Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
CANCER: CANCER: CHAPTER 18
DNA TECHNOLOGY & GENETIC DNA TECHNOLOGY & GENETIC
ENGINEERING: ENGINEERING: CHAPTER 20
+
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
What is Cancer??
1. Unregulated mitotic division of cells
Cellular division does NOT stop
2. Faulty Differentiation of cells into tissues in a way that effects mitotic division
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
I. Benign
• Remain in one location
• Single, well defined mass
• May be surrounded by connective tissue
II. Cancerous
• Abnormal cell structure, may appear undifferentiated
• May spread
• Edge of tumor not clearly defined
Types of Tumors
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
1. Dysplasia: abnormal change in cell structure
2. In Situ Cancer: malignant tumor in only one place
3. Matastases: secondary tumors at other locations throughout body
Cancerous Cells: Lose Control Over Cell Functions
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
I. Mutated or damaged genes
1. Proto-oncogenes: normal regulatory genes
• Oncogenes: mutated or damaged proto-oncogenes
2. Tumor Suppressor genes: regulatory genes repress cell growth, cell division, differentiation, adhesion
• These TS genes may be turned off, damaged or mutated in cancers
How Cancer Develops
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
• Tumor imaging:
• X-rays - physical view
• PET = positron-emission tomography [physiology/metabolism of tissues]
• MRI = magnetic resonance imaging
[x-sectional chemical composition]
• Genetic testing: identify mutated genes [privacy and treatment issues]
• Enzyme tests for cancer markers: screening large numbers of people
Advances in Diagnosis: Early Detection!!!
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
• Conventional treatments: surgery, radiation, & chemotherapy
• Immunotherapy: promotes immune response
• Starving cancers: inhibits angiogenesis [reduces blood supply to tumor]
• Molecular treatments: target oncogenes
Cancer Treatments
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
1. Skin cancer:
• Basal cell - common, basal cells divide abnormally
• Squamous cell- arises from epithelial cells made by basal cells
• Melanoma - deadly, abnormal malanocytes
2. Breast cancer: almost exclusively in women
3. Prostate cancer: most common after age 50 in males
4. Lung cancer: smoking is the leading risk factor
5. Cancers of colon & rectum: early detection has increased survival rates to 62%
Most Common Cancers
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
6. Lymphoma: related to altered immune function
7. Urinary bladder cancer: surgery needed early
8. Cancer of the uterus: includes cervical cancer & cancer of the endometrium
9. Leukemia: cancer of blood forming organs. chemotherapy often effective
10. Cancers of mouth & pharynx: tobacco major risk
Most Common Cancers (cont.)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
• Know family history
• Get regular medical screenings
• Learn self-examination techniques
• Avoid direct sunlight 10 AM to 4 PM, avoid sunlamps and tanning salons
• Watch diet & weight
• Don’t smoke
• Drink in moderation, if at all
• Be informed
Most Cancers are Preventable
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
DNA TECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC DNA TECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING: ENGINEERING: CHAPTER 20
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
DNA Sequencing
Figure 20.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Gel Electrophoresis
Figure 20.2
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Recombinant DNA Technique
Figure 20.3
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
• Recombinant DNA: Cutting, Splicing, Copying DNA
• Restriction Enzymes
• DNA Ligases
• Plasmids
Laboratory Modified DNA
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Figure 20.4
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
• Transgenic Bacterial Uses
• Insulin
• Human Growth Hormone
• Vaccines
Genetic Engineering: Transgenic Organisms
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
• Transgenic Plants
• Increased resistance to freezing
• Longer shelf life
• Increased Vitamin A
• Edible Vaccines
• Human Proteins, i.e., albumin
Genetic Engineering: Transgenic Organisms
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
• Concerns
• “Frankenfoods”
• Plant disease susceptibility
Transgenic Plants
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
• Bigger challenges
• No plasmid use
• Cloning more difficult
• Successes
• Bovine growth hormone for faster animal growth
• “gene farming”
Transgenic Animals
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Vectors Transfer Genes to Human Cells
Figure 20.11
Gene Therapy
