Hutchison obtainedhis BSc and PhD degreesat Glasgow Universitybefore moving to Oxford,where he set up and de-veloped HREM facilitiesin the Inorganic Chem-istry Laboratory. After atime at the UniversityCollege of Wales inAberystwyth, he returnedto Oxford to take chargeof the HREM facilities inthe Department of Ma-terials. In addition to hiscurrent position at Ox-ford, he is also presidentof the Royal Microscopi-cal Society.

Hutchison can bereached by e-mail [email protected].

Sumio Iijima is a profes-sor in the Department ofMaterials Science andEngineering at MeijoUniversity in Nagoya,Japan, and is also a part-time research fellow atthe Fundamental Re-search Laboratories ofNEC Corporation.

After receiving hisPhD degree in solid-statephysics from TohokuUniversity in 1969, Iijimaworked as a research as-sistant in the ResearchInstitute for ScientificMeasurement at TohokuUniversity until 1970.He then moved to Ari-zona State University,where he stayed until1982, except for a shortleave at Cambridge Uni-versity in 1979, workingfirst as a postdoctoralassociate and later as asenior research associate.

Iijima is a fellow ofthe American PhysicalSociety and served as

Robert C. Haddon Tobias Hertel Kaori Hirahara Tatsuki Hiraoka

Angus I. Kirkland David E. LuzziJie Liu

president of the JapaneseMicroscopy Society from2001 to 2003. He waselected as a director ofthe Research Center forAdvanced Carbon Ma-terials at the NationalInstitute of AdvancedIndustrial Science andTechnology in Japan.

Iijima can be reachedby e-mail at [email protected].

Ado Jorio is an associateprofessor in the PhysicsDepartment at the Uni-versidade Federal deMinas Gerais (UFMG)in Belo Horizonte,Brazil. Jorio’s researchinterests focus on reso-nance Raman techniquesand on photophysics ofnanostructures.

He joined the facultyof UFMG in 2002 afterearning his PhD degreein physics there in 1999.He spent one year at ILLin Grenoble, workingwith phase transitionson incommensuratecrystals, and two yearsas a postdoc at theMassachusetts Instituteof Technology, workingwith Raman spectroscopyof carbon nanotubes.

Jorio was selected forthe Profix fellowshipprogram by the Brazilianagency CNPq in 2001.He is a member of theBrazilian NanoscienceInstitute.

Jorio can be reachedby e-mail at [email protected].

Angus I. Kirkland isthe Leverhulme SeniorResearch Lecturer in theDepartment of Materialsat the University of Ox-ford. The current interestsof his research group in-clude the application ofimage processing toelectron microscopy, thedevelopment of new de-tectors for high-energyelectrons, aberration cor-rection and measurement,and the design of elec-

tron optical control sys-tems. He is also activelyinvolved in programsinvestigating the struc-tures of nanocrystallinematerials, particularlythose encapsulated incarbon nanotubes.

Kirkland read naturalsciences at Gonville andCaius College, Cam-bridge, graduating in1986, prior to completinghis PhD degree in high-resolution electronmicroscopy and imagesimulation at Cambridgein 1989. After his PhD,he worked in Cambridgeas an SERC fellow(1989–1991), a BritishRamsay Memorial re-search fellow (1991–1993),and a JEOL researchassociate (1993–1997)before being named asenior research fellow.He was appointed to hiscurrent position in 2002.

Kirkland is a fellow ofthe Royal Society ofChemistry, the Instituteof Physics, and the RoyalMicroscopical Society. In1992, he was elected afellow of FitzwilliamCollege, Cambridge,and in 2003 he waselected a fellow ofLinacre College, Oxford.

Kirkland can bereached by e-mail [email protected].

Jie Liu is an assistantprofessor in the Chem-istry Department atDuke University inDurham, North Carolina,where he has been onthe faculty since 1999.He received his PhD de-gree in chemistry atHarvard University in1996 and was a postdoc-toral research fellow atRice University in Hous-ton between 1996 and1999. Liu’s research groupat Duke has focused onthe synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubesusing chemical vapordeposition and the de-

velopment of scanning-probe-based lithographictechniques. He has pub-lished more than 20 pa-pers over the last fouryears in the field of nano-scale material synthesisand functionalization.

Liu can be reached bye-mail at [email protected].

David E. Luzzi is a pro-fessor in the Departmentof Materials Science andEngineering at the Uni-versity of Pennsylvania,where he has engagedin the scientific explo-ration of atomic-levelstructure and processesas a faculty member for14 years. He is a ScientificPrincipal of NanoSelectInc., a member of the AirForce Scientific AdvisoryBoard, and an EditorialBoard member of AppliedPhysics A. He is a direc-tor of the Nanotechnol-ogy Institute, in whichhe oversees the Institute’sdiscovery and imple-mentation activities innano-biotechnology.

Luzzi’s research pro-gram has produced over100 publications andpatents on nanoscalephenomena, instrumen-tation, and the synthe-sis, structure, properties,and application of mate-rials. Luzzi’s researchgroup discovered the“peapod” class of func-tional nanomaterials,developing efficient syn-thesis routes, solvingstructures, and demon-strating unique proper-ties. For this work,Luzzi received theGeorge HeilmeierAward for Research In-novation. He has con-ducted a total of threeyears of research inJapan, is an alumnus ofthe IDA Defense ScienceStudy Group, and was ascience and technologyfellow with the CNOStrategic Study Group.

Luzzi can be reachedat [email protected].

Paul L. McEuen joinedthe faculty of CornellUniversity in 2001 as aprofessor of physics. Hisresearch examines thescience and technologyof nanostructures andhas included studies ofnanotubes, quantumdots, and single mole-cules. He also developsadvanced measurementtechniques to probenanometer-scale systems.

McEuen received hisBS degree in engineer-ing physics from theUniversity of Oklahomain 1985 and his PhD de-gree in applied physicsfrom Yale University in1991. He was a postdoc-toral researcher at theMassachusetts Instituteof Technology beforegoing to the Universityof California, Berkeley,in 1992, where he wasan assistant professorand later associate pro-fessor of physics and aresearcher at LawrenceBerkeley National Labo-ratory. He is a fellow ofthe American Physical

Society and recipient ofthe 2001 Agilent Euro-physics Prize for workon carbon nanotubes.

McEuen can be reachedby e-mail at [email protected].

Fotios Papadimitra-kopoulos is an associateprofessor of chemistryat the University ofConnecticut. He alsoserves as the associatedirector of the Instituteof Materials Science andco-director of the Nano-materials Optoelectron-ics Laboratory at theuniversity. The commontheme of his research isself-organization; he hasestablished a diverse re-search program thatspans single-walled car-bon nanotubes, CdSeand Si semiconductornanoparticles, metalor-ganic chelates, andDNA assembly of col-loidal microspheres. Hismost recent work fo-cuses on the purificationand separation of single-walled carbon nano-



F. Papadimitrakopoulos

Riichiro Saito Jennifer Sippel

Paul L. McEuen



tubes by length, type,and diameter. He hasco-authored more than70 publications, givenmore than 100 invitedpresentations, and co-organized five interna-tional conferences.

Papadimitrakopoulosobtained his BS degreein chemistry at the Uni-versity of Athens, Greece,and MS and PhD degreesfrom the Polymer Sci-ence and EngineeringDepartment of the Uni-versity of Massachusettsin 1989 and 1993, respec-tively. Before joining theUniversity of Connecti-cut, he spent two yearsat AT&T Bell Laborato-

ries as a postdoctoralmember of technical staff.

Papadimitrakopouloscan be reached by e-mailat [email protected] and Web sitewww.ims.uconn.edu.

Ji-Yong Park is a post-doctoral research associ-ate in the Laboratory ofAtomic and Solid-StatePhysics at Cornell Uni-versity, where he workson electrical and mechani-cal properties of carbonnanotube devices throughelectrical transport meas-urements and scanningprobe microscopy.

He received his MA(1995) and PhD (2000)

degrees in physics fromSeoul National Univer-sity in Seoul, Korea. Hismain interests are trans-port properties of nano-wires and nanotubes,nanoscale characteriza-tion of materials withscanning probe mi-croscopy, and nanoelec-tronic devices.

Park can be reachedby e-mail at [email protected].

Andrew G. Rinzler isan associate professor ofphysics at the Universityof Florida. His researchgroup was the first toexperimentally confirmtheoretical predictionsabout the polarization-dependence of light ab-sorption by carbonnanotubes. More re-cently, they have deviseda method for the separa-tion of metallic andsemiconducting nano-tubes and have extendedthe functionality of nanotube-based atomicforce microscopy probes.

Rinzler earned hisPhD degree in physicsat the University ofConnecticut in 1991. Hewas a National ResearchCouncil postdoctoral fel-low and also served as apostdoctoral researcherin the laboratory ofRichard Smalley at RiceUniversity.

Rinzler can be reachedby e-mail at [email protected].

Riichiro Saito is a pro-fessor in the Departmentof Physics at Tohoku

University in Japan. Hereceived a PhD degreein physics from the Uni-versity of Tokyo in 1985and was a research asso-ciate there and an asso-ciate professor at theUniversity of Electro-Communication inTokyo before joining theTohoku faculty in 2003.

Saito is the author ofPhysical Properties of Car-bon Nanotubes, publishedby Imperial CollegePress in 1998. He re-ceived the Japan IBMprize in 1999.

Saito can be reachedby e-mail at [email protected].

Jennifer Sippel is agraduate student at theUniversity of Florida,studying various electri-cal and mechanicalproperties of carbonnanotubes.

She earned her under-graduate degree inphysics and astronomyfrom the University ofIowa.

Sippel can be reachedby e-mail at [email protected].

Jeremy Sloan is a seniorresearch fellow in theElectron Microscopyand MicroanalysisGroup within the De-partment of Materials atthe University of Oxford.He obtained his BSc de-gree in chemistry fromthe University of Hull in1982, his MSc degree in1990 from the State Uni-versity of New York atBinghamton under the

supervision of ProfessorCliff Myers, and hisPhD degree in materialsin 1995 from the Univer-sity of Wales, Cardiff,under the supervision ofProfessor Richard Tilley,FRSC.

Sloan joined the Inor-ganic Chemistry Labo-ratory, Oxford, in 1995as a postdoctoral researchassistant to ProfessorMalcolm Green, FRS. In2000, he was awarded aRoyal Society universityresearch fellowship andin 2003 was made a fel-low of Wolfson College,Oxford.

Sloan can be reached bye-mail at [email protected].

R. Bruce Weisman is aprofessor of chemistryat Rice University inHouston and is a mem-ber of the Center forNanoscale Science andTechnology and theCenter for Biologicaland EnvironmentalNanotechnology at Rice.Weisman’s research in-terests focus on thespectroscopy and photo-physics of carbonnanostructures.

He received his PhDin physical chemistryfrom the University ofChicago in 1977 and didpostdoctoral research atthe University of Penn-sylvania. In 1979, hejoined the Rice faculty.

Weisman can bereached by e-mail [email protected]. ■■

Ji-Yong Park Andrew G. Rinzler

Jeremy Sloan R. Bruce Weisman

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Carbon Nanotubes: Continued Innovations and Challenges