Busines Research 2

8/2/2019 Busines Research 2

1/25

Presented by

AnumHumaira

Rubbiya

Presented to

maam amber


2/25

1.1What is research?

Research is the process of finding

solutions to a problem after athorough study and analysis of thesituational factors.

1 Introduction to Research


3/25

1.2.What is business research?

Research provides the needed information

that guides managers to make informed

decisions to successfully deal withproblems.

The information provided could be the

result of a careful analysis of data gatheredfirsthand or of data that are alreadyavailable (in the company).


4/25

1.3.Types of Business research.

1.Applied research

Is to solve a current problem faced by themanager in the work setting,demanding atimely solution.

2.Basic research (fundamental, pure)

Is to generate a body of knowledge by trying to

understand how certain problems that occur inorganizations can be solved.

The findings of such research contribute to thebuilding of knowledge in the various functional

areas of business.


5/25

1.4. Why is it important for managers to know

about research?

Solve problems

Decision making tool

Competition

Risk

Investment

Hire researchers and consultants moreeffectively


6/25

2 Scientific Investigation

1Observation

2 Identification of problem area

3 Theoretical framework 4 Hypotheses

5 Research design

6 Data collection

7 Data analysis

8 Data interpretation

9 Implementation


7/25

The seven-step process in the

Hypothetico-Deductive method

1Observation 2 Problem identification

preliminary information gathering 3 Theoretical framework

theory formulation 4 Hypothesizing

5 Research design further scientific data collection

6 logical analysis 7 Deduction


8/25

The seven-step process

problem statement is a clear, precise, and succinct statement of thequestion or issue that is to be investigated with the goal of finding ananswer or solution.

Theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire researchproject is based.It is logically developed,described,and elaborated networkof associations among the variables relevant to the problem situation.

A hypothesis is a tentative statement that proposes a possible explanationto some phenomenon or event. A useful hypothesis is a testable statementwhich may include a prediction. A hypotheses should not be confused witha theory.

Data analysis: the data gathered are statistically analyzed to see if the hypothesesthat were generated have been supported.

Measurement is the process observing and recording the observations thatare collected as part of a research effort.

Deduction is the process of arriving at conclusions by interpreting the meaning ofthe data analysis results.

Or else we can say from general theory to specific case.


9/25

Problem Formulation

"Well begun is half done" --Aristotle,quoting an old proverb

Where do research topics come from?

The idea for a research project?

one of the most common sources of research

ideas is the experience ofpractical problemsin the field?

The Literature Review


10/25

The Research Cycle

The Research Cycle http://questioning.org/rcycle.html

QUESTIONING

PLANNING GATHERING SORTING & SIFTING

SYNTHESIZING

EVALUATING

REPORTING* http://questioning.org/module/cycle.html

Research Project?

http://www.ri.net/schools/East_Greenwich/research.html


11/25

Information needs in business

Almost every organization has to engage inresearch at some level to stay competitive.

Companiesgather data both from within and

outside the organization. The methods used togather,analyze,and

synthesize information from the externalandinternal environments are becoming

increasingly sophisticated to the immense scopeofcomputertechnology.


12/25

Computer Technology and Business

ICT Information

Communication Technology


13/25

The research process

1Observation

2 Data gathering

3 Problem definition

4 Theoretical framework (variables identified) 5Hypotheses

6 Research design

7Data collection,analysis,interpretation

8 Deduction

9 Report writing

10 Report presentation

11Managerial decision making


14/25

Research design

Purpose of the study:

Exploratory study

Is undertaken when no information is available on how similarproblems or research issues have been solved in the past

Descriptive study Is to able to describe the characteristics of the variables of interest in a

situation.

Hypotheses testing

Is undertaken to explain the variance in the dependent variable or topredict organizational outcomes.

Case studies Research design can be thought of as the structure of research --it

is the "glue" that holds all of the elements in a research projecttogether


15/25

Measurement

The rating scale

Have several response catagories

Likert scale is designed o exermine how stronglysubject agree or disagree with statements on a 5-point scale

Ranking scale

Are used to tap preferences between two or moreobjects or items

Goodness of measure: reliability,validity


16/25

Data collection methods

Data can be collected in a variety ways ,data

sources can be primary or secondary.

Data collection methods such as: interview(face-to-face,telephone,computer-

assisted interviews),

Questionaires

Observation

Motivational techniques


17/25

Sampling

A sample is a subset of the population.

Sample is the process of selecting a sufficient number ofelements from the population.

Studying a sample rather the entire population issometimes to lead to more reliable results, mostlybecause fatigue is reduced,resulting in fewer errors oncollection data. (time, cost,human resources)

Surveys are useful and powerful in finding answers to

research question but if data are not collected from thepeople or objects that can provide the correct answersto solve the problem, the survey will be in vain.


18/25

Data Analysis and Interpretation

The data analysis involves three major steps, done inroughly this order:

Cleaning and organizing the data for analysis (DataPreparation)

Describing the data (Descriptive Statistics)

http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/statdesc.php

Testing Hypotheses and Models (InferentialStatistics)


19/25

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures.

Central Tendency. The central tendency of a distribution is an estimate of the"center" of a distribution of values. There are three major types of estimates ofcentral tendency: M

ean is the most common-used measure of data tendency.=average. Median is the middle value , when the data is arranged in numerical order.

Mode is the value ( number) that appears the most.

Dispersion(Range,Standard Diviation)refers to the spread of the values aroundthe central tendency

Inferential statistics t-test, Analysis ofVariance (ANOVA), Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA),

regression analysis,Correlation is a measure of the relation between two or morevariables.

we use inferential statistics to make judgments of the probability that anobserved difference between groups. Thus, we use inferential statistics to makeinferences from our data to more general conditions;

we use descriptive statistics simply to describe what's going on in our data.


20/25

Statistics methods

Central tendency

Exercise http://www.quia.com/rr/51667.html http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/Math/mean/Pmeasure.htm http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/grizzly/432/Research.htm http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/statdesc.php


21/25

The Research Report

Researh proposal

Research report

Research presentation


22/25

Research report articles vary in how they areorganized, :

Abstract -Brief summary of the contents of the article

Introduction - A explanation of the purpose of the study, a statement of theresearch question(s) the study intends to address

Literature review -A critical assessmentofthe work done so faronthis topic, toshowhowthe currentstudy relates to whathas already been done

Methods - How the study was carried out (e.g. instruments or equipment,procedures, methods to gather and analyze data)

Results -What was found in the course of the study

Discussion -What do the results mean

Conclusion -State the conclusions and implications of the results, and discuss

how it relates to the work reviewed in the literature review; also, point todirections for further work in the area

http://www.wesleyan.edu/libr/tut/litrev/thelitrev.html


23/25

ResearchProposal

Title Page

Abstract(on a separate single page)

The Body (no page breaks between sections in the body)

Introduction(2-3 pages)

Methods (7-10 pages)

Sample(1 page)

Measures (2-3pages)

Design(2-3 pages)

Procedures (2-3pages)

Results(2-3 pages) Conclusions (1-2pages)

References

Tables (one to a page)

Figures(one to a page)

Appendices

Formattinghttp://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/formatting.php


24/25

Question?

How can you solve business problem?

Why do you need to know how to write the researchproposal?

Do you understand the research process?

Do you know why do you have to identify problemstatement clearly before doing research?

Do you know why sampling and statistics are important tothe research result?

Why do you have to identify the limitation of your study?

Why the research report and presentation are important?

Do you know how to apply the steps of the researchprocess ?


25/25

Questions

1.If you want to set up a coffee shop nearthe university and school, what is your

research topic? 2.Identify the problem statement.

3.Identify the objectives

4.The hypotheses 5. The research methodology.

6. The examples of the questionaire

Documents

Busines Research 2