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CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West
CALDES Technical Interchange Meetingat the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO, 24 April 2007
Dr. George S. Nitschke, P.E.
The California Design (CALDES)A Geopressured-Geothermal System-of-Systems Renewable Energy
Solution to the Impending Water Shortage Crisis in the West
DisclaimerThis briefing is for informational purposes only and is not to be construed as an
endorsement of the concept or contents by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 2
Purpose of Briefing
Thank You USBR & Attendees!
INVITED ATTENDEES:Reclamation Staff (Kevin Price, et al)California Department of Water Resources (Dr. Fawzi Karajeh, et al)Texas Water Development Board (Jorge Arroyo)National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Chuck Kutscher)Idaho National Laboratory (Joel Renner)Sandia National Laboratory (Pat Brady)
The primary purpose of this briefing is to raise awareness within state and federal agencies regarding the potential for the CALDES concept to help solve the water and energy challenges in the West.
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 3
CALDES Synopsis
The California Design (CALDES): A Geopressured-Geothermal System-of-Systems Renewable Energy Solution to the
Impending Water Shortage Crisis in the West The CALDES systems concept is expected to provide a long term, profitable solution to thewater shortage crisis in the West while reducing U.S. reliance on foreign oil. The systems design utilizes desalination of geopressured brine reservoirs (short-term) and renewably powered coastal desalination (long-term). The CALDES systems essentially recover a non-renewable resource (geopressured brine) and convert it into a renewable energy resource(solar ponds), which is then utilized to produce potable water via large scale seawaterdesalination. A byproduct of the design is cost-effective recovery of collocated heavy oil (halves the cost of conventional recovery processes), which provides a near-term increase in domestic oil availability while greatly enhancing the overall project economics. The CALDES systems solution, deployed in California and/or Texas, is modularly extensible, from a single system, to tens of systems, etc.; it is estimated that California’s capacity is1000+ CALDES systems, and roughly 2000+ such systems in the Texas Gulf coast region. A feasibility study of the CALDES systems concept has been formally vetted/approved and published as George Nitschke’s doctoral dissertation (Renwable Energy, Oct.2006).
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 4
Outline
CALDES Introduction-
The Need: Impending U.S. Water & Energy Crisis
-
The Resource: Geopressured-Geothermal Energy
-
The Solution: California Design Concept
Pilot Project Overview
Pilot Project Startup Status
Open Discussion on Way Ahead
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 5
The Need: Water
Water shortages in the western states are increasing to crisis levels-
Cyclic drought, e.g., 2003 Colorado River Basin rainfall lowest in recorded history-
Compounded by population growth (CA increase from 33M to 50M by 2025)-
Depleting economies (enviro-restoration bonds, crop fallowing, escalating water prices)-
Deleterious environmental impact (e.g., Bay-Delta, CO River, Salton Sea)-
Similar water crisis issues evolving in other western states (e.g., Texas)
Source: Department of the Interior Water 2025 initiative (June 2003) http://www.doi.gov/water2025/index.html
24-26
27
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 6
The Need: Energy
U.S. energy posture is increasingly vulnerable-
Reliance on foreign oil inadvertently funds entities hostile to U.S. security-
Need economically viable transition to alternate energy (e.g., solar-hydrogen)-
Water-Power coupled in CA (16% hydro-e; water uses 19% elec., 32% gas)-
Brittle infrastructure vulnerabilities (e.g., recent California blackouts, Alaska pipeline failure)
28-31
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 7
The GPGT Resource
Geopressured-Geothermal energy (GPGT) is an immense energy resource that remains relatively untapped throughout the world
• High pressure, high temperature, gas cut, brine reservoirs– wellhead pressure: 1000−4000 psi– brine temperature: 250−400°F– GPGT brines contain 20−100 scf/bbl natural gas – normally found at depths greater than 10,000 feet– can be produced at high flow rates: 20,000−40,000 bbl/day– GPGT brines contain 15,000−200,000 ppm dissolved solids, typically 85% NaCl– outstanding flow longevity (Dept. of Energy flow tests, Gulf Coast region)
• The recoverable GPGT energies are– thermal (heat exchange with brine)– mechanical (flowing pressure at wellhead)– chemical (natural gas)
• U.S. GPGT regions are strategically collocated– California/Gulf Coast GPGT collocation with crisis regions (following figures)– GPGT collocation with medium-to-heavy U.S. oil reserves (key for CALDES)
Not to be confused with “hot-rock” geothermal energy
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 8
The GPGT Resource
U.S. GPGT Regions
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 9
The GPGT Resource
U.S. GPGT Collocational Aspects
Heavy Oil Region
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 10
The CALDES Solution
CALDES Systems Solution-
GPGT Conversion Segment
Recover GPGT raw brine
Promote enhanced oil recovery
Produce saturated brine
-
Solar Energy Segment
Use sat. brine to build solar ponds
Solar powered coastal desalination
-
Integrated Water & EnergySegment-synergy is essential (salt!)
California, Texas deployment
Flexible configurations (1 of 7 shown)
Modularly extensible
Environmentally sustainable
Economically profitable
Spray-Evap/Settling Pond
GPGT WellSurgeTank
Separator --Pelton Wheel
1st
Effect2nd
EffectN
EffectFlashTank
Manifold
Pre-HeatPelton
Generator
N-EffectV-Comp
AuxiliaryGenerator
Lift Pwr
Site Pwr
Oil
H2ODistillate
IrrigationWater
Vent
Flue
Flue
Flue
Gas
decreasing temperature
transparent,insulating,gradient region
ground zone
storage zone
gradient zone
upper convecting zoneincreasingsalinity andtemperature profile
make up
pump
turbine
condensatecondensor
flashtankbrine
preheat
main HX
generator
UCZ
LCZ
Coastal RO Desalination
Per
petu
alS
hort
Term
U.S. Patent Re. 36,282; Other Patents In-Work
32-33
34-37
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 11
CALDES Fully Deployed in California
Install GPGT Conversion Systems• Recover Heavy Oil• Produce H20 Distillate• Provide SP Salt
Install Solar Energy Systems• Solar Pond Power• Renewable Desalination• Release CO Upstream
Fully Integrated Solution• 5+ MAF/y• 45%+ blended ROR• CA Water Remediation
• Colorado River• Bay-Delta• Salton Sea• Groundwater
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 12
CALDES Summary
Fully deployed in California, CALDES has the potential to resolve that state’s municipal water shortfalls in an environmentally and economically sound manner-
5+ MAF/y renewably powered seawater desalination-
45% blended enterprise ROR (combined oil & water revenues)-
Modularly extensible (from single to multiple systems)Fully deployed in California and Texas, a CALDES (and TEXDES) implementation would largely resolve the U.S. “Water 2025” crisis-
Municipal demands met with renewable seawater desalination-
Enabling environmental restoration (surface and ground water, etc.)
CALDES will strengthen the short/long-term U.S. energy posture-
Reduced reliance on foreign oil (increase in domestic availability)-
Distributed, renewable power instantiation (solar pond systems)
38
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 13
Outline
CALDES Introduction
Pilot Project Overview-
Configuration
-
Costs/Revenues
-
Launch Schedule
-
Candidate Site Locations
Pilot Project Startup Status
Open Discussion on Way Ahead
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 14
CALDES Pilot Configuration
CALDES Pilot ConfigurationRecover/sell collocated heavy oil
• circumvents conventional problems
• halves TEOR recovery costsOther products for sale
• bulk salt (for piloting only)• distilled water / irrigation water
Produce for site-use• recovered gas• generated electricity
High-Profit• 1000+ bpd oil, 125 ton/d salt,
500 kgal/d distilled H2O• ~75% ROR (e.g., for piloting)
U.S. Patent Re. 36,282; Other Patents In-Work
39
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 15
Pilot Project Costs/Revenues Projections
System costs:• $8M - $12M (dependent on re-entry,
in-place EOR wells)
Projected Pre-Tax Annual Revenues:• $15M+ per year (5 yr project life) for a
projected 75%+ ROR• 20k bpd GPGT flowrate,
nominal characteristics• 1000 bpd recovered oil
(SOR=5, x=0.40 steam at 5k bpd CWE)
• $60/bbl, $10/bbl knock with 1/8 lease fee
• $10/kgal distilled H2O, $25/ton bulk salt
• 330 day operating yr, $2M/yr O&M
Dissertation models can be utilized to coordinate with suppliers and develop final equipment specifications
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 16
Pilot Project Notional Launch Schedule
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 17
Pilot Project Candidate Location
South Texas GPGT fairways will also provide candidate locations for a Texas Pilot Project
Survey of Potential GPGT in CA, Mar.1993, GeothermExEnhanced Oil Recovery Scoping Study, Oct.1999, EPRIEnhanced Oil Recovery Scoping Study, Oct.1999, EPRI
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 18
Outline
CALDES Introduction
Pilot Project Overview
Pilot Project Startup Status-
Strategies
-
Progress
-
Challenges
Open Discussion on Way Ahead
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 19
Strategies for Organizing Pilot Project
Startup strategies considered1. Oil company direct
• limited / private agreement directly with oil company2. Combination approach
• beneficiary agencies enter into chartered agreement3. Government operated
• government agencies operate startup per TBD agreement 4. “Zealot / Champion” model
• sole investor (s) provides funding support to launch Pilot Project5. Acquire venture capital to launch startup company
• assemble team, develop business plan, seek venture funding6. Other??
Efforts thus far-
First attempt at No.1, second attempt in queue-
Developing framework for attempt at No.2-
Engaging with agencies for consideration of No.3 (e.g., this TIM)
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 20
Challenges / Dialogue Thus Far
Limiting type responses / reactions to the CALDES Pilot Project
-
CALDES Credibility• “If it’s such a good idea, how come no one has thought of this before?”• “You want us to believe we can solve the problem AND make more money???”
-
Confusion regarding Geopressured-Geothermal resource• Mistaken as hot-rock geothermal (i.e., magma proximity, hydro-/petro-thermal)• “We know all about geothermal energy.” – GPGT NOT THE SAME!
-
Institutional inertia• Natural resistance to new ideas• Budget limitations (e.g., funding realities Re renewables)• Wheels-in-motion, funding allocated for other proposed solutions
-
Lack of interest and/or knowledge of the U.S. water/energy problem• “What water problem? What environment problem?”• “Why care about California?”
Currently working to inform, help raise awareness
-
One-on-one with individual agencies (e.g., USBR, DWR, etc.)-
Top-down encouragement would help support this grassroots effort
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 21
Outline
CALDES Introduction
Pilot Project Overview
Pilot Project Startup Status
Open Discussion on Way-Ahead
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 22
Way-Ahead Discussion
Overarching systems engineering / management function to solve the complex water & energy crisis in the West does not currently exist.-
The individual stakeholder agencies have their own viewpoints, but an oversight management function across the entire enterprise does not exist.
-
The lack of this systems engineering oversight function is a key impediment to achieving a truly integrated solution.
-
The CALDES systems concept presents a construct on which this critical oversight and management function could take shape (e.g., Pilot Charter)
-
What entity can / will take on this crucial integration role?• Facilitate dialogue and collaboration amongst stakeholder agencies• Provide the systems engineering oversight• Lead the multi-faceted project planning and coordination
“Other” strategies for promoting a CALDES Pilot Project-
Engage politicians for support, media for awareness-
Engage municipal water agencies, e.g., MWD, Las Vegas-
???
THANK YOU!
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 23
Backup Material
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 24
Southwest U.S. Water Systems
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 25
California Drought History
http://watersupplyconditions.water.ca.gov/background.cfm
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 26
Current Drought Picture
5
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 27
CALDES Dissertation: CALDES Enterprise Value (Sect.4)
5
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 28
World Energy Consumption
World energy consumption, 1970-2025.Source: International Energy Outlook 2004.
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 29
Peak Oil Measured
This graph indicates that oil production has already peaked in non-OPEC, non-former Soviet Union countries.
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 30
Peak Oil Projection
Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas (ASPO)http://www.peakoil.net/
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 31
Peak Gas Measured/Projected
by Asher Imam, Richard A. Startzman and Maria A. Barrufet Oil & Gas Journal, August 16, 2004 6
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 32
The CALDES Solution
GPGT Conversion Segment-
Recover/sell collocated heavy oil• via CALDES TEOR method• halves TEOR recovery costs• circumvents conventional problems
Distillate-quality TEOR waterSupplied by GPGT conversion systemGas supplied by GPGT brine
-
Other products for sale• bulk salt (for piloting only)• distilled water / return irrigation water
-
Produce for site-use• gas (optional sale)• electricity
-
High-Profit• 1000-3000 bpd, 125-250 ton/d, 600 kgal/d• ~75% ROR (e.g., for piloting)• ~65% ROR without salt sale
U.S. Patent Re. 36,282; Other Patents In-Work
Spray-Evap/Settling Pond
GPGT WellSurgeTank
Separator --Pelton Wheel
1st
Effect2nd
EffectN
EffectFlashTank
Manifold
Pre-HeatPelton
Generator
N-EffectV-Comp
AuxiliaryGenerator
Seawater ROD
Solar Ponds
Lift Pwr
Site Pwr
Oil
H2ODistillate
IrrigationWater
Vent
Flue
Flue
Flue
Gas
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 33
The CALDES Solution
Solar Energy Segment-
Instantiate solar pond systems• use bulk salt (sat.brine, vs. sell)• modularly optimized installation• Mojave desert, west Texas
-
Renewably power desalination• solar/ocean hydrological loop• ~5+ MAF/y fully deployed in CA• 45%+ blended ROR (enterprise ROR)
Use saturated brine to build solar ponds
Use solar heat to produce electricity
Renew
ably power
coastal desalination
10
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 34
CALDES Dissertation: CALDES Systems Description (Sect.2)
Spray-Evap/Settling Pond
GPGT WellSurgeTank
Separator --Pelton Wheel
1st
Effect2nd
EffectN
EffectFlashTank
Manifold
Pre-HeatPelton
Generator
N-EffectV-Comp
AuxiliaryGenerator
Lift Pwr
Site Pwr
Oil
H2ODistillate
IrrigationWater
Vent
Flue
Flue
Flue
Gas
decreasing temperature
transparent,insulating,gradient region
ground zone
storage zone
gradient zone
upper convecting zoneincreasingsalinity andtemperature profile
make up
pump
turbine
condensatecondensor
flashtankbrine
preheat
main HX
generator
UCZ
LCZ
Coastal RO Desalination
Per
petu
alS
hort
Term
1
6
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
B
OTS
So, BHP, BHT, GWR(DOE Test Dataor other brine)
Brine Composition Zi
Calculation 1GPGT Well
FORTRAN ModelWELLDECK
Pelton Turbine DataBPD, PFLOW, Dwheel,
PSEP
Wgas, Zgas, Pgas
Calculation 2Tank/Pelton/Gas.Sep.
FORTRAN ModelTURBDECK
Wb, Pb, Tb, Sb, Zb
Pelton EPWR
etaburner, Hgas,
Wb, Pb, Tb, Sb, Zb
Calculation 3Pre-Heater
Hand Calc., adjust input file EVAPINTO
OTS Watt-hr/gal
MAF/yr Potable
OTS PerformanceRO DesalinationHand Calculation
Tflash, HXarea, SN(N=f{Tf,area})
Design: Nt,di,Li,materials
Calculation 4Multi-Effect (MED)FORTRAN Model
EVAPGEA4
WH2On, TH2On
WVN, PVN
WbN, TbN, PbN
WVent Gas
Uo
QSEP=f{steam}
Calculation 5Condenser
Hand Calc., adjust heat rate into SEP
S, Area, N/1000, gpm/N, height, Cw, Ta,
RH, Wind, Qsol(vendor nozzle data)
Calculation 6Spray Evap (SEP)
Excel ModelSEP-X-Y
WSolid Salt (ton/day)
Wbrine (pps to SP)
Qsol, T, RH, Wind, Area, Dzones, S
EPWR
Appendix BSolar Pond
FORTRAN ModelSolpond-3
Area, h, hT, time, Soi, Sors, , Bo,
Gomaa Data
Oil bpd
Calculation 8CALDES TEORExcel/Handcalc
Gomaa’s Method
Di, Li, , f
Calculation 9Pipelines
Excel ModelPipeline-07
Wbrine (pps to SP)
Cost ¦ EPWR per well
MODE, GWRnet, Hgas, PTEOR, bpd loss,
Wrecirc, Trecirc, Xbest, Liftpwr, burner, pumps,
comp, turb, brayton, Pth, Ptl, Ts, Uo
Calculation 7TEOR FCS
FORTRAN ModelHEATEOR7
WH2O, WLINE
WSEP
QSEP=f{steam}
WTEOR,TTEOR,XTEOR,HTEOR
EPWR, Gas
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 35
CALDES Dissertation: CALDES Implementation (Sect.3)
Multiple, Extensible Configurations
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 36
CALDES Dissertation: CALDES Launch (Sect.5)
ConductGPGT Test
OK forTEOR?
TEOR TestAssessment
Order CMxEquipment
TEOROK?
Order x EquipInterim
Produce CM3
TEORHigh?
Convert to CM2
Produce as CM3
Sell Salt,Gas?
Produce as CM5
SPBuild?
Produce as CM4
Cap forLater?
Wait for used equipment
Plug &Abandon
CM1 utilized by GEM for GPGT source proofing
N
N
N
N N N
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 37
CALDES Dissertation: CALDES Implementation (Sect.3)
Off-Baseline Considerations
10
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 38
CALDES & TEXDES for the U.S.
CALDES-TEXDES “Water 2025” Solution• Technology transfer, design sharing• Very similar water-stress crises• Some unique CA v. TX aspects:
• CA GPGT lower TDS, higher gas (heavier oil)• Well suited for TEOR in CA and TX (lighter oil)
12
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 39
Pilot Project Configuration Mode 2
Enables TEOR fluid recirc/regen v. release/dispose; for use in sensitive areas.
14
U.S. Patent Re. 36,282; Other Patents In-Work
CALDESCALDES - a proposed solution for the impending water shortage crisis in the West 40
Governor Schwarzenegger / DWR Director Snow Letter
20