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Abstracts 301 per cent of the body surface. Isometric contractile ten- sion and its maximal rate of increase were not signifi- cantly altered by the injury however, the maximal rate of relaxation was uniformly less in muscle from the burned group at all times up to 4 hours after in vitro contractile responses were elicited. Similarly the relax- ation responses to increased stimulation frequency and calcium concentration were generally less in the burned group. Adams H. R., Baxter C. R. and Parker J. L. (1982) Contractile function of heart muscle from burned guinea-pigs. Circ. Shock. 9, 63. Benefits of Early Wound Closure Early excision and wound closure on the first day after burning in guinea-pigs reduced the catabolic response and immunological depression. Compared with scalded but not excised animals early wound closure was followed by weight gains and thymic DNA synthe- sis which returned to normal by the sixth day after burning. Supranormal plasma and thymic free cortisol levels returned to normal by day 6 in the excised group but remained markedly elevated in the burned but not excised animals. Echinard C. E., Sajdel-Sulkowska E., Burke P. A. et al (1982) The beneficial effect of early excision on clinical response and thymic activity after burn injury. J. Trauma. 22, 560. Patterns of Vascular Damage Angiographic studies in rabbits showed the patterns of vascular damage induced by electrical burns and by frostbite. Frostbite caused a progressive increase in arterial and venous thrombosis after initial spasm over the period between I5 minutes and 48 hours. The elec- trical injury had caused serious vascular damage by 15 minutes after injury and there was only a slight deterioration over the following 47 hours. Anti- coagulation and medical sympathectomy delayed the appearance of vascular injury but did not affect the ultimate vascular or tissue damage. Lazarus H. M. and Hutto W. (1982) Electric burns and frostbite patterns of vascular injury. J. Trauma. 22, 58 I. Burn Shock in Guinea-pigs Circulatory function was assessed in guinea-pigs with scalds covering either zero, 15.7,24.6 or 43.4 per cent of the body surface at I, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hours after injury. In contrast to the unchanging values in the con- trol, zeroburn, animals the haemodynamic functions of the scalded animals were abnormal and both the magnitude and duration of dysfunction generally depended upon the size of injury. Burn shock was characterized by haemoconcentration, hypothermia, tachycardia (bradycardia in the most severely injured) minimal adjustments in systemic blood pressure, hyperkalaemia, normonatraemia (hyponatraemia in the most severely injured), arterial acidaemia and de- creased respiratory rate. Circulatory functions of ani- mals in the two less severe injuries groups returned towards control levels during the. first 8 hours after injury. Severe shock persisted in the most severely injured animals with a 70 per cent mortality by 24 hours after injury. Adams H. R., Baxter C. R., Parker J. L. et al (198Ii Development of acute burn shock in unresuscitated guinea-pigs. Circ. Shock. 8, 6 13. LABORATORY STUDIES Watch out for High Serum Potassium Levels Ten batches of fresh frozen plasma stored with citrate phosphate dextrose were found to have a mean potas- sium concentration of 13.14 mmol/l (SE= 1.74) and a mean inorganic phosphate level of IO.73 mg per 100 ml (SE=0.48). Both these mean values are ap- proximately three times the values found in normal plasma. When large volumes of fresh frozen plasma with these potassium concentrations are given quickly soon after burning when renal function may be impaired toxic levels of potassium may occur. In con- trast the high levels of phosphate may be of benefit to those patients showing hypophosphataemia. Hauben D. J. and Mahler D. (1982) Hiah levels of potassium and inorganic phosphate in flesh frozen plasma stored with citrate phosphate dextrose. Bums. 9,68.

Burn shock in guinea-pigs

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Abstracts 301

per cent of the body surface. Isometric contractile ten- sion and its maximal rate of increase were not signifi- cantly altered by the injury however, the maximal rate of relaxation was uniformly less in muscle from the burned group at all times up to 4 hours after in vitro contractile responses were elicited. Similarly the relax- ation responses to increased stimulation frequency and calcium concentration were generally less in the burned group.

Adams H. R., Baxter C. R. and Parker J. L. (1982) Contractile function of heart muscle from burned guinea-pigs. Circ. Shock. 9, 63.

Benefits of Early Wound Closure Early excision and wound closure on the first day after burning in guinea-pigs reduced the catabolic response and immunological depression. Compared with scalded but not excised animals early wound closure was followed by weight gains and thymic DNA synthe- sis which returned to normal by the sixth day after burning. Supranormal plasma and thymic free cortisol levels returned to normal by day 6 in the excised group but remained markedly elevated in the burned but not excised animals.

Echinard C. E., Sajdel-Sulkowska E., Burke P. A. et al (1982) The beneficial effect of early excision on clinical response and thymic activity after burn injury. J. Trauma. 22, 560.

Patterns of Vascular Damage Angiographic studies in rabbits showed the patterns of vascular damage induced by electrical burns and by frostbite. Frostbite caused a progressive increase in arterial and venous thrombosis after initial spasm over the period between I5 minutes and 48 hours. The elec- trical injury had caused serious vascular damage by 15 minutes after injury and there was only a slight deterioration over the following 47 hours. Anti- coagulation and medical sympathectomy delayed the appearance of vascular injury but did not affect the ultimate vascular or tissue damage.

Lazarus H. M. and Hutto W. (1982) Electric burns and frostbite patterns of vascular injury. J. Trauma. 22, 58 I.

Burn Shock in Guinea-pigs Circulatory function was assessed in guinea-pigs with scalds covering either zero, 15.7,24.6 or 43.4 per cent of the body surface at I, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hours after injury. In contrast to the unchanging values in the con- trol, zeroburn, animals the haemodynamic functions of the scalded animals were abnormal and both the magnitude and duration of dysfunction generally depended upon the size of injury. Burn shock was characterized by haemoconcentration, hypothermia, tachycardia (bradycardia in the most severely injured) minimal adjustments in systemic blood pressure, hyperkalaemia, normonatraemia (hyponatraemia in the most severely injured), arterial acidaemia and de- creased respiratory rate. Circulatory functions of ani- mals in the two less severe injuries groups returned towards control levels during the. first 8 hours after injury. Severe shock persisted in the most severely injured animals with a 70 per cent mortality by 24 hours after injury.

Adams H. R., Baxter C. R., Parker J. L. et al (198 Ii Development of acute burn shock in unresuscitated guinea-pigs. Circ. Shock. 8, 6 13.

LABORATORY STUDIES Watch out for High Serum Potassium Levels Ten batches of fresh frozen plasma stored with citrate phosphate dextrose were found to have a mean potas- sium concentration of 13.14 mmol/l (SE= 1.74) and a mean inorganic phosphate level of IO.73 mg per 100 ml (SE=0.48). Both these mean values are ap- proximately three times the values found in normal plasma. When large volumes of fresh frozen plasma with these potassium concentrations are given quickly soon after burning when renal function may be impaired toxic levels of potassium may occur. In con- trast the high levels of phosphate may be of benefit to those patients showing hypophosphataemia.

Hauben D. J. and Mahler D. (1982) Hiah levels of potassium and inorganic phosphate in flesh frozen plasma stored with citrate phosphate dextrose. Bums. 9,68.