Business Ethics

• Business Ethics

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html

Ethics - Business ethics

1 Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines

ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business

environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant

to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.


Ethics - Business ethics

1 Interest in business ethics accelerated dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major corporations and within academia


Ethical - Business ethics

1 Business ethics has both Norm (philosophy)|normative and descriptive

dimensions. As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is primarily

normative. Academics attempting to understand business behavior employ descriptive methods. The range and

quantity of business ethical issues reflects the interaction of profit-maximizing

behavior with non-economic concerns.


Ethical - Business ethics

1 Adam Smith said, People of the same trade seldom meet together, even

for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy

against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices.Smith, A

(1776/ 1952) An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of

Nations


Ethical code - Code of ethics or a code of conduct? (corporate or business ethics)

1 Many companies use the phrases 'ethical code' and 'code of conduct'

interchangeably but it may be useful to make a distinction


Jewish ethics - Business ethics

1 In the Torah, there are more commandments concerning the

kashrut (fitness) of one's money than the kashrut of food


Jewish ethics - Business ethics

1 Business ethics received special emphasis in the teaching of Rabbi

Yisrael Lipkin Salanter (19th century), founder of the Musar movement in Eastern Europe


Business ethics

1 'Business ethics' (also 'corporate ethics') is a form of applied ethics or

professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical

problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant

to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.


Business ethics - History

1 Business ethics and the resulting behavior

evolved as well



1 1. “No Smoking” signs must be conspicuously posted in areas where smoking

is prohibited.



1 2. When smoking is permitted, as in offices in connection with

warehouses, “NO Smoking” signs and safe means for disposing of

lighted smoking materials shall be provided at each point of access to

the “NO Smoking” areas.



1 3. Fire protection should be installed or provided in accordance with codes

and regulation of the authority having jurisdiction over the premises.

(See Section 8, Fire Protection and Control.)



1 4. Water hoses and / or portable fire extinguishers, of the proper type to protect both building and contents

must be provided convenient, conspicuously accessible location (See Section 8, Fire Protection and

Control.)



1 5. Fire extinguishers must not be blocked from view. Where material

could block the view of a fire extinguisher, some means of

identifying its location must be provided.



1 6. Storage buildings should be kept clean and orderly, as well as free from insects, rodents and other

pests.



1 7. Throughout any storage area, warehouse, etc. metal containers

with lids are to be available for waste disposal. Oily rags must always be

stored in metal containers with lids in place. Lids should be equipped with

fusible plugs in case of fire.



1 8. In any storage area, aisleways and passageways must be well marked and free

from obstruction.



1 9. Where mechanical equipment is used to move material within a

storage area, aisleways and passageways must be wide enough

to prevent congestion.



1 10. Floors in storage areas must be kept clean and dry as well as free

from tripping hazards such as loose boards, protruding nails and other

material.



1 11. All floor holes through which materials might fall and create a

hazard, must be properly guarded by a cover that leaves no openings

more than 1” wide, or if necessary, by a standard railing and toe board.



1 12. Docks, floors and platforms need to be constructed of heavy material

and should be checked frequently for broken boards and dry rot.



1 13. Floors, docks and other surfaces should be inspected periodically to ensure they are safe for employees. Any condition which could cause an

accident must be repaired as soon as possible.



1 14. All wall opening, more than 1” but less than 30” wide through which

materials might fall and create a hazard are to be guarded.



1 15. All platforms, open sided floors, walkways, decks, etc., which are more than four feet above the ground or floor level must be

equipped with guard rails, midrails and toe board.



1 16. Floor load limit plates should be posted in a conspicuous place and

those load limits must be adhered to.



1 17. When material is stored in bins, the heavier objects should be placed

in the lower bins with the lighter material stored in upper bins.



1 18. Storage bins are to be constructed of material strong

enough to support the weight. Tall bins need to be secured so that they

cannot be easily upset.



1 19. Storage bins should be so designed that material cannot easily fall out of them. Adequate stripping material should be used along the

leading edge to minimize this problem.



1 20. Benches, boxes, bins, etc., must not be used to climb on. Only

approved ladders or step stools are to be used for that purpose.



1 21. Ladders and other climbing equipment be kept in good condition

and replaced or repaired when needed. When finished using the

item it must be adequately stored.



1 22. Stepladders are to be of commercial grade or, as minimum meet or exceed class ll

requirements.



1 23. Commodities which are incompatible with on another must not be stored together. If they must

be stored in the same area they shall be separated by distance or partition which is adequate to eliminate the

danger.



1 24. Commodities which qualify as ordinary combustibles are not to be

stored in piles exceeding 21’ in height and no material be stored within 18 inches of the ceiling or

sprinkle heads.



1 25. Commodities which may be hazardous in combination should not

be stored where they can come in contact with each other.



1 26. Materials such as PUP joints, tall valves, short steel bar stock, small diameter cylinders, etc., should be

placed suitable racks or securely tied so they cannot fall over.



1 27. Nails should not be used for hooks or

to support heavy objects.



1 28. When uncrating material and opening barrels, kegs, boxes, crates,

etc., all projecting nails, wires, straps, etc., should be removed before the job of unpacking is

started.



1 29.When cutting or removing metal straps from bales, crates or other

packages, the workmen should stand clear where flying ends cannot strike

them.



1 30.In preparing material for shipment, employees should : 1.Use

the proper type of container or package for the material to be

shipped.



1 3.Be sure the container is built to meet

requirements for strength.



1 4.Do not leave protruding nails or

splinters.



1 5.Be sure that wire and metal band and straps are pulled tight and that

no sharp ends are left exposed.



1 32. All skids and runways should be securely fastened as soon as they are put in position.



1 1. All yard storage material should be neatly stored in designated areas, convenient for truck unloading and

loading.



1 2. Sufficient safe clearance for movement of all necessary vehicles

must be provided in warehouse yards.



1 3. Clearance limits signs should be posted wherever

necessary.



1 4. Permanent aisles, roadways and passageways must be kept clear of

obstructions.



1 5. Except for large tanks, material should not be stored on the bare

ground. Racks, sacks, shoring, planks or other material should be under all

stored items.



1 6. Storage areas should be kept as free of vegetation and

as possible.



1 7. Trash, junk and rubbish is to be cleaned up and placed in proper receptacles.



1 8. Open pits, ditches, etc., must

be guarded to protect personnel.



1 9. Stored material should be stacked in a manner that makes it secure against sliding

or collapse.



1 10. Material should not be left, piled or stacked within 8’-6” of the center of a railroad

track.



1 11. Derail and / or bumper blocks are to be provided where a rolling

freight car could contact other cars enter a building, work or traffic area.



1 12. Skids used for moving pipe and other materials must be substantially built and should be designed for their

particular use.



1 13. All skids are to be securely fastened at one end at leas, and at both ends if possible.



1 14. Pipe racks should be built substantially enough to carry the

load for which they are intended and must be kept in good repair.



1 15. Pipe should not be racked in tiers higher than five feet. Tiers should be separated with stripping and should be securely blocked at the outside

joints of pipe on each tier.



1 16. Pipe should in a yard can create hazards if precautions are not taken.

Appropriate racks should be provided, spacing between racks is necessary and choking of prevent it from rolling off a stack is required. Other material to stored in a yard shall not be placed on top pipe.



1 17. Stripping for 4-inch pipe and smaller should be 1-inch material. for

pipe larger than 4-inch, 2-inch material shall be used.



1 18. All pipe under 6-inch should be blocked with 1-inch material nailed to the stripping, 6-inch and larger pipe shall blocked with 2-inch material,

nailed to the stripping.



1 19. Where old or bent material is stored on pipe racks, particular care

should be taken in stacking and handling it to and from the rack.



1 20. Bins for heavy junk must be substantially built and must be kept in good repair.



1 21. Heavy gloves and shoes should be worn, and extreme care must be

taken whenever it is necessary to get into a junk bin to load or unload the

material



1 2005, History of Business Ethics, paper delivered at The Accountable Corporation, the third biennial

global business conference sponsored by the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara

University) as availed on March 30, 2010– observes, on the origin of business ethics

discourse, The Second World War was over, the Cold War was ever present, and the War in Viet

Nam fostered a good deal of opposition to official public policy and to the so-called military-

industrial complex, which came in for increasing scrutiny and criticism



1 Velasquez, Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases.



1 This scuttled the discourse of business ethics both in media and academia.Chomsky, N


Business ethics - Overview

1 Business ethics reflects the philosophy of business, one of whose aims is to determine the fundamental purposes of a company. If a

company's purpose is to maximize shareholder returns, then sacrificing profits to

other concerns is a violation of its fiduciary responsibility. Corporate entities are legally considered as persons in USA and in most nations. The 'corporate persons' are legally entitled to the rights and liabilities due to

citizens as persons.



1 [http://books.google.com/books?id=V-HO7Bn2T14Cpg=PA9 Activist Business Ethics]



1 Business Ethics: A manual for managing a responsible business

enterprise in emerging market economies



1 Ethical issues include the rights and duties between a company and its

stakeholder theory|employees, suppliers, customers and neighbors,

its fiduciary responsibility to its shareholders



1 According to [http://ibe.org.uk/index.asp?upid=1 IBE]/ [http://www.ipsos-mori.com/ Ipsos MORI] research published in late 2012, the three major areas of public concern regarding business ethics in Britain are executive pay,

corporate tax avoidance and bribery and corruption.For a summary of the

study see http://www.ibe.org.uk/userfiles/attitu

des_to_be2012.pdf


Business ethics - Finance

1 Fundamentally, finance is a social science

discipline


Business ethics - Finance

1 In financial analysis, a channel check is third-party research on a

company's business based on collecting information from the

distribution channels of the company. It may be conducted in order to value

the company, to perform due diligence in various contexts, and the

like.


Business ethics - Finance paradigm

1 Aristotle said, the end and purpose of the polis is the good life.Aristotle 1948 Politics E



1 Neoliberal recommendations to developing countries to

unconditionally open up their economies to transnational finance corporations was fiercely contested

by some ethicists.Escobar, A



1 Dobson observes, a rational agent is simply one who pursues personal material advantage ad infinitum


Business ethics - Other issues

1 Bowie (Ed.), [http://books.google.com/books?id=CHtbwX11oUICpg=PA145 The

Blackwell guide to business ethics] (pp


Business ethics - Human resource management

1 Human resource management occupies the sphere of activity of recruitment selection, orientation,

performance appraisal, training and development, industrial relations and

Occupational safety and health|health and safety issues.Walsh, A



1 Bowie (Ed.), The Blackwell guide to business ethics (pp



1 Discrimination by age (preferring the ageism|young or the seniority|old), sex discrimination|gender/sexual harassment, racial discrimination|

race, religious discrimination|religion, disability, weight and attractiveness. A common approach to remedying discrimination is affirmative action.



1 Potential employees have ethical obligations to employers, involving intellectual property protection and

whistle-blowing.



1 Employers must consider Occupational safety and health|

workplace safety, which may involve modifying the workplace, or

providing appropriate training or hazard disclosure.



1 Larger economic issues such as immigration, trade policy, globalization and trade unionism

affect workplaces and have an ethical dimension, but are often beyond the purview of individual companies.Legge, K. The ethics of HRM in dealing with individual employees without collective representation. Morehead,

A., Steele, M., Stephen, K., and Duffin, L. (1997). Changes at Work: The 1995

Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey. Melbourne: Longman


Business ethics - Trade unions

1 Unions for example, may push employers to establish due process for workers, but may also cost jobs

by demanding unsustainable compensation and work

rules.Reinhold, R


Business ethics - Trade unions

1 Unionized workplaces may confront union busting and strike breaking

and face the ethical implications of work rules that advantage some

workers over others.


Business ethics - Management strategy

1 Among the many people management strategies that companies employ are a soft

approach that regards employees as a source of creative energy and

participants in workplace decision making, a hard version explicitly

focused on control and Theory Z that emphasizes philosophy, culture and

consensushttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html

Business ethics - Sales and marketing

1 Marketing ethics came of age only as late as 1990s. Marketing ethics was

approached from ethical perspectives of virtue or virtue

ethics, deontology, consequentialism, pragmatic ethics|

pragmatism and relativism.



1 Ethics Marketing deals http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

title=Business_ethicsaction=editsection=10s with the principles, values and/or ideals by

which marketers (and marketing institutions) ought to act.Brenkert, G. K.

[http://books.google.com/books?id=PDXVnfyKHBICpg=PA179 Marketing ethics].

Marketing ethics is also contested terrain, beyond the previously described issue of

potential conflicts between profitability and other concerns.



1 in Normative Theory and Business Ethics



1 Marketing ethics, regardless of the product offered or the market

targeted, sets the guidelines for which good marketing is practiced



1 in Cutting Edge Issues in Business Ethics



1 Marketing ethics involves pricing practices, including illegal actions

such as price fixing and legal actions including price discrimination and price skimming also the main two issues of pricing involve overprice and price markups and markdowns which may lead to a monopolistic

position, force (seller), or ignorance on behalf of the buyer


Business ethics - Production

1 This area of business ethics usually deals with the duties of a company to ensure that products and production processes do not needlessly cause

harm


Business ethics - Property

1 The etymological root of property is the Latin

'proprius'[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=property Online

Etymology Dictionary]


Business ethics - Modern history of property rights

1 Modern discourse on property emerged by the turn of 17th century within theological discussions of that

time



1 In 1802 Utilitarian Jeremy Bentham stated, property and law are born

together and die together.Bentham, J



1 One argument for property ownership is that it enhances

individual liberty by extending the line of non-interference by the state

or others around the person


Business ethics - Slaves as property

1 During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, slavery spread

to European colonies including America, where colonial legislatures defined the legal status of slaves as

a form of property.Ely, J



1 Combined with theological justification, property was taken to be essentially naturally ordained by God.In this regards Ross (1994:14) notes,

within the liberal context the private nature of property is naturalized and universalized, as

though other forms are somehow less ethically defensible Property, which later gained meaning

as ownership and appeared natural to Locke, Jefferson and to many of the 18th and 19th

century intellectuals Rose observes, What is the purpose of property under this



1 However, for a slave to be considered property of another

person, under the Kantian Categorical Imperative, the slave is

no longer considered a person. According to Kant, all people must be

treated as ends themselves, and when converted to property, that is

no longer the case. Ethically speaking one can never possess

another human being, it is immoral.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html

Business ethics - Natural right vs social construct

1 Neoliberals hold that private property rights are a non-negotiable natural right.Tom Bethell Private Property

[http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=23

Digital History]



1 In common parlance property rights

involve a 'bundle of rights'Cooter, R



1 Menon claims that the autonomous individual, responsible for his/her

own existence is a cultural construct moulded by Western culture rather

than the truth about the human condition.Menon observes, Atomy, in

short, is selfishness and free fulfillment of sovereign self at the

cost of the other



1 In the neoliberal literature, property is part of the private side of a

public/private dichotomy and acts a counterweight to state power



1 Private property has never been a universal doctrine, although since the end of the Cold War is it has

become nearly so



1 Property does not exist in isolation, and so property

rights too


Business ethics - Intellectual property

1 Intellectual property (IP) encompasses expressions of ideas, thoughts, codes and

information



1 International standards relating to Intellectual Property Rights are enforced through Agreement on

Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).Drahos and Braithwaite write, When in 1994 we

interviewed a former US trade negotiator, he remarked that 'less

than 50 individuals' were responsible for TRIPS



1 The US Constitution included the power to protect intellectual

property, empowering the Federal government to promote the progress

of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to

their respective writings and discoveries.Steelman, A



1 One attack on IPR is moral rather than utilitarian, claiming that

inventions are mostly a collective, cumulative, path dependent, social

creation and therefore, no one person or firm should be able to

monopolize them even for a limited period



1 Mindeli and Pipiya hold that the knowledge economy is an economy

of abundance because it relies on the infinite potential of knowledge and

ideas rather than on the limited resources of natural resources, labor

and capital



1 Ethical and legal issues include: Patent infringement, copyright infringement,

trademark infringement, patent misuse|patent and copyright misuse, submarine patents, biological patents, patent troll|

patent, copyright troll|copyright and trademark trolling, Employee raiding and

monopolizing talent, Bioprospecting, biopiracy and industrial espionage,

digital rights management.



1 Notable IP copyright cases include AM Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.|

Napster, Eldred v. Ashcroft and Air Pirates.


Business ethics - International issues

1 While business ethics emerged as a field in the 1970s, international

business ethics did not emerge until the late 1990s, looking back on the international developments of that decade. Many new practical issues

arose out of the international context of business. Theoretical issues such as cultural relativity of ethical values receive more emphasis in this field. Other, older issues can be grouped here as well. Issues and subfields

include:



1 * The search for universal values as a basis for international commercial behaviour.



1 * Comparison of business ethical traditions in different countries. Also on the basis of their respective GDP

and [Corruption rankings].



1 * Ethical issues arising out of international business transactions; e.g., bioprospecting and biopiracy in the pharmaceutical industry; the fair

trade movement; transfer pricing.



1 * Issues such as globalization and cultural imperialism.



1 * Varying global standards—e.g., the use

of child labor.



1 * The way in which multinationals take advantage of international differences, such as outsourcing

production (e.g. clothes) and services (e.g. call centres) to low-wage

countries.



1 The success of any business depends on its financial performance.

Financial accounting helps the management to report and also

control the business performance.



1 The information regarding the financial performance of the

company plays an important role in enabling people to take right decision

about the company. Therefore, it becomes necessary to understand how to record based on accounting conventions and concepts ensure unambling and accurate records.



1 Foreign countries often use dumping as a competitive threat, selling products at prices lower than their normal value. This can lead to problems in domestic markets. It becomes

difficult for these markets to compete with the pricing set by foreign markets. In 2009,

the International Trade Commission has been researching anti-dumping laws. Dumping is

often seen as an ethical issue, as larger companies are taking advantage of other less

economically advanced companies.


Business ethics - Economic systems

1 Political economy and political philosophy have ethical implications, particularly regarding the distribution of economic benefits. John Rawls and

Robert Nozick are both notable contributors. For example, Rawls has

been interpreted as [http://works.bepress.com/julian_friedland/3/ offering a critique of offshore

outsourcing] on social contract grounds, whereas Nozick's libertarian philosophy rejects the notion of any positive corporate social obligation.


Business ethics - Law and regulation

1 Very often it is held that business is not bound by any ethics other than abiding by the

law



1 Counter to Friedman's logic it is observed that legal procedures are

technocratic, bureaucratic, rigid and obligatory where as ethical act is conscientious, voluntary choice beyond normativity.Agamben, G



1 Utilitarianist philosophers agree with Friedman's view that businesses

should not be held to ethical standards. These utilitarianists argue

that allowing businesses to do whatever they want will allow for a greater increase in happiness than

would otherwise be achieved.Gustafson, Andrew, In Defense of a Utilitarian Business Ethic (Fall 2013). Business and

Society Review, Vol. 118, Issue 3, pp. 325-360, 2013.



1 Followers of Kantian Ethics also advocate ethical conduct for

business, derived from the belief that every person and organization must

follow ethical maxims.Johnson, Robert (2008). Kant's Moral

Philosophy. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.


Business ethics - Corporate policies

1 As part of more comprehensive compliance and ethics programs, many companies have formulated internal policies pertaining to the

ethical conduct of employees



1 An increasing number of companies also require employees to attend

seminars regarding business conduct, which often include

discussion of the company's policies, specific case studies, and legal

requirements. Some companies even require their employees to sign

agreements stating that they will abide by the company's rules of

conduct.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html


1 Many companies are assessing the environmental factors that can lead employees to engage in unethical conduct. A competitive business

environment may call for unethical behaviour. Lying has become

expected in fields such as trading. An example of this are the issues

surrounding the unethical actions of the Saloman Brothers.



1 Not everyone supports corporate policies that govern ethical conduct. Some claim that ethical problems are better dealt with by depending upon

employees to use their own judgment.



1 Others believe that corporate ethics policies are primarily rooted in

utilitarian concerns, and that they are mainly to limit the company's

legal liability, or to curry public favour by giving the appearance of

being a good corporate citizen. Ideally, the company will avoid a

lawsuit because its employees will follow the rules. Should a lawsuit

occur, the company can claim that the problem would not have arisen if the employee had only followed the

code properly.



1 Sometimes there is disconnection between the company's code of ethics and the company's actual

practices. Thus, whether or not such conduct is explicitly sanctioned by management, at worst, this makes

the policy duplicitous, and, at best, it is merely a marketing tool.



1 For instance, US Department of Commerce ethics program treats

business ethics as a set of instructions and procedures to be followed by 'ethics officers'., some

others claim being ethical is just for the sake of being ethical


Business ethics - Ethics officers

1 In 1991, the [ http://www.theecoa.org Ethics Compliance Officer

Association] (ECOA)—originally the Ethics Officer Association (EOA)—was

founded at the [ http://www.bentley.edu/cbe Center

for Business Ethics] (at Bentley College, Waltham, MA) as a

professional association for those responsible for managing

organizations' efforts to achieve ethical best practices



1 Another critical factor in the decisions of companies to appoint ethics/compliance officers

was the passing of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations in 1991, which set

standards that organizations (large or small, commercial and non-commercial) had to follow to obtain a reduction in sentence if they should

be convicted of a federal offense. Although intended to assist judges with sentencing, the influence in helping to establish best practices

has been far-reaching.



1 In the wake of numerous corporate scandals between 2001 and 2004 (affecting large corporations like

Enron, WorldCom and Tyco International|Tyco), even small and

medium-sized companies have begun to appoint ethics officers



1 The effectiveness of ethics officers is not clear



1 The foundation for ethical behaviour goes well beyond corporate culture

and the policies of any given company, for it also depends greatly

upon an individual's early moral training, the other institutions that

affect an individual, the competitive business environment the company is in and, indeed, society as a whole.


Business ethics - Ethics services

1 Some organizations offer services to help others implement corporate

ethics, to evaluate codes of conduct or to rank companies by their ethics.



1 Such organizations may be op to criticism for conflicts of

interest.



1 For example, the journalist Will Evans (journalist)|Will Evans

criticizedhttp://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2010/03/

its_all_good.single.html, Article of 19 March 2010 on Slate by Will Evans

criticizing Ethisphere. the Ethisphere Institute in March 2010 on Slate

(magazine)|Slate magazine



1 and for including McDonald's in their

awards.


Business ethics - Academic discipline

1 As of 2009, sixteen academic journals devoted to various business ethics issues existed, with Journal of Business Ethics and Business Ethics Quarterly considered the leaders.


Business ethics - Academic discipline

1 The Charter is directed by Harvard, MIT, and Fulbright Scholars, and it

includes graduate-level coursework in economics, politics, marketing,

management, technology, and legal aspects of business development as

it pertains to business ethics


Business ethics - Religious views

1 Business Ethics


Business ethics - Related disciplines

1 Business ethics operates on the premise, for example, that the ethical operation of a private

business is possible—those who dispute that premise, such as

libertarian socialism|libertarian socialists, (who contend that

business ethics is an oxymoron) do so by definition outside of the

domain of business ethics proper.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html


1 The philosophy of business also deals with questions such as what, if any, are the social responsibility|social

responsibilities of a business; business management theory; theories of individualism vs. collectivism; free will among

participants in the marketplace; the role of selfishness|self interest;

invisible hand theories; the requirements of social justice; and natural rights, especially property rights, in relation to the business

enterprise.



1 Business ethics is also related to political economy, which is economic analysis from political and economic

history|historical perspectives. Political economy deals with the

distributive consequences of economic actions. It asks who gains

and who loses from economic activity, and is the resultant

distribution of wealth|distribution fair or just, which are central ethical

issues.


Corporate social entrepreneurship - Business ethics perspective

1 and Maclagan, P.W., Managers Personal Values as Drivers of

Corporate Social Responsibility, Journal of Business Ethics, 50(1),

March (I), pp.33–44


Philosophy of healthcare - Business ethics

1 Weber, Business Ethics in Healthcare: Beyond Compliance (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), 30


Rotman School of Management - Clarkson Centre for Business Ethics Board Effectiveness

1 The Clarkson Centre for Business Ethics and Board Effectiveness (CCBE) is the locus of corporate

governance research and communications at the Rotman

School of Management


Rotman School of Management - Clarkson Centre for Business Ethics Board Effectiveness

1 Since 2002, CCBE’s annual Board Shareholder Confidence Index has

become the standard by which Canadian governance best practices

are measured.


Teleology - Business ethics

1 Businessmen commonly think in terms of purposeful action as in, for

example, management by objectives. Teleological analysis of business

ethics leads to consideration of the full range of Stakeholder (corporate)|

stakeholders in any business decision, including the management,

the staff, the customers, the shareholders, the country, humanity

and the environment.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html

Haram - Business ethics

1 Riba, any excessive addition over and above the principal, such as

usury and interest, is prohibited in Islam in all forms. Interest goes

against the Islamic pillar of Zakāt which allows wealth to flow from the

rich to the poor. Riba is prohibited because it keeps wealth in the hands

of the wealthy and keeps it away from the poor. It is also believed that riba makes a man selfish and greedy. In relation to this, Cashback reward

program are also prohibited.



1 All business and trade practices that do not result in free and fair

exchange of goods and services are considered haram, such as bribery,

stealing, and gambling. Therefore, all forms of deceit and dishonesty in business are prohibited in Islam.



1 There are a number of Quranic verses that relate to the prohibition

of unethical business practices:


Journal of Business Ethics Education

1 The 'Journal of Business Ethics Education' is a Peer review|peer-reviewed academic journal that

examines the particular challenges facing business ethics educators


Journal of Business Ethics Education - Notable contributors

1 * Joanne B. Ciulla


Facilitation payment - Business ethics

1 While being legal, facilitating payments are still considered to be questionable from the point of view

of business ethics.Argandoña, Antonio (2005). Corruption and

Companies: The Use of Facilitating Payments, Journal of Business Ethics,

vol. 60, 251-264.Bailes, Robert (2006). Facilitation Payments:

Culturally Acceptable or Unacceptable Corrupt? Business

Ethics: A European Review, 15(3), 293-298. The following arguments

have been made:



1 *Unfair competition: smaller business have fewer opportunities and less

financial possibilities to grease foreign officials.



1 *sustaining questionable business practices.



1 *dependence on irregular payments creates additional risk and hence discourages

investment



1 Many companies therefore restrict or severely limit making facilitating

payments in their policies, however this practice is not yet widespread


Jewish business ethics

1 'Jewish Business Ethics' is a form of applied Jewish ethics that

examines ethical issues that arise in a business environment


Jewish business ethics - Ethical perspective

1 Talmudic tradition (Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat [http://www.mechon-

mamre.org/b/l/l2102.htm 31a]) that in one's Afterlife#Olam Haba|

judgement in the next world the first question asked is: were you honest in

business? In addition to this, and numerous other Talmudic passages,

the Musar literature|Mussar and Chassidic literature also discuss business ethics at great length



1 Aggadah|Aggadic and Midrashic discussions relating to honesty in business include the

following



1 Rabbi Yisrael Lipkin Salanter (19th century), founder of the Musar

movement in Eastern Europe, put a great deal of emphasis on business ethics, and taught that just as one checks carefully to make sure their food is kosher, so too should one

check to see if his money is earned in a kosher fashion.Chofetz Chaim, Sfat

Tamim, chapter 5 The Chofetz Chaim’s first published work

concerned honesty in weights and measures.



1 Some examples in Chassidic thought follow; for further resources here see chabad.org :

[http://www.chabad.org/search/keyword_cdo/kid/9419/jewish/Business-Ethics.htm Business Ethics] and.The Rohr Jewish

Learning Institute: [http://www.myjli.com/index.html?task=courses_detailcid=1006 Money Matters: Jewish

Business Ethics] Based on a Maamar of the Lubavitch Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, it is learned that meditation

and prayer, while spiritually transformative, do not match the power of doing business ethically

([http://chabadlibrary.org/books/default.aspx?furl=/admur/mlukat/2/4 Padah B’Shalom, 5739]).Tzvi Freeman:

[http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1748866/jewish/The-Kabbalah-of-Making-Money.htm The Kabbalah of Making

Money]



1 :“The Mezzuzah that we affix to the doorpost is connected to the things that we bring in and take out of our

houses


Jewish business ethics - Legal treatment

1 As mentioned, there are over 100 Mitzvot (commandments) concerning commercial and business conduct– a few examples are discussed in the

following sub-sections


Jewish business ethics - Legal treatment

1 Meir Tamari [http://www.torah.org/learning/business-ethics/archives.html The Challenge of Wealth] as well

as the resources listed at;[http://www.besr.org/DCPage.aspx?PageID=200

The Business Ethics Center of Jerusalem] for discussion relating to specific contemporary issues

see Yeshivat Darche Noam [http://www.darchenoam.org/ethics/business/bus_home.htm Judaism in the Workplace: Professional Ethics

Halakha] and #Contemporary_applications|below; for a more holistic Halachic discussion, with detailed

references, see the works by Marburger and Wagschal in references.


Jewish business ethics - Requirement of accurate weights and measures

1 According to the Book of Leviticus (19:35-36): “You shall not falsify measures of length, weight, or

capacity. You shall have an honest balance, an honest weight, an honest

ephah, and an honest hin.”


Jewish business ethics - Prohibition of monetary deception (ona'at mamon)

1 Leviticus 25:14 teaches: “When you sell anything to your neighbor or buy

anything from your neighbor, you shall not deceive one another.” The Talmud (Bava Metzia 49b and 50b) and later codes (Rambam, Mekhira, Chapter 12) expand on this verse to

create a series of specific laws prohibiting ona'ah, monetary

deceptionhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html


1 Either seller or purchaser, whether merchant or one in private life, may

make the complaint, notwithstanding the opinion to the contrary of R.

Judah ben Ilai. The purchaser imposed upon may ask either for rescission of the transaction or for

the return of the excess paid by him.



1 In the case of changing money it was suggested that a lack in weight of even one

in twelve should be sufficient ground for complaint, but the prevailing opinion fixed here also the ratio of one in six. Within a

great city the time for complaint extends until the money in question can be shown to a

money-changer; in villages, where no money-changer is to be found, until the eve of the Sabbath, when the party deceived is apt to

tender the coin in payment for his purchases.


Jewish business ethics - Prohibition of verbal deception (ona'at devarim)

1 Leviticus 25:17 teaches: “Do not deceive one another, but fear your God, for I the Lord am your God.”

Since Leviticus 25:14 was understood as referring to monetary deception, the Talmud concludes that Leviticus

25:17 refers to verbal deception, ona'at devarim.



1 In Baba Metziah (iv



1 On the authority of R


Jewish business ethics - Geneivat da’at (“stealing a person’s mind”)

1 Geneivat da'at, literally stealing of the mind/knowledge), refers to a kind

of dishonest misrepresentation or deception



1 Rabbi David Golinkin has explained the principle's application to business ethics as

follows:



1 We would call it false packaging or false labeling. The Talmud gives a number of specific examples: One

should not sift the beans at the top of the bushel because he is “deceiving the eye” by making the customer

think that the entire bushel has been sifted. It is forbidden to paint animals or utensils in order to improve their

appearance or cover up their defects (Bava Metzia 60a-b).



1 Such behavior is clearly forbidden by Jewish

law.[http://www.uscj.org/Basic_Principles_of_6097.html Some Basic

Principles of Jewish Business Ethics]


Jewish business ethics - Putting a stumbling block before the blind

1 A statement in the Torah (Leviticus 19:14) prohibits placing a stumbling

block before the blindness|blind. Jewish tradition sees this as a

figuratively expressed prohibition against misleading people. When it

comes to business ethics, Rabbi David Golinkin has pointed to the following examples of what this

principle prohibits:https://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html

Jewish business ethics - Putting a stumbling block before the blind

1 A real estate agent should not dupe a young couple into buying a home

with structural faults simply in order to make a fast buck. A stockbroker

should not sell his client a bad investment just to collect the

commission. A salesman should not convince his customer to buy an

expensive item he really has no use for.


Jewish business ethics - Contemporary applications

1 There are numerous published responsa dealing with specific

contemporary issues; a few of many examples are discussed below. For

further cases here, see.


Jewish business ethics - Treatment of workers

1 Rabbi Jill Jacobs (rabbi)|Jill Jacobs authored a responsum in 2008,

approved by Conservative Judaism's Committee on Jewish Law and

Standards, which argued that Jews are obligated to pay their workers on

time, strive to pay their workers a living wage, and to treat their

workers with dignity and respect


Jewish business ethics - Whistleblowing

1 Rabbi Barry Leff authored a responsum in 2007, approved by

Conservative Judaism's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards,

regarding an employee's obligation to report wrongdoing on the part of

his or her employer


Journal of Business Ethics

1 The 'Journal of Business Ethics' is a Peer review|peer-reviewed academic

journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering methodological and disciplinary

aspects of ethical issues related to business, including systems of

production, consumption, marketing, advertising, social and economic accounting, labor relations, public

relations and organizational behaviorhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html

Journal of Business Ethics - Abstracting and indexing

1 The journal is abstracted and indexed in: ABI/INFORM, Business Source Alumni Edition, Business Source Complete, Business Source Elite, Business Source Plus, Cengage,

Communication Abstracts, Corporate ResourceNet, ERIH, Science Citation Index, Scopus, and The Philosopher's

Index.


Journal of Business Ethics - Mergers

1 In 2004 the Journal of Business Ethics merged with the International Journal

of Value-Based Management and Teaching Business Ethics.


Business Ethics Quarterly

1 Business Ethics Quarterly is an official journal of the Society for

Business Ethics and is published on a non-profit basis by the Philosophy

Documentation Center


Business Ethics Quarterly - Abstracting and indexing

1 According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 2.702.


Hoya Corporation - Business ethics and corporate social responsibility

1 In 2008 the glass disk subsidiary in Thailand was involved in a labour dispute. After the involvement of some customers that the dismissed workers were reinstated, and

both management and union accepted to participate in harmonious communication.[http://goodelectronics.org/news-en/hoya-

glass-disk-thailand-a-long-road-to-unionisation Hoya Glass Disk (Thailand) - a

long road to unionisation]


Teleological - Business ethics

1 Business people commonly think in terms of purposeful action as in, for

example, management by objectives. Teleological analysis of business

ethics leads to consideration of the full range of Stakeholder (corporate)|

stakeholders in any business decision, including the management,

the staff, the customers, the shareholders, the country, humanity

and the environment.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html

For More Information, Visit:

• https://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html

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Business Ethics