C Lab Program

Chapter 14Programming and Languages

Multiple Choice

1. A(n) __________ is a list of instructions detailing the steps needed to perform a task.

a) program

b) punch card

c) agenda

d) plan

Answer: A

Difficulty level: Medium

Page: 388

Response: A program is a list of instructions for the computer to follow to accomplish the task of processing data into information.

2. The actual coding of a program is done by a(n)

a) systems analyst

b) software engineer

c) end-user

d) database administrator

Answer: B

Difficulty level: Easy

Page: 389

Response: Software engineers would complete the coding of a program.

3. Program objectives, desired outputs, needed inputs, and processing requirements are all recorded in the

a) program tracking log

b) project management database

c) program specifications document

d) management information system

Answer: C

Difficulty level: 389

Page: 390

Response: All of these items are outlined in the program specifications document.

4. The information software produces after it has processed the input is called

a) flowchart

b) output

c) objective

d) prototype

Answer: B


Page: 390

Response: The output is what has been produced after the input has been processed.

5. The information that a program requires in order to accomplish its objective is called the

a) data

b) contribution

c) effort

d) input

Answer: D


Page: 390

Response: Once you know the output, you then determine the input data and the source of this data.

6. The program’s processing steps are grouped into logically-related programming statements called

a) modules

b) unit

c) object

d) component

Answer: A


Page: 392

Response: Processing steps are called program modules (modules).

7. Flowcharts and pseudocode are examples of tools used in the program __________ phase.

a) specification

b) design

c) code

d) test

Answer: B


Page: 393

Response: Pseudocode and flowcharts are tools used in program design.

8. The programming tool that uses linked symbols to show the sequence of steps needed to solve a programming problem.

a) grid table

b) pseudocode

c) algorithm

d) flowchart

Answer: D


Page: 393

Response: Flowcharts graphically present the detailed sequence of steps needed to solve a program by using symbols.

9. In a(n) __________ structure, one statement follows the other with no conditions having to be met.

a) selection

b) loop

c) sequence

d) conditional

Answer: C


Page: 393

Response: In the sequence structure, one program statement follows another.

10. The __________ structure involves repeating a sequence until a condition is met.

a) loop

b) sequence

c) conditional

d) selection

Answer: A


Page: 393

Response: A loop structure will repeat so long as a certain condition remains true.

11. An IF-THEN-ELSE statement is part of the __________ structure.

a) loop

b) sequence

c) conditional

d) selection

Answer: D


Page: 393

Response: IF-THEN-ELSE structures are part of the selection structure.

12. In the course of creating program specifications, the end-user should sketch out the desired

a) input

b) output

c) splash logo

d) icon

Answer: B


Page: 390

Response: The end-users should sketch out the desired output that they want out of the computer system.

13. The control structure used to perform a series of statements one after the other is called

a) sequential

b) selection

c) loop

d) random

Answer: A


Page: 393

Response: In the sequential structure, one program statement follows another.

14. When a program makes a true or false decision, it is an example of a(n) _______ logic structure.

a) if-then-else

b) do until

c) do while

d) what-if

Answer: A


Page: 393

Response: If-then-else resembles a true/false decision.

15. When a program repeats a portion of software code as long as a certain condition doesn’t exist, it’s using a(n) _______ structure.

a) if-then-else

b) do until

c) do while

d) what-if

Answer: B


Page: 393

Response: This is an example of the do until structure.

16. The actual writing of a program in a programming language is called

a) program design

b) logic structure

c) language translation

d) coding

Answer: D


Page: 396

Response: Writing the program is called coding.

17. Which of the following is not necessary for a good program?

a) reliability

b) catches common errors

c) colorful graphics

d) well-documented

Answer: C


Page: 396

Response: Colorful graphics are not necessary for a good program.

18. Eliminating errors in a program is also called ______ the program.

a) debugging

b) modularizing

c) coding

d) clarifying

Answer: A


Page: 399

Response: Debugging is testing a program and eliminating errors.

19. A program error that violates the grammar rules of the programming language is a(n) _______ error.

a) modular

b) logic

c) syntax

d) language

Answer: C


Page: 399

Response: Syntax error is a violation of the grammar rules of the programming language.

20. A(n) __________ error could be the result of the programmer making an incorrect calculation.

a) syntax

b) general protection

c) logic

d) breakpoint

Answer: C


Page: 399

Response: Logic errors are created by incorrect or missing specifications.

21. __________ refers to testing by a select group of potential users in the final stage of testing a program.

a) Manual testing

b) Desk checking

c) Attempt at translation

d) Beta testing

Answer: D


Page: 400

Response: Beta testing refers to testing by a select group of potential users in the final stage of testing a program.

22. In programming, _______ are explanations that tell other programmers what’s happening in the software code.

a) restrictions

b) tables

c) documentation

d) selections

Answer: C


Page: 400

Response: Documentation is written to explain what is happening in the software code.

23. As much as __________ percent of the total lifetime cost for an application program is for maintenance.

a) 40%

b) 50%

c) 60%

d) 75%

Answer: D

Difficulty level: Hard

Page: 402

Response: As much as 75% of the total lifetime cost for an application program is for maintenance.

24. Which of the following refers to tools that are used to design, code, and test software?

a) XML

b) CAD

c) CASE

d) OOP

Answer: C


Page: 403

Response: CASE tools are used to automate the development process. They can aid in program design, coding, and testing.

25. Software that helps programmers prepare reports, draw flowcharts, and generate software code for prototypes is a(n)

a) CAUSE (computer assisted Unix software environment) tool

b) CASE (computer aided software engineering) tool

c) CLOC (computer licensed operations code) tool

d) CULP (combined users licensed protocols) tool

Answer: B


Page: 403

Response: CASE tools help programmers prepare these items.

26. Object-oriented programming

a) is a type of assembler language

b) allows you to interact with objects when coding software

c) is a type of machine language

d) converts source code into machine language code

Answer: B


Page: 404

Response: Object-oriented programming focuses on letting you interact with the objects (defined procedures) when coding software.

27. OOP languages use

a) combinations of objects

b) natural and nonprocedural statements

c) binary coded instructions

d) abbreviations and mnemonic

Answer: A

Difficult level: Easy

Page: 404

Response: Object-oriented programming uses combinations of objects.

28. Machine language is composed only of

a) keyword statements

b) hexadecimal numbers

c) memory address toggles

d) 0s and 1s

Answer: D


Page: 405

Response: Machine language is composed of 1s and 0s.

29. ________ language is made up only of binary digits.

a) Procedural

b) Machine

c) Assembly

d) Natural

Answer: B


Page: 405

Response: Machine language uses binary code.

30. Which of the following lines of code comes from a first generation computer language?

a) ADD255(3,10),02B(4,5)

b) 00010 1010 1101 0001 1010

c) this Total=TotalA + TotalC

d) set total to sum of totals

Answer: B


Page: 405

Response: Machine language (first generation) used 0s and 1s.

31. These languages use abbreviations and mnemonics that make it easier for humans to understand.

a) assembly

b) machine language

c) C++

d) COBOL

Answer: A


Page: 405

Response: Assembly language uses abbreviations or mnemonics that make it easier for humans to understand and use.

32. __________ languages are designed to express the logic used instead of just performing calculations.

a) Machine

b) Procedural

c) Assembly

d) Low level

Answer: B


Page: 405

Response: Procedural languages are designed to express the logic – the procedures – that can solve general problems.

33. Procedural languages are part of the __________ generation of computer languages.

a) first

b) second

c) third

d) fourth

Answer: C


Page: 405

Response: Procedural languages are part of the third generation of computer languages.

34. Procedural languages must be translated into machine language using a(n)

a) compiler or interpreter

b) assembler

c) interpolator

d) application generator

Answer: A


Page: 405

Response: Procedural languages must be translated into machine language using a compiler or interpreter.

35. A compiler performs the following function.

a) translates and executes each program statement one at a time

b) converts the source code into machine language code

c) translates instruction codes from assembler language into machine language

d) uses statements to tell objects to perform actions on themselves

Answer: B


Page: 405

Response: Compiler converts procedural language program (source code) into a machine language code (object code).

36. C++ is considered a

a) machine language

b) assembly language

c) procedural language

d) natural language

Answer: C


Page: 405

Response: C++ is a procedural language.

37. A(n) __________ converts the programmer’s procedural language program into a machine language.

a) interpreter

b) assembler

c) compiler

d) analyst

Answer: C


Page:405

Response: A compiler converts procedural language program into machine language code.

38. An interpreter performs the following function.

a) translates and executes each line of code one at a time

b) translates high-level language statements

c) uses statements to tell objects to perform actions on themselves

d) translates software code from assembly language into machine language

Answer: A


Page: 405

Response: Interpreter converts the procedural language one statement at a time into machine code just before it is executed.

39. Problem-oriented languages are which generation of language?

a) first

b) second

c) third

d) fourth

Answer: D


Page: 406

Response: Problem-oriented languages are fourth generation languages.

40. Fourth-generation languages use

a) procedural statements

b) nonprocedural statements

c) assemblers

d) symbols

Answer: B


Page: 406

Response: Fourth-generation languages are nonprocedural languages.

41. Fifth-generation languages (5GL) possess which one of the following characteristics?

a) software code always uses a combination of objects

b) software code uses English words and symbols

c) software code is written using binary codes

d) all code must be complied before use

Answer: B


Page: 407

Response: Natural language (5GL) is designed to give people a more human connection with computers using English words and symbols.

42. Which one of the following statements is not characteristic of 5GL?

a) easier to learn than assembly language

b) easier to understand than machine language

c) less rigid rules, forms, and syntax than assembly languages

d) easier to write code in than assembly and machine languages

Answer: D


Page: 407

Response: 5GL languages are easier to write code in.

43. 5GL uses

a) symbolic code

b) words and symbols

c) abbreviations

d) mnemonics

Answer: B


Page: 407

Response: 5GL uses natural language such as words and symbols.

44. 5GL languages have which of the following characteristics?

a) require the use of objects

b) easier to use than machine language

c) require the use of interpreters

d) use abbreviations and mnemonics

Answer: B


Page: 407

Response: 5GL languages are easier to use than machine language.

45. The most recent type of computer language would be

a) machine language

b) assembly language

c) third-generation language

d) natural language

Answer: D


Page: 407

Response: Natural language is the most recent type of computer language.

True/False

46. Most programs in use today are custom written.

Answer: False


Page: 388

Response: Most programs in use today are prewritten (off-the-shelf).

47. A program is a list of instructions detailing the steps required to perform a task.

Answer: True


Page: 388


48. Systems analysts create the software required for an information system.

Answer: False


Page: 389

Response: Software engineers or programmers create software.

49. In the program specification step, the objectives, outputs, inputs, and processing requirements are determined.

Answer: True


Page: 389

Response: The program specification step includes all of these variables.

50. You should determine the input for a program before determining its output.

Answer: False


Page: 389

Response: You should determine the output requirements before defining the input.

51. The program specification document includes required input and program objectives.

Answer: True


Page: 389

Response: The program specification document includes defining the required input and program objectives.

52. During the program specification phase, you plan and document a solution.

Answer: False


Page: 389

Response: Ongoing documentation is required through the process.

53. Top-down program design involves identifying the major steps in a program and then determining the underlying steps.

Answer: True


Page: 392

Response: Top-down design identifies the program’s processing steps.

54. Pseudocode is an outline of the logic of the program you would like to write.

Answer: True


Page: 393

Response: Pseudocode is an outline of the logic of the program that is being written.

55. Flowcharts fail to show comparisons within the program.

Answer: False


Page: 393

Response: Flowcharts make comparisons within the program.

56. Logic structures include sequence, selection, and loop.

Answer: True


Page: 393

Response: Logic structures include sequence, selection, and loop.

57. In the sequence structure, one program statement must follow another.

Answer: True


Page: 393

Response: In sequence structure, one program statement follows another.

58. A condition must be met before a sequence structure can proceed to the next statement.

Answer: False


Page: 393

Response: The sequence structure does not use a condition – it executes programming statements one after the other.

59. IF-THEN-ELSE is an example of a selection structure.

Answer: True


Page: 393

Response: IF-THEN-ELSE is an example of a selection structure.

60. The loop structure is also called the iteration structure.

Answer: True


Page: 393

Response: The loop structure is called a “loop” or “iteration” because the program loops around again and again.

61. DO UNTIL and DO WHILE are both examples of a sequence structure.

Answer: False


Page: 394

Response: They are both examples of a loop selection structure.

62. A loop structure repeats a series of statements until a condition is met.

Answer: True


Page: 393

Response: The loop structure iterates or repeats again and again.

63. Writing the program is called coding.

Answer: True


Page: 396

Response: Writing a program is called coding.

64. The best way to write good programs is to create unstructured programs.

Answer: False


Page: 396

Response: The best way to code effective programs is to write structured programs.

65. “Debugging” refers to the process of eliminating syntax and logic errors.

Answer: True


Page: 399

Response: Debugging refers to the process of testing and then eliminating errors.

66. When a program has a syntax error, it will still run, but will produce unexpected results.

Answer: False


Page: 399

Response: A syntax error is a violation of the rules of the programming language.

67. A logic error could result from an incorrect calculation made by the programmer.

Answer: True


Page: 399

Response: A logic error occurs when the programmer uses an incorrect calculation or leaves out a programming procedure.

68. Sometimes a program is checked for errors by following the steps with a calculator and sample data.

Answer: True


Page: 399

Response: Manually testing by using a calculator and sample data is one way of checking for errors.

69. Program documentation is optional and largely unnecessary.

Answer: False


Page: 400

Response: Program documentation is a “must”.

70. Program documentation is intended only for end-users.

Answer: False


Page: 400

Response: Program documentation is intended for users, operators, and programmers.

71. Program maintenance involves ensuring that current programs are operating error- free, efficiently, and effectively.

Answer: True


Page: 402

Response: Program maintenance includes all of these aspects.

72. Correcting operational errors is only one facet of program maintenance.

Answer: True


Page: 402

Response: Program maintenance involves correcting operational errors, and adjusting programs to meet changing needs.

73. CASE tools are used to compile programs to test for logic errors.

Answer: False


Page: 403

Response: CASE tools are used to automate and assist in program design, coding, and testing.

74. Second-level languages are sometimes referred to as machine languages.

Answer: False


Page: 405

Response: Second-level languages are assembly languages.

75. C++ is an example of a machine language.

Answer: False


Page: 406

Response: C++ is a procedural language.

76. Assembly languages use abbreviated mnemonics such as ADD.

Answer: True


Page: 405

Response: Assembly languages do use abbreviated mnemonics such as ADD.

77. Machine language is composed of hexadecimal digits.

Answer: False


Page: 405

Response: Machine language is composed of binary code.

78. When a program is translated to machine code, the compiler will typically find logic errors.

Answer: False


Page: 405

Response: Compilers convert the procedural language program into machine language code.

79. Pascal, COBOL, and FORTRAN are all examples of procedural languages that use compilers.

Answer: True


Page: 406

Response: All of these languages are procedural languages that use compilers.

80. An application generator converts source code to object code.

Answer: False


Page: 406

Response: A compiler converts the programmer’s procedural language program (source code) into a machine language code (object code).

81. Query languages are an example of a procedural language.

Answer: False


Page: 406

Response: Query languages are examples of fourth-generation (problem-oriented) languages.

82. Very high level languages require extensive special training on the part of the user.

Answer: False


Page: 406

Response: Very high level languages require little special training on the part of the user.

83. Interpreted code does not need to be compiled.

Answer: True


Page: 406

Response: Interpreter converts procedural language one statement at a time into machine code just before it is to be executed. No need to be compiled.

84. 5GL is a computer language that incorporates the concepts of artificial intelligence to allow direct human communication.

Answer: True


Page: 407

Response: 5GL uses AI to allow direct human communication.

85. Someday, natural languages will allow non-programmers to create applications.

Answer: True


Page: 407

Response: Natural languages use human languages which will make it easier for non-programmers to create applications.

Fill-In-The-Blank

86. A(n) __________ is a list of instructions detailing the steps needed to perform a task.

Answer: program


Page: 388


87. Most programs in use today are __________ or packaged programs.

Answer: prewritten


Page: 388

Response: Most programs are prewritten or packaged programs.

88. Items like the program’s objectives, outputs, inputs, and processing requirements are a part of this step of software development (__________).

Answer: program specifications


Page: 389

Response: These items are part of the program specification.

89. The problem that you are trying to solve using software is called the __________.

Answer: objective


Page: 390

Response: Objectives are the problems you are trying to solve.

90. In the course of creating program specifications, the end-user should sketch out the desired __________.

Answer: output


Page: 390

Response: The end-users should sketch out the desired output that they want out of the computer system.

91. The loosely written outline of a program’s logic is called __________.

Answer: pseudocode


Page: 393

Response: Pseudocode is an outline of the logic of the program that will be written.

92. By using __________, a programmer can outline the necessary steps for a piece of software to operate.

Answer: pseudocode


Page: 393

Response: Pseudocode will help a programmer outline the necessary steps for a piece of software to operate.

93. The way that a program handles decisions based on input is built into one of the three __________structures.

Answer: logic


Page: 393

Response: Three logic structures include sequence, selection, and loop.

94. The __________ structure describes a process that may be repeated as long as a certain condition remains true.

Answer: loop


Page: 393

Response: The loop structure describes a process that may be repeated as long as a certain condition remains true.

95. The loop structure is also called __________ structure.

Answer: iteration


Page: 393

Response: The loop structure is also called the iteration structure.

96. Flowcharts and pseudocode are examples of tools used in the program __________ phase.

Answer: design


Page: 393

Response: Pseudocode and flowcharts are tools used in program design.

97. The programming tool that uses linked symbols to show the sequence of steps needed to solve a programming problem is called a(n)__________.

Answer: flowchart


Page: 393

Response: Flowcharts graphically present the detailed sequence of steps needed to solve a program by using symbols.

98. In a(n) __________ structure, one statement follows the other with no conditions having to be met.

Answer: sequence


Page: 393

Response: In the sequence structure, one program statement follows another.

99. The __________ structure involves repeating a sequence until a condition is met.

Answer: selection


Page: 393

Response: The selection structure occurs when a decision must be made.

100. The control structure used to perform a series of statements one after the other is called __________.

Answer: sequential


Page: 393

Response: In the sequential structure, one program statement follows another.

101. When a program makes a true or false decision, it is an example of a(n) _______ logic structure.

Answer: if-then-else


Page: 393

Response: If-then-else resembles a true/false decision.

102. When a program repeats a portion of software code as long as a certain condition doesn’t exist, it’s using a(n) _______ structure.

Answer: do until


Page: 393

Response: This is an example of the do until structure.

103. An IF-THEN-ELSE statement is part of the __________ structure.

Answer: selection


Page: 393

Response: IF-THEN-ELSE structures are part of the selection structure.

104. The act of actually writing the program is called __________.

Answer: coding


Page: 396

Response: Writing the program is called coding.

105. Testing for and eliminating errors is known as __________ .

Answer: debugging


Page: 399

Response: Debugging is testing a program and eliminating errors.

106. A(n) __________ error violates the rules of the programming language.

Answer: syntax


Page: 399

Response: Syntax errors are violations of a programming language’s rules.

107. A(n) __________ error could be the result of the programmer making an incorrect calculation.

Answer: logic


Page: 399

Response: Logic errors are created by incorrect or missing specifications.

108. __________ testing refers to testing by a select group of potential users in the final stage of testing a program.

Answer: Beta


Page: 400

Response: Beta testing refers to testing by a select group of potential users in the final stage of testing a program.

109. In programming, _______ is an explanation that tells other programmers what’s happening in the software code.

Answer: documentation


Page: 400

Response: Documentation is written to explain what is happening in the software code.

110. Software __________ is typically found within the program as well as in printed documents.

Answer: documentation


Page: 400

Response: Documentation is typically found within the program itself and in printed documents.

111. The purpose of program __________ is to ensure that existing programs are operating error-free, efficiently, and effectively.

Answer: maintenance


Page: 402

Response: Program maintenance is to ensure that existing programs are operating error-free, efficiently, and effectively.

112. Software that helps programmers prepare reports, draw flowcharts, and generate software code for prototypes is called _________.

Answer: CASE


Page: 403

Response: CASE tools provide some automation and assistance in program design, coding, and testing.

113. In OOP programming, a reusable, self-contained component is called a(n) __________.

Answer: object


Page: 404

Response: Objects are reusable, self-contained components.

114. A programming language in which the properties and methods needed to perform one task are all stored in a single object is known as __________ programming.

Answer: object-oriented

Difficult level: Easy

Page: 404

Response: Object-oriented programming uses combinations of objects.

115. Machine languages use __________ codes.

Answer: binary


Page: 405


116. ________ language is made up only of binary digits.

Answer: Machine


Page: 405


117. The lowest level computer language is __________ language.

Answer: machine


Page: 405

Response: Machine language uses binary coding and is the lowest computer language.

118. A(n) __________ converts the programmer’s procedural language program into a machine language.

Answer: compiler


Page:405

Response: A compiler converts procedural language program into machine language code.

119. Although still a low-level language, __________ uses abbreviations that are easier for humans to understand.

Answer: assembly


Page: 405


120. These languages use abbreviations and mnemonics that make it easier for humans to understand.

Answer: Assembly


Page: 405


121. __________ languages are designed to express the logic used instead of just performing calculations.

Answer: Procedural


Page: 405

Response: Procedural languages are designed to express the logic – the procedures – that can solve general problems.

122. An application __________ contains a number of modules that have been preprogrammed to accomplish various tasks.

Answer: generator


Page: 406

Response: An application generator is a program that provides modules of prewritten code.

123. A language that is based entirely on the spoken word that would require little-to- no adaptation to use to program is called a(n) __________language.

Answer: natural


Page: 407

Response: Natural language is designed to give people a more human connection with computers.

124. A(n) __________ language allows programmers to use human language to instruct a computer.

Answer: natural


Page: 407

Response: Natural languages allow programmers to use human language to instruct a computer.

125. 5GL are being designed to reflect the human languages. They are referred to as __________languages.

Answer: natural


Page: 407

Response: 5GL are natural languages.

Essay

126. What are the six steps in programming?

Answer: The six steps in programming are: specification, design, code, test, documentation, and maintenance.


Page: 388

127. What are the five tasks involved in the program specification phase?

Answer: The five tasks required for the specification phase are the following: specify objectives, specify output, determine required input, define processing requirements, and document specification.


Page: 389

128. What is pseudocode?

Answer: Pseudocode is an outline of the logic of the program you would like to write. It is essentially the programming code written out in plain English.


Page: 393

129. What are the three logic structures?

Answer: The three logic structures are: sequence (one statement follows another), selection (if-then-else), and loop (a process that is repeated until a condition is met).


Page: 393

130. What is the difference between a syntax error and a logic error?

Answer: A syntax error violates the rules of a programming language, such as mistakenly typing “if x=y then goto z” instead of “if x=y THEN goto z”. This type of error is caught by the compiler. A logical error will not be caught by the compiler and will not cause the program to crash, but it will result in incorrect results. An example would be using the statement “SalesPercentage=TotalSales/IndividualSales”. In this case, a calculation would

result, but it will not result in a correct figure. (A sales percentage would be individual sales divided by total sales.)


Page: 399

131. Name four methods of testing a program for errors.

Answer: There are many methods to test a program for errors. These include: desk checking, manually testing with sample data, attempting to translate the program into machine language (compiling), testing the program with sample data, and beta testing.


Page: 399, 400

132. What is meant by program documentation?

Answer: Program documentation refers to written procedures and descriptions of a program and how to use it.


Page: 400

133. What are the four tasks in program maintenance?

Answer: The four tasks in program maintenance are the following: search for and correct operational errors, evaluate and improve the program’s ease of use, standardizing software, and evaluating changing needs.


Page: 402

134. What is object-oriented programming?

Answer: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) focuses on objects – self-contained reusable components. These components are then related to other components until the whole program is created.


Page: 404

135. What are the five generations of programming languages?

Answer: The five generations of computer languages are: 1) machine language, 2) assembly, 3) procedural languages, 4) problem-oriented languages, and 5) natural languages.


Page: 405

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C Lab Program