Brown to Birmingham: Shirley M. Malcom, Ph.D. A Personal Odyssey into Science

Brown to Birmingham:

Shirley M. Malcom, Ph.D.

A Personal Odysseyinto Science

Brown to Birmingham: A Personal Odyssey into Science

Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896

Supreme Court ruled separate-but-equal facilities constitutional on intrastate railroads




Black Schools/HBCUs


Brown v. Board of Education 1954

End of de jure segregation

No effect on de facto segregation



Shirley Mahaley

Born September 6, 1946, in Birmingham, AL

Entered Hudson School 1952

Graduated Carver H.S. 1963

CHRONOLOGY


October 4, 1957

The Cold War

The Space Race

NDEA and the push for science and engineering(signed September 2, 1958)

Soviet Union Launch of Sputnik


Shirley Mahaley

Born September 6, 1946, in Birmingham, AL

Entered Hudson School 1952

Graduated Carver H.S. 1963

CHRONOLOGY, continued

Lewis School (7th grade science + Mr. Smoot)


Shirley Mahaley

NSF-Funded Math Science Teacher Institutes

Carver High School

CHRONOLOGY, continued

Mr. Maull, Mr. Burton, Mr. Bell


Integration of Universities in the South

Autherine Lucy Foster – Univ. of Alabama, 1955-56

Charles Hunter-Gault and Hamilton Holmes – Univ. of Georgia, 1961

James Meredith – Univ. of Mississippi, September 1962

Vivian Malone Jones and James Hood – Univ. of Alabama, June 11, 1963


Medicine or Science?

Univ. of Washington, 1963-64


Role of HBCUs in Science and Engineering

Leading producers of bachelor’s degrees

Leading in baccalaureate origins


Evidence of Underparticipation

Percentage Percentage PercentageSex, Race/Ethnicity

and DisabilitiesU.S. Population Total Workforce S&E Workforce

1999 1999 1999

White men 35.2 39.9 63.2White women 36.7 34.8 18.6Asian men 1.8 2.0 8.4Asian women 2 1.8 2.6Black men 5.7 4.9 2.1Black women 6.4 5.9 1.3Hispanic men 5.8 5.9 2.4Hispanic women 5.7 4.2 1.0American Indian men 0.4 N.A. 0.2American Indian women 0.4 N.A. 0.1Persons with Disabilities ~20 N.A. N.A.

Source: CPST, data derived from National Science Foundation, SESTAT and U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, March 1999, and NSB, 2002.Note: Totals may not add to 100 due to rounding.


PhDs Awarded to U.S. Citizens in Natural Science and Engineering, by Race/Ethnicity (Underrepresented

Groups and Asians), 1977-2002

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

Native American Asian African American Hispanic


PhDs Awarded to U.S. Citizens in Engineering,by Race/Ethnicity (Underrepresented Groups

and Asians), 1977-2002

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001



PhDs Awarded to U.S. Citizens in Engineering,by Race/Ethnicity, 1977-2002

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

Whites Underrepresented Groups


PhDs Awarded to U.S. Citizens in the Physical Sciences, by Race/Ethnicity (Underrepresented Groups


020406080

100120140160180

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001



PhDs Awarded to U.S. Citizens in Mathematics and Computer Science, by Race/Ethnicity

(Underrepresented Groups and Asians), 1977-2002

0102030405060708090

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001



PhDs Awarded to U.S. Citizens in the Life Sciences, by Race/Ethnicity (Underrepresented Groups


050

100150200250300350400450

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001



African American Top 15 Baccalaureate Awarding Institutions in the Biological and Life Sciences

1. Xavier University

2. Howard University

3. Hampton University

4. Jackson State Univ.

5. South Carolina State

6. Univ. of MD College Park

7. Florida A&M Univ.

8. Tuskegee Univ

9. Tennessee State

10. Prairie View A&M

11. Alcorn State

12. Morehouse College

13. Grambling State

14. Oakwood College

15. Georgia State


African American Top 15 Baccalaureate Awarding Institutions in Engineering

1. Georgia Tech

2. North Carolina A&T

3. Florida A&M

4. Morgan State Univ

5. Tuskegee Univ

6. Southern Univ and A&M College

7. Prairie View A&M

8. North Carolina State

9. Univ. of Mich

10. Mich. State

11. Tennessee State

12. Clemson Univ

13. VA Tech

14. Univ of Maryland

15. Univ of Florida


African American Top 15 Baccalaureate Awarding Institutions in Mathematics

1. CUNY NY College

2. Spelman College


4. South Carolina State


6. Clark Atlanta Univ

7. Univ of North Carolina

8. Virginia State

9. Savannah State

10. Tuskegee Univ

11. Georgia State

12. Marygrove College

13. Michigan State

14. Univ of Illinois

15. Texas A&M


African American Top 15 Baccalaureate Awarding Institutions in the Physical Sciences



3. Tennessee State

4. Lincoln Univ

5. Jackson State

6. CUNY City College

7. Spelman College

8. Dillard Univ

9. Florida A&M


11. Southern University and A&M College


13. Georgia Southern U

14. Fisk Univ

15. Georgia State


African American Top 15 Baccalaureate Origin Institutions of Science and Engineering Doctorate Recipients, 1997-2001


2. Spelman College

3. Hampton University


5. MIT

6. Harvard Univ

7. North Carolina A&T State Univ.

8. Southern Univ

9. UC-Berkeley

10. Univ of Maryland

11. Univ of Michigan

12. Stanford Univ


14. Jackson State Univ



Hispanic American Top 15 Baccalaureate Origin Institutions of Science and Engineering Doctorate Recipients, 1997-2001

1. University of PR Piedras

2. University of PR Mayaguez

3. Univ of Texas Austin

4. UC-Berkeley

5. MIT

6. UCLA

7. Florida International

8. Texas A&M

9. University of Florida

10. Cornell University

11. Stanford University

12. Univ of TX El Paso

13. UC-Irvine

14. University of Miami

15. UC-Davis


Retrospective and Prospective

1973 – Adams v. Richardson

1978 – Bakke v. Regents of the Univ. of California

2003 – Gratz v. Bollinger; Grutter v. Bollinger


Documents

Brown to Birmingham: Shirley M. Malcom, Ph.D. A Personal Odyssey into Science