ENVIRON 830—Building Energy on Campus, Spring 2013 (updated January 27, 2013)

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Building Energy on Campus: Evaluating Efficiency and Conservation Measures at Duke ENVIRON 830 Duke University—Nicholas School of the Environment Spring 2013 Monday and Wednesday, 1:25 to 2:40 Gross Hall 104 Instructor: Tim Johnson, Associate Professor of the Practice in Energy and the Environment, and Energy and Environment MEM Program Chair tljohns@duke.edu | 919-681-9339 | Old Chem 203 Office Hours: Tues. 3:00 to 4:30 and Fri. 1:00 to 2:30, or by appointment With considerable help from: Steve Palumbo and Casey Collins, Facilities Management Division Course Description and Objectives Buildings use more than 40% of the energy consumed in the US, and are a natural target of energy efficiency and conservation measures. While the Green Building movement is associated with new construction, a significant part of the built environment in 2050 will consist of structures existing today. Building owners and facility managers, as well as the policy community, are therefore interested in identifying means of reducing energy consumption in the current building stock and taking advantage of the embodied energy already sunk into its construction. Such efficiency and conservation measures range from technical changes to lighting and HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems, to reduction in plug loads, retrofits to building envelopes, use of building-scale renewables, and changes in occupant behavior. Aiding this process is the increasing availability of data—from utility sources, as well as from sensors and building energy management systems—used in conjunction with building energy models to evaluate energy efficiency alternatives. Furthermore, the rise of building rating systems such as LEED, Green Globes, and Energy Star (which cover existing, as well as new, buildings) is focusing public attention on the connection between energy use and the built environment. This course is designed to increase students’ understanding of the linkage between building design and energy consumption by providing hands-on experience evaluating energy use in existing campus buildings, as well as familiarity with related building science concepts. Most of Duke’s buildings are tied into a larger campus system, and we will therefore focus on those aspects of building energy consumption that can be isolated and addressed through building-specific recommendations. In particular, the course will provide students with:

An understanding of how building design and operation, as well as occupant behavior, affect energy needs;

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An awareness of trends in building energy use, the forces motivating building energy efficiency improvements, and best practices for green design;

A working knowledge of building science fundamentals and related energy reduction strategies;

Hands-on experience collecting and analyzing energy usage and utility data, reading architectural and other technical drawings, conducting basic energy audits, and evaluating building energy reduction measures for a specific campus building;

Experience working in teams on a “real world” project; and

Practice developing recommendations for presentation to an actual client. This course will take advantage of a unique opportunity. Duke is in the rare position of having a dedicated Energy Manager and is fortunate that its Facilities Management Department (FMD) sees education as part of its mission. The campus will therefore provide a laboratory for student learning. Steve Palumbo (Duke’s Energy Manager) and Casey Collins (FMD Energy Engineer) have helped organize the class, and will lead occasional class discussions, conduct “back of the house” campus tours, facilitate access to campus buildings and energy data, and serve as a client for student projects.

Course Format The course will consist of discussions based on readings and material presented in class, presentations from Facilities Management staff, campus building tours, and guest lectures.

Prerequisites This course does not have formal prerequisites. All students interested in the connection between energy use and the built environment are welcome.

Coursework and Grading Your grade will be based on the following: Assignments: 40 points (4 assignments at 10 points each) Group Project: 50 points Class Participation: 10 points Assignments will consist of qualitative and quantitative problems dealing with building science fundamentals and building energy analysis, and will be due in class as noted on the schedule. The assignments are to be completed individually. While you may discuss the questions with your colleagues, the work you submit must have been completed on your own (per the Duke Honor Code). The Group Project will be an evaluation of specific measures to reduce energy use in an existing campus building, and will involve: data collection and analysis, energy auditing, spreadsheet-based energy modeling, consideration of occupant behavior, identification of alternative measures, calculation of financial savings, and presentation of final recommendations (written and oral) to Duke’s Facilities Management Division. Class participation will be based on attendance, contribution to class discussions, and evidence of having prepared for class. Policy on late assignments Assignments are due at the start of class on the date indicated, and will lose 20% of the maximum possible score for every day they are late.

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If you know of conflicts with the course schedule that will affect a majority of the students, please let me know as soon as possible. I will make exceptions only for serious illnesses and personal emergencies. If you are sick, you will need to complete the Short-Term Illness Notification Form (STINF) at: http://trinity.duke.edu/academic-requirements?p=policy-short-term-illness-notification. The website provides instructions, but note the following text:

“Definition of Incapacitation: An incapacitating illness or injury is one in which a student is hospitalized, under medical care for a short-term condition, or otherwise sufficiently debilitated as to be unable to perform basic academic tasks. Colds, headaches, or other such mild complaints that result in your feeling less than 100% are not considered incapacitating, and you should not use the STINF in such instances. Appropriate uses of the STINF might include such conditions as influenza, migraine, sinus infection, and strep throat.” In the event of something even more serious, of course, I will make every effort to accommodate your situation.

Readings Readings are available on Sakai or via web links to public documents and information resources. The schedule below lists reading assignments, which must be completed prior to each day’s class. I may also assign additional readings based on your interest in related topics. Your job is to read critically and use the factual basis we develop in class to reach your own conclusions about the issues we discuss.

Sakai If you are registered for the class, you should have access to our Sakai website. All course materials, including assignments and readings, are available on the site. Please check the site weekly for updates and other important announcements.

My Expectations of You This is your course. At minimum, I expect you to attend and be an active participant, which, in turn, requires that you arrive prepared, having completed the readings and other assignments before class. Please be on time and refrain from checking email and websurfing while we are together. I also expect you to have an open mind, but to think critically and use what we learn in making your own judgments. In addition, if you have suggestions about how to improve the course, please let me know. Feedback received midstream can be more useful (to you and me) than end-of-term evaluations, and I am happy to make reasonable changes if a majority concurs.

What You Can Expect From Me I’m here to help you learn. I understand and appreciate the diversity in your backgrounds, interests, and analytical strengths, and have tried to design the course to accommodate these differences while providing opportunities to help you develop in new areas. Again, feedback is appreciated. I’m available during office hours (see first page) if you have questions about the class or anything related, and I am happy to find mutually-agreeable times outside of these windows to meet. Just let me know what works best for you.

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Nicholas School Honor Code and the Duke Community Standard All activities of Nicholas School students, including those in this course, are governed by the Duke Community Standard (http://integrity.duke.edu/standard.html), which states: “Duke University is a community dedicated to scholarship, leadership, and service and to the principles of honesty, fairness, respect, and accountability. Citizens of this community commit to reflect upon and uphold these principles in all academic and nonacademic endeavors, and to protect and promote a culture of integrity. To uphold the Duke Community Standard: • I will not lie, cheat, or steal in my academic endeavors; • I will conduct myself honorably in all my endeavors; and • I will act if the Standard is compromised.” Please add the following affirmation to the end of all assignments and your project, and sign your name beside it: “I have adhered to the Duke Community Standard in completing this assignment.”

Schedule The schedule below is approximate, as time spent on individual topics will depend somewhat on class interest and level of discussion; any changes will be announced in class and posted to Sakai. Assignment due dates will also be announced in class. (See the Bibliography below for full reading citations.)

Date Topics and Readings

Jan 09 (W)

Introduction to the class; Building energy supply and use on campus (Steve/Casey) Read:

Duke Climate Action Plan (focus on sections II, III, and V) http://sustainability.duke.edu/climate_action/Duke%20Climate%20Action%20Plan.pdf

Duke Sustainability Strategic Plan 2012 Progress Report http://www.hr.duke.edu/media/sustainability/2012%20Sustainability%20Strategic%20Plan%20Progress%20Report.pdf

Jan 14 (M)

Building tour: Chiller plant (Steve/Casey)

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Date Topics and Readings

Jan 16 (W)

Trends in building energy efficiency, design, and policy; What motivates green design? Listen to:

Green and Energy-Efficient Trends in Construction podcast by Harvey Bernstein, National Building Museum http://www.nbm.org/media/audio/green-and-energy-efficient-trends.html (~1 hour)

Read:

Building Energy Codes 101: An Introduction, US Department of Energy, http://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/becu/BECU_Codes_101_Intro.pdf

The Next Built Environment, Today http://www.ecohomemagazine.com/renewable-energy/the-next-built-environment-today.aspx

Green Building and Sustainability http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-005-green-building-and-sustainability

Jan 21 (M)

Martin Luther King holiday (no classes)

Jan 23 (W)

What energy data does Duke collect, how is it collected, and how is it used? (Steve/Casey) Read:

Real-Time Energy Management Still a Major Priority http://atsiteinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/BrainFood_RealTimeEnergyManagementPriority.pdf

Making the Case for Energy Metering (see Sakai)

Jan 28 (M)

Drawings: Types and how to read; Overview of 3D modeling and BIM (Steve/Casey) Read:

Building Information Modeling http://bim.arch.gatech.edu/?id=402

Jan 30 (W)

Building science fundamentals: heating and cooling load calculations, HVAC systems Read:

Thermal Comfort (see Sakai)

Feb 04 (M)

Guest speaker: Jose Torres, RMF Engineering Read/skim:

Building Upgrade Manual, Chapters 8 and 9 http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=business.bus_upgrade_manual

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Date Topics and Readings

Feb 06 (W)

Building tour: Rubenstein and Sanford (Steve/Casey)

Feb 11 (M)

Building science fundamentals: lighting and plug loads, appliances; PG1 project overview (Steve/Casey) Read:

Energy-Efficient Lighting Technologies and Their Applications in the Commercial and Residential Sectors, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook Chapter 7 (see Sakai)

Building Upgrade Manual, Chapters 6 and 7 http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=business.bus_upgrade_manual

Feb 13 (W)

Building tour: French (Steve/Casey)

Feb 18 (M)

Building energy codes, standards, and rating systems; Portfolio Manager and Energy Star Read:

(skim) LEED 2009 for Existing Buildings Operations and Maintenance http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=5545

Portfolio Manager Overview (online only) http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager

Feb 20 (W)

Energy audits Read:

74 Mount Auburn Street Energy Audit Report (see Sakai)

Understanding Primary/Source and Site Energy http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd151-understanding-primary-source-site-energy/files/BSD-151%20Source-Site_Energy.pdf

Building Energy Performance Metrics http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd152-building-energy-performance-metrics/files/BSD-152%20Energy%20Metrics.pdf

Familiarize yourself with:

Buildings Energy Data Book http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/default.aspx

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Date Topics and Readings

Feb 25 (M)

Energy audits (cont’d) Read:

Introduction to Energy Audit, Energy Audit of Building Systems Chapter 1(see Sakai)

ASHRAE Updated Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits (see Sakai)

Building Upgrade Manual, Chapters 2 and 5 http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=business.bus_upgrade_manual

ENERGY STAR Performance Ratings: Methodology for Incorporating Source Energy Use http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/evaluate_performance/site_source.pdf

Procedure for Measuring and Reporting Commercial Building Energy Performance http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/38601.pdf

Feb 27 (W)

Building science fundamentals: occupant behavior; water use and building energy Read:

Sensitivity Analysis: Comparing the Impact of Design, Operation, and Tenant Behavior on Building Energy Performance. http://newbuildings.org/sensitivity-analysis-comparing-impact-design-operation-and-tenant-behavior-building-energy-performan

Greening Work Styles: An Analysis of Energy Behavior Programs in the Workplace http://aceee.org/research-report/b121

Optional: Uncertainties in Energy Consumption Introduced by Building Operations and Weather for a Medium-size Office Building http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778812003052

Mar 04 (M)

Building science fundamentals: building enclosure (envelope) design, orientation, climate Read:

The Building Enclosure http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-018-the-building-enclosure_revised/files/bsd-018_the-building-enclosure.pdf

The Future of Window Technology… Is Here http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/published-articles/pa-future-window-technology/view

Thermal Control in Buildings http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-011-thermal-control-in-buildings

Mar 06 (W)

Guest speaker: tbd

Mar 11 (M)

Spring break (no class)

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Date Topics and Readings

Mar 13 (W)

Spring break (no class)

Mar 18 (M)

Guest speaker: Charles Jackson, Senior Associate, AtSite, Inc. (and EE MEM alum)

Mar 20 (W)

Infrared thermography demonstration Read:

Feeling the Heat http://www.eco-structure.com/technology/feeling-the-heat.aspx

Mar 25 (M)

Energy modeling Read:

An Architect’s Guide to Integrating Energy Modeling in the Design Process http://www.aia.org/practicing/AIAB094452

Mar 27 (W)

Green buildings beyond operational energy: embodied energy, materials use, lifecycle analysis, and carbon footprints Listen to:

The Greenest Building by Patrice Frey, Tuesdays at APA–Chicago podcast http://www.planning.org/tuesdaysatapa/2012/chicago/oct.htm (~1 hour)

Read:

Counting Carbon: Understanding Carbon Footprints of Buildings (see Sakai)

How Much Does Your Household Weigh? http://places.designobserver.com/feature/how-much-does-your-household-weigh/11037/

Architecture 2030 Challenge for Products: Critical Points http://www.architecture2030.org/files/2030products_cp.pdf

Getting to Zero 2012 Status Update http://newbuildings.org/index.php?q=getting-zero-2012-status-update-first-look-costs-and-features-zero-energy-commercial-buildings

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Date Topics and Readings

Apr 01 (M)

Green buildings beyond operational energy: water, indoor air quality, siting, onsite energy generation Read:

The Future of Indoor Air http://www.eco-structure.com/indoor-air-quality/the-future-of-indoor-air.aspx

Towards a Climate-Friendly Built Environment http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/Buildings_FINAL.pdf

Apr 03 (W)

LEED at Duke (Steve/Casey)

Apr 08 (M)

What is Duke doing in the realm of energy that you don't know about? (Steve/Casey)

Apr 10 (W)

Wrap-up and Q&A session (Steve/Casey)

Apr 15 (M)

Presentations to FMD (Steve/Casey)

Apr 17 (W)

Presentations to FMD (Steve/Casey)

Bibliography American Institute of Architects (2012). An Architect’s Guide to Integrating Energy Modeling in the Design Process. Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects. http://www.aia.org/practicing/AIAB094452 Architecture 2030 (2011). Architecture 2030 Challenge for Products: Critical Points. http://www.architecture2030.org/files/2030products_cp.pdf Barley, D., Deru, M., Pless, S. and Torcellini, P. (2005). Procedure for Measuring and Reporting Commercial Building Energy Performance. US Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Technical Report NREL/TP-550-38601. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/38601.pdf Bernstein, Harvey (2012). Green and Energy-Efficient Trends in Construction. National Building Museum podcast (March 29, 2012). http://www.nbm.org/media/audio/green-and-energy-efficient-trends.html Bin, Shui (2012). Greening Work Styles: An Analysis of Energy Behavior Programs in the Workplace. Washington, DC: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Report Number B121. http://aceee.org/research-report/b121

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Braham, William W. (2009). How Much Does Your Household Weigh? Places (Design Observer). http://places.designobserver.com/feature/how-much-does-your-household-weigh/11037/ Brown, Marilyn A., Southworth, Frank, Stovall, Therese K. (2005). Towards a Climate-Friendly Built Environment. Washington, DC: Pew Center on Global Climate Change. http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/Buildings_FINAL.pdf Duke University (2009). Growing Green: Becoming a Carbon Neutral Campus. Duke Climate Action Plan. http://sustainability.duke.edu/climate_action/Duke%20Climate%20Action%20Plan.pdf Duke University (2012). Duke Sustainability Strategic Plan 2012 Progress Report. http://www.hr.duke.edu/media/sustainability/2012%20Sustainability%20Strategic%20Plan%20Progress%20Report.pdf Eastman, Chuck (2009). Building Information Modeling. Atlanta: Georgia Institute of Technology, Digital Building Laboratory. http://bim.arch.gatech.edu/?id=402. Environmental Building News (2008). Counting Carbon: Understanding Carbon Footprints of Buildings. Environmental Building News 17(7). http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/2008/6/27/Counting-Carbon-Understanding-Carbon-Footprints-of-Buildings/ Frey, Patrice (2012). The Greenest Building. Tuesdays at APA–Chicago podcast (October 23, 2012). Chicago: American Planning Association. http://www.planning.org/tuesdaysatapa/2012/chicago/oct.htm Grondzik, Walter and Fursthvac, Richard (n.d.). HVAC Components and Systems. Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, Department of Architecture, Vital Signs Curriculum Materials Project. http://arch.ced.berkeley.edu/vitalsigns/res/downloads/rp/hvac/hvac-sml_opt.pdf Harvard University (2011). 74 Mount Auburn Street Energy Audit Report: ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Facilities Maintenance Operations, Harvard Green Building Services. Heller, Jonathan, Heater, Morgan, and Frankel, Mark (2011). Sensitivity Analysis: Comparing the Impact of Design, Operation, and Tenant Behavior on Building Energy Performance. Vancouver, WA: New Buildings Institute. http://newbuildings.org/sensitivity-analysis-comparing-impact-design-operation-and-tenant-behavior-building-energy-performan Kelsey, Jim and Pearson, Dick (2011). ASHRAE Updated Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits. ASHRAE Transactions, July 2011, pp. 374-381. Krarti, Moncef (2011). Energy Audit of Building Systems: An Engineering Approach (Second Edition). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Kreith, Frank and Goswami, D. Yogi (2008). Energy Management and Conservation Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

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Lau, Wanda (2012). Feeling the heat: Thermal imaging can shave significant time off building investigations—but only if the results are interpreted correctly. Eco-Structure. http://www.eco-structure.com/technology/feeling-the-heat.aspx Lstiburek, Joseph (2002). Relative Humidity. Research Report - 0203. Building Science Corporation. http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0203-relative-humidity Mazria, Edward and Desmarais, Francesca (2012). The Next Built Environment, Today. EcoHome (November-December 2012). http://www.ecohomemagazine.com/renewable-energy/the-next-built-environment-today.aspx New Buildings Institute (2012). Getting to Zero 2012 Status Update: A First Look at the Costs and Features of Zero Energy Commercial Buildings. Vancouver, WA: New Buildings Institute. http://newbuildings.org/index.php?q=getting-zero-2012-status-update-first-look-costs-and-features-zero-energy-commercial-buildings Pages Ruiz, Fernando (2012). The Future of Indoor Air. Eco-Structure. http://www.eco-structure.com/indoor-air-quality/the-future-of-indoor-air.aspx Plourde, Jim (2011). Making the Case for Energy Metering. ASHRAE Journal, April 2011, pp. 20-27. Rizzo, Gianfranco, Beccali, Marco, and Nucara, Antonino (2004). Thermal Comfort. In Encyclopedia of Energy, Volume 6. Elsevier. Straube, John (2006). Green Building and Sustainability. Building Science Digest 005. Building Science Corporation. http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-005-green-building-and-sustainability Straube, John (2006).Thermal Control in Buildings. Building Science Digest 011. Building Science Corporation. http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-011-thermal-control-in-buildings Straube, John (2006).The Building Enclosure. Building Science Digest 018. Building Science Corporation. http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-018-the-building-enclosure_revised/files/bsd-018_the-building-enclosure.pdf Straube, John (2010). The Future of Window Technology… Is Here. Journal of Building Enclosure Design,

Winter 2010, pp. 13-15. http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/published-articles/pa-future-window-technology/view Ueno, Kohta (2010). Building Energy Performance Metrics. Building Science Digest 152. Building Science Corporation. http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd152-building-energy-performance-metrics/files/BSD-152%20Energy%20Metrics.pdf Ueno, Kohta and Straube, John (2010). Understanding Primary/Source and Site Energy. Building Science Digest 151. Building Science Corporation. http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd151-understanding-primary-source-site-energy/files/BSD-151%20Source-Site_Energy.pdf

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US DOE (2010). Building Energy Codes 101: An Introduction. Washington, DC: US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, PNNL-SA-70586. http://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/becu/BECU_Codes_101_Intro.pdf US DOE (2012). 2011 Buildings Energy Data Book. US Department of Energy, Buildings Technologies Program, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/default.aspx US EPA (n.d.). Portfolio Manager Overview. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager US EPA (2008). ENERGY STAR Building Upgrade Manual. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=business.bus_upgrade_manual US EPA (2011). ENERGY STAR Performance Ratings: Methodology for Incorporating Source Energy Use. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/evaluate_performance/site_source.pdf US Green Building Council (2008). LEED 2009 for Existing Buildings Operations and Maintenance. Washington, DC: US Green Building Council. http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=5545 Wang, Liping, Mathew, Paul, and Pang, Xiufeng (2012). Uncertainties in Energy Consumption Introduced by Building Operations and Weather for a Medium-size Office Building. Energy and Buildings 53, pp. 152-158. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778812003052 West, Lisa and Daly, Stephanie M. (2012). Real-Time Energy Management Still a Major Priority: Different Approaches for Different Sectors. Washington, DC: At-Site, Inc. http://atsiteinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/BrainFood_RealTimeEnergyManagementPriority.pdf