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Bullies and the Bullied: The Nature of Bullying in Schools. Lisa DeSouza Academic and Professional Tutor, University of Nottingham And Joint Acting Principal Educational Psychologist, Nottingham City February 2007. Learning Outcomes. Definitions of bullying in schools - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Bullies and the Bullied: The Nature of Bullying in
Schools
Lisa DeSouzaAcademic and Professional Tutor, University of Nottingham
AndJoint Acting Principal Educational Psychologist, Nottingham City
February 2007
Learning Outcomes
Definitions of bullying in schools Prevalence of bullying in schools Effects of bullying Characteristics of those who bully and those who are
bullied Influence of bystander behaviour Homophobic and racist bullying Interventions used in schools to tackle bullying The role of parents The role of educational psychologists
What is bullying?
No universal definition
Direct physical aggression
Direct verbal aggression
Indirect aggression/relational bullying
What is bullying?
“We say a child or young person is being bullied, or picked on when another child or young person, or a group of children or young people, say nasty and unpleasant things to him/her. It is also bullying when a child or a young person is hit, kicked threatened, locked inside a room, sent nasty notes, when no-one ever talks to them and things like that. These things can happen frequently and it is difficult for the child or the young person being bullied to defend himself/herself. It is also bullying when a child or young person is teased repeatedly in a nasty way. But it is not bullying when two children or young people of about the same strength have the odd fight or quarrel.”
(From Whitney & Smith, 1993; and Olweus, 1989, 1993, 1999)
Prevalence of Bullying in Schools
Rates of bullying vary depending on type of approach used to measure its extent
Main measures used: Children’s self report Teacher reports Observational studies Parental reports Peer nominations
Prevalence of Bullying in Schools
Physical and verbal bullying in primary schools – estimates range from 8% to 46% (based on self-reports)
Lower proportions of pupils reported bullying in secondary schools
Reporting less likely in schools perceived as being tolerant of bullying
Inaccurate figures due varying definitions of bullying
Why Children are Bullied – Potential Risk Factors
Difficulties with social skills/social competence and self-esteem
Lack of social support systems
Children with special educational needs
Effects of Bullying on Victims
Academic achievement
Mental Health
Physical Health
Adverse effects in adulthood
Characteristics of Those who Bully
Being victimised/bullied
Two groups: socially skilled vs. socially unskilled
More aggressive, lack of empathy
Home backgrounds-less affection, more violence
Effects of Bullying on Bullies
Increased risk of depression
Higher risk of criminal activity
Responses to Bullying
Aggressive response
Passive unconstructive response
Passive constructive response
Assertive response(From Sharp & Cowie, 1994)
Bystander Behaviour
Bullying occurs in groups
Bystanders key in either sustaining or preventing bullying
Bystanders often afraid of becoming involved
Bystander Behaviour
“Perhaps the most important factor in combating bullying is the social pressure brought to bear by the peer group rather than the condemnation of individual bullies by someone in authority” (Herbert, 1989; pp79-80)
Role of Bystanders
Assistants
Reinforcers
Outsiders
Defenders(Salmivalli, 1996, 1999)
Bystander Behaviour
9% - bystanders supported victim 6% - bystanders attempted a resolution 55% - bystanders made no response to help 7% - bystanders smiled/laughed 24% - bystanders supported bully
(Tapper & Boulton, 2005)
Homophobic and Racist Bullying
Little research in this area
Higher risk of being bullied if from an ethnic minority
Clear relationship between individualised racial bullying and institutional racial bullying
Homophobic and Racist Bullying
Homophobia has increased rather than decreased over last 20 years
30%-50% of young people attracted to others of same sex have experienced homophobic bullying in secondary schools (Warwick et al 2004)
Bullying long term, systematic and carried out by groups of peers as opposed to individuals
Strategies to tackle Homophobic and Racist Bullying
Support by school staff to victims of racist/homophobic bullying
Schools open to discuss matters of sexual orientation
Staff aware of issues re psychosexual development in childhood and adolescents
Training/awareness raising for staff Clear procedures in place to challenge racism
and homophobia
The Involvement of Parents/Carers
Assisting their children to develop social competence
Parental alertness to possibility of bullying
Awareness of school’s anti-bullying policy
Training workshops for parents/carers
Anti-Bullying Interventions
Peer support approaches Co-operative group work Circle Time Befriending/Buddy Schemes Circles of Friends Conflict resolution/mediation Peer Tutoring Peer Counselling Peer mentoring
Anti-Bullying Interventions
Pikas Method of Shared Concern Stage 1 – Meeting with group members Stage 2 – Meeting with person who has been
bullied Stage 3 – Further Meetings with group
members Stage 4 – Further meeting with all the group
members(Pikas, 1987)
Anti-Bullying Interventions
The No-Blame Approach Interview bullied pupil Arrange a meeting for all pupils who are
involved Explain the problem Share responsibility Identify solutions Let pupils take action themselves Meet them again
(Maines & Robinson, 1992)
Anti-bullying Interventions
Assertiveness Training for bullied pupils Body Language and eye contact Assertive Statements Resisting manipulation and threats Responding to name calling Enlisting support
(From Sharp et al, 1994)
Assertiveness training for bystanders
Anti-Bullying Interventions
Developing a whole-school anti-bullying policy
Government initiatives used in schools: “Don’t Suffer in Silence” (DfEE, 1994) Promoting Emotional Health and Wellbeing
(Healthy Schools, 2004) SEAL Materials– Social and Emotional
Aspects of Learning
Role of the Educational Psychologist
Supporting the implementation of anti-bullying interventions
Supporting schools in designing appropriate anti-bullying policies
Providing training and awareness raising programmes on bullying to staff, pupils and parents
Key References
DECP (2006) ‘British Psychological Society Submission to the Education and Skills Select Committee Inquiry into Bullying’ www.bps.org.uk
Olweus, D. (1993) Bullying at School: What we know and what we can do Blackwell
Reid, P., Monsen, J. & Rivers, I. (2004) ‘Psychology’s Contribution to Understanding and Managing Bullying within Schools’ Educational Psychology in Practice Vol 20, No 3 pp 241-268
Key References
Rigby, K. (2002) New Perspectives on Bullying Jessica Kingsley Publishers
Smith, P.K. & Sharp, S. (Eds) (1994) School Bullying: Insights and Perspectives London: Routledge