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Wireless Tutorial
BroughTurner
NMS Communications
Oct
ober
9, 2
008
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Land
line
Sub
s
Mob
ile S
ubs
Sou
rce:
IT
U W
orld
ICT
Indi
cato
rs, J
une
2008
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
The author would like to acknowledge
material contributions from:
�M
arc
Ora
nge,
Inte
rpha
se●
For
mer
ly w
ith N
MS
Com
mun
icat
ions
�M
urta
zaA
miji
, Tel
lme
(A M
icro
soft
Sub
sidi
ary)
●F
orm
erly
with
NM
S C
omm
unic
atio
ns
�S
amue
l S. M
ay, P
rice
Wat
erho
use
Coo
pers
●F
orm
erly
with
US
Ban
corp
Pip
er J
affr
ay
man
y ot
hers
, as
note
d on
spe
cific
slid
es
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Outline
�H
isto
ry a
nd e
volu
tion
of m
obile
rad
io●
Brie
f his
tory
of c
ellu
lar
wire
less
tele
phon
y●
Rad
io te
chno
logy
toda
y: T
DM
A, C
DM
A, O
FD
MA
, …●
Dem
ogra
phic
s an
d m
arke
t tre
nds
toda
y●
3G, 3
.5G
, WiM
AX
, LT
E &
4G
mig
ratio
n pa
ths
�E
volv
ing
netw
ork
arch
itect
ures
●G
SM
-MA
P (
EU
) an
d IS
-41
(US
) or
igin
s●
Sof
tsw
itche
s, V
oIP
and
SIP
in N
extG
enN
etw
orks
(N
GN
)●
3GP
P &
NG
N c
onve
rgen
ce: r
elea
ses,
feat
ures
and
sc
hedu
les
ww
w.n
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om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Outline (continued)
�E
volv
ing
serv
ices
●S
MS
, MM
S, l
ocat
ion,
ric
hpr
esen
ce, v
ideo
●IP
mul
timed
ia s
ubsy
stem
(IM
S)
vs. “
dum
b pi
pe”
�A
pplic
atio
ns a
nd b
usin
ess
mod
els
●K
iller
app
licat
ions
& k
iller
pla
tform
s●
2-si
ded
busi
ness
mod
els
�R
elat
ed te
chno
logy
, Iss
ues
and
Fut
ures
●W
iMA
X, B
ackh
aul,
Blu
etoo
th, N
extG
enW
iFi
●M
obile
dev
ice
dive
rsity
/ ap
plic
atio
n en
viro
nmen
ts
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Wireless Tutorial
�H
isto
ry a
nd E
volu
tion
of M
obile
Rad
io�
Evo
lvin
g N
etw
ork
Arc
hite
ctur
es
�E
volv
ing
Ser
vice
s�
App
licat
ions
and
Bus
ines
s M
odel
s�
Rel
ated
tech
nolo
gy, I
ssue
s an
d F
utur
es
ww
w.n
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om
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icat
ions
.com
Origins of Wireless Communications
�18
64:
Jam
es C
lark
Max
wel
l●
Pre
dict
s ex
iste
nce
of r
adio
wav
es
�18
86:
Hei
nric
h R
udol
ph H
ertz
●D
emon
stra
tes
radi
o w
aves
�18
95-1
901:
Gug
lielm
oM
arco
ni●
Dem
onst
rate
s w
irele
ss c
omm
unic
atio
ns o
ver
incr
easi
ng
dist
ance
s
�A
lso
in th
e 18
90s
●N
ikol
aT
esla
, Ale
xand
er S
tepa
novi
chP
opov
, Jag
dish
Cha
ndra
Bos
e an
d ot
hers
, dem
onst
rate
form
s of
w
irele
ss c
omm
unic
atio
ns
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
First Mobile Radio Telephone, 1924
Cou
rtes
y of
Ric
h H
owar
d
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
1 2
3 4 5
6 7
1 2
3 4 5
6 7
57
22
11 2
3 4 5
6 7
3
Cellular Mobile Telephony
�A
nten
na d
iver
sity
�C
ellu
lar
conc
ept
●B
ell L
abs
(195
7 &
196
0)
�F
requ
ency
reu
se●
typi
cally
eve
ry 7
cel
ls
�H
ando
ff as
cal
ler
mov
es�
Mod
ified
CO
sw
itch
●H
LR, p
agin
g, h
ando
ffs
�S
ecto
rs im
prov
e re
use
●ev
ery
3 ce
lls p
ossi
ble
ww
w.n
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mun
icat
ions
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First Generation (nearly all retired)
�A
dvan
ced
Mob
ile P
hone
Ser
vice
(A
MP
S)
●U
S tr
ials
197
8; d
eplo
yed
in J
apan
(’7
9) &
US
(’8
3)●
800
MH
z; t
wo
20 M
Hz
band
s; T
IA-5
53
�N
ordi
c M
obile
Tel
epho
ny (
NM
T)
●S
wed
en, N
orw
ay, D
emar
k &
Fin
land
●La
unch
ed 1
981
●45
0 M
Hz;
late
r at
900
MH
z (N
MT
900)
�T
otal
Acc
ess
Com
mun
icat
ions
Sys
tem
(T
AC
S)
●B
ritis
h de
sign
; sim
ilar
to A
MP
S; d
eplo
yed
1985
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
2nd Generation “2G”–digital systems
�Le
vera
ge te
chno
logy
to in
crea
se c
apac
ity●
Spe
ech
com
pres
sion
; dig
ital s
igna
l pro
cess
ing
�U
tiliz
e/ex
tend
“In
telli
gent
Net
wor
k”co
ncep
ts●
Impr
ove
frau
d pr
even
tion;
Add
new
ser
vice
s
�W
ide
dive
rsity
of 2
G s
yste
ms
●IS
-54/
IS-1
36 N
orth
Am
eric
an T
DM
A;
& P
DC
(Ja
pan)
●D
EC
T a
nd P
HS
; iD
EN
●IS
-95
CD
MA
(cd
maO
ne)
●G
SM
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
D-AMPS (usually called “TDMA”) & PDC
�IS
-54
/ IS
-136
sta
ndar
ds in
US
TIA
●S
peec
h co
ded
as d
igita
l bit
stre
am; a
ggre
ssiv
e co
mpr
essi
on li
mits
voi
ce q
ualit
y●
Dev
elop
men
t thr
ough
198
0s; b
akeo
ff 19
87●
Dep
loye
d 19
93 (
PD
C 1
994)
�A
TT
Wire
less
& C
ingu
lar
used
D-A
MP
S in
itial
ly●
Mig
rate
d to
GS
M;
D-A
MP
sno
w la
rgel
y re
tired
�P
DC
dom
inan
t 2G
cel
lula
r sy
stem
in J
apan
●M
igra
tion
to 3
GS
M (
W-C
DM
A, …
) w
ell a
dvan
ced;
PD
C
likel
y to
be
phas
ed o
ut in
200
9-20
10
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
iDEN(primary user was Nextel)
�M
otor
ola
prop
rieta
ry s
yste
m●
time
divi
sion
mul
tiple
acc
ess
tech
nolo
gy; b
ased
on
GS
M
arch
itect
ure
�80
0 M
Hz
priv
ate
mob
ile r
adio
(P
MR
) sp
ectr
um●
just
bel
ow 8
00 M
Hz
cellu
lar
band
�S
peci
al p
roto
col s
uppo
rts
fast
“P
ush-
to-T
alk”
●di
gita
l rep
lace
men
t for
old
PM
R s
ervi
ces
�N
exte
l had
hig
hest
AP
RU
in U
S m
arke
t due
to
“Dire
ct C
onne
ct”
push
-to-
talk
ser
vice
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
DECT and PHS
�A
lso
uses
tim
e di
visi
on m
ultip
le a
cces
s �
Dig
ital E
urop
ean
Cor
dles
s T
elep
hony
●fo
cus
on b
usin
ess
use,
i.e.
wire
less
PB
X●
very
sm
all c
ells
(in
bui
ldin
g)●
wid
e ba
ndw
idth
(32
Kbp
s ch
anne
ls)
●hi
gh q
ualit
y vo
ice
and/
or IS
DN
dat
a
�P
erso
nal H
andi
phon
eS
ervi
ce●
Sim
ilar
tech
nolo
gy, b
ut h
igh
dens
ity u
rban
dep
loym
ents
●4
chan
nel b
ase
stat
ion
uses
one
ISD
N B
RI l
ine
●le
gacy
in J
apan
; stil
l wid
ely
depl
oyed
in C
hina
toda
y
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
2G “CDMA”(cdmaOne)
�C
ode
Div
isio
n M
ultip
le A
cces
s●
all u
sers
sha
re s
ame
freq
uenc
y ba
nd●
disc
usse
d in
det
ail l
ater
as
CD
MA
is b
asis
for
3G
�Q
ualc
omm
dem
o in
198
9●
clai
med
impr
oved
cap
acity
& s
impl
ified
pla
nnin
g
�F
irst d
eplo
ymen
t in
Hon
g K
ong
late
199
4�
Maj
or s
ucce
ss in
Kor
ea (
1M s
ubs
by 1
996)
�A
dopt
ed b
y V
eriz
on a
nd S
prin
t in
US
�E
asy
mig
ratio
n to
3G
(sa
me
mod
ulat
ion)
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
2G “CDMA”(cdmaOne)
�T
IA s
tand
ard
IS-9
5 (A
NS
I-95
) in
199
3�
IS-9
5 de
ploy
ed in
the
800
MH
z ce
llula
r ba
nd●
J-S
TD
-08
varia
nt d
eplo
yed
in 1
900
MH
z U
S “
PC
S”
band
�E
volu
tion
fixes
bug
s an
d ad
ds d
ata
●IS
-95A
pro
vide
s da
ta r
ates
up
to 1
4.4
kbps
●IS
-95B
pro
vide
s ra
tes
up to
64
kbps
(2.
5G)
●B
oth
A a
nd B
are
com
patib
le w
ith J
-ST
D-0
8.
�A
ll va
riant
s de
sign
ed fo
r T
IA IS
-41
core
net
wor
ks
(AN
SI 4
1)
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
GSM –
Global System for Mobile
�O
rigin
ally
“G
roup
eS
péci
alM
obile
”●
join
t Eur
opea
n ef
fort
beg
inni
ng in
198
2 fo
cuse
d on
sea
mle
ss r
oam
ing
acro
ss E
urop
e
�S
ervi
ces
laun
ched
199
1●
time
divi
sion
mul
tiple
acc
ess
(8 u
sers
per
200
KH
z)
●90
0 M
Hz
band
; lat
er e
xten
ded
to 1
800
MH
z; th
en 1
900
MH
z●
Qua
d-ba
nd “
wor
ld p
hone
s”su
ppor
t 850
/900
/180
0/19
00 M
Hz
�G
SM
–do
min
ant w
orld
sta
ndar
d to
day
●w
ell d
efin
ed in
terf
aces
; m
any
com
petit
ors;
low
est c
ost t
o de
plo
y
●ne
twor
k ef
fect
(M
etca
lfe’s
law
) to
ok h
old
in la
te 1
990s
ww
w.n
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om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Distribution of GSM Subscribers
�G
SM
isus
edby
81%
of s
ubsc
riber
sw
orld
wid
e●
GS
M p
lus
3GS
M a
ccou
nts
for
88%
of a
ll m
obile
sub
scrip
tions
�A
sia
dom
inat
esw
ith42
% o
f all
mob
ile s
ubsc
riptio
ns●
AT
T &
T-M
obile
US
A u
se G
SM
/3G
SM
in U
S to
day
Sou
rce:
Wire
less
Inte
llige
nce
/ GS
M A
ssoc
iatio
n
GS
M S
ubsc
riber
s
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
1G, 2G, 3G M
ulti-Access Technologies
Cou
rtes
y of
Pet
ri P
ossi
, UM
TS
Wor
ld
3.5G
, 4G
and
futu
re w
irele
ss s
yste
ms
optim
ize
aco
mbi
natio
n of
freq
uenc
y, ti
me
and
code
mul
tiple
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
1G –
Separate Frequencies
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
Frequency
FD
MA
-F
requ
ency
Div
isio
n M
ultip
le A
cces
s
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
2G –
Tim
e Division M
ultiple Access (TDMA)
Frequency
Tim
e
200
KH
z
200
KH
z
200
KH
z
200
KH
z
One
tim
eslo
t = 0
.577
ms
One
TD
MA
fram
e =
8 tim
eslo
ts
ww
w.n
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om
mun
icat
ions
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2G & 3G –
Code Division M
ultiple Access
�S
prea
d sp
ectr
um m
odul
atio
n●
orig
inal
ly d
evel
oped
for
the
mili
tary
●re
sist
s ja
mm
ing
and
man
y ki
nds
of in
terf
eren
ce●
code
d m
odul
atio
n hi
dden
from
thos
e w
/o th
e co
de
�A
ll us
ers
shar
e sa
me
(larg
e) b
lock
of s
pect
rum
●on
e fo
r on
e fr
eque
ncy
reus
e●
soft
hand
offs
pos
sibl
e
�A
ll 3G
rad
io s
tand
ards
bas
ed o
n C
DM
A●
CD
MA
2000
, W-C
DM
A a
nd T
D-S
CD
MA
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Cou
rtes
y of
Sur
esh
Goy
al&
Ric
h H
owar
d
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
IMT-2000 Vision (from 1992) included
LAN, WAN and Satellite Services
Sat
ellit
e
Mac
roce
llM
icro
cellU
rban
In-B
uild
ing
Pic
ocel
l
Glo
bal
Sub
urba
n
Bas
ic T
erm
inal
PD
A T
erm
inal
Aud
io/V
isua
l Ter
min
al
ww
w.n
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om
mun
icat
ions
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The 3G Vision
�U
nive
rsal
glo
bal r
oam
ing
(1 s
tand
ard,
not
7)
●3G
SM
lead
s, b
ut w
ith C
DM
A 2
000
&
Chi
na T
D-S
CD
MA
�M
ultim
edia
(vo
ice,
dat
a &
vid
eo)
�In
crea
sed
data
rat
es (
384
Kbp
s to
? M
bps)
�In
crea
sed
capa
city
(m
ore
spec
tral
ly e
ffici
ent)
�D
ata-
cent
ric a
rchi
tect
ure
(AT
M a
t firs
t, th
en IP
)
But
dep
loym
ent t
ook
long
er th
an e
xpec
ted
●N
o ki
ller
data
app
; ne
w s
pect
rum
cos
tly;
tele
com
bub
ble
burs
t; m
uch
of th
e vi
sion
was
ven
dor-
driv
en
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Original GSM substantially enhanced
�W
idel
y de
ploy
ed s
o si
gnifi
cant
pay
back
for
enha
ncem
ents
�
Fre
quen
cy h
oppi
ng (
to o
verc
ome
fadi
ng)
�S
ynch
roni
zatio
n be
twee
n ce
lls (
min
imiz
e in
terf
eren
ce)
●D
FC
A: d
ynam
ic fr
eque
ncy
and
chan
nel a
ssig
nmen
t
●A
lso
used
to d
eter
min
e m
obile
’s lo
catio
n
�A
MR
: A
dapt
ive
mul
ti-ra
te v
ocod
er●
trad
e of
f spe
ech
and
erro
r co
rrec
tion
bits
for
few
er d
ropp
ed c
alls
●8
codi
ng r
ates
: 12.
2, 1
0.2,
7.9
5, 7
.4, 6
.7, 5
.9, 5
.15
& 4
.75
bps,
plu
s si
lenc
e fr
ames
(ne
ar 0
bps
)
●dy
nam
ical
ly a
djus
t to
radi
o in
terf
eren
ce c
ondi
tions
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
GSM enhancements (continued)
�D
TX
–di
scon
tinuo
us tr
ansm
issi
on●
less
inte
rfer
ence
(ap
proa
ch 0
bps
dur
ing
sile
nces
)●
mor
e ca
lls p
er c
ell
�O
verla
ys w
ith r
euse
par
tioni
ng●
3x in
ove
rlay
(cel
l edg
es);
1x
reus
e in
und
erla
y
�H
SC
SD
-hi
gh s
peed
circ
uit-
switc
hed
data
●ag
greg
ate
chan
nels
to s
urpa
ss 9
.6 K
bps
limit
(→64
k)
�G
PR
S -
gene
ral p
acke
t rad
io s
ervi
ce
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
GPRS -2.5G for GSM
�G
ener
al p
acke
t rad
io s
ervi
ce●
first
intr
oduc
tion
of p
acke
t tec
hnol
ogy
�A
ggre
gate
rad
io c
hann
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om
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icat
ions
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Typical 2G M
obile Architecture
BT
S B
ase
Tra
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tion
BS
C B
ase
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Con
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ler
MS
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obile
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itchi
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ente
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catio
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egis
ter
HLR
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e Lo
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ter
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S
BS
CM
SC
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C
GM
SC
CO
BS
C
BS
CM
SC
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CO
PS
TN
PLM
N
CO
Tan
dem
Tan
dem
SM
S-S
C
PS
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Separation of Signaling & Transport
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ks h
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ano
ther
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ork
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e fo
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gnal
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ome
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ents
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deon
lyin
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MS
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ter,
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CH
LR
MS
CV
LR
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rt P
lane
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Sig
nalin
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S7)
MS
C
SM
S-S
C
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om
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ions
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ork
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ased
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and
spe
cific
App
licat
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Par
ts
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SM
MA
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nd A
NS
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ser
vice
s●
mob
ility
, cal
l-han
dlin
g, O
&M
, aut
hent
icat
ion,
su
pple
men
tary
ser
vice
s, S
MS
, …
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catio
n re
gist
ers
for
mob
ility
man
agem
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LR: h
ome
loca
tion
regi
ster
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perm
anen
t dat
a●
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: vis
itor
loca
tion
regi
ster
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cal c
opy
for
roam
ers
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
PSTN-to-M
obile Call
(ST
P)
(SC
P)
PS
TN
PLM
N
(SS
P)
(SS
P)
BS
SM
S
PLM
N(H
ome)
(Vis
itor)
(ST
P)
HLR
GM
SC
(SS
P)
VM
SC
VLR
IAM6
2
Whe
re is
the
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crib
er?
5R
outin
g In
fo
3P
rovi
de R
oam
ing
4
SC
P
1
IAM
514
581
...
ISU
P
MA
P/ I
S41
(ov
er T
CA
P)
Sig
nalin
gov
er S
S7
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w.n
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mun
icat
ions
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BS
S B
ase
Sta
tio
n S
yste
m
BT
S B
ase
Tra
nsce
iver
Sta
tion
BS
C B
ase
Sta
tion
Con
trol
ler
MS
Mob
ile S
tatio
n
NS
S N
etw
ork
Su
b-S
yste
m
MS
C M
obile
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vice
Sw
itchi
ngC
ontr
olle
r
VLR
Vis
itorL
ocat
ion
Reg
iste
r
HLR
Hom
e Lo
catio
n R
egis
ter
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Aut
hent
icat
ion
Ser
ver
GM
SC
Gat
eway
MS
C
GSM 2G Architecture
SS
7B
TS
BS
CM
SC
VLR
HLR
AuC
GM
SC
BS
S
PS
TN
NS
S
AE
CD
PS
TN
Abi
s
B
H
MS
GS
M G
lob
al S
yste
m f
or
Mo
bile
co
mm
un
icat
ion
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ions
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2.5G/3G Adds IP Data –
voice unchanged
3G
Ne
two
rk L
ayo
ut
Mob
ile S
witc
hing
C
ente
r
IP G
atew
ay
Inte
rnet
(TC
P/I
P)
IP G
ate
way
Inte
rnet
(TC
P/I
P)
Net
wo
rkM
anag
eme
nt(H
LR
)
- B
ase
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tion
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adio
Net
wo
rk C
ontr
olle
r
Mo
bile
Sw
itch
ing
Ce
nter
Net
wo
rkM
anag
eme
nt(H
LR
)
Ou
t to
an
oth
er M
SC
or
Fix
ed N
etw
ork
(P
ST
N/IS
DN
)
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w.n
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mun
icat
ions
.com
SS
7B
TS
BS
CM
SC
VLR
HLR
AuC
GM
SC
BS
S
PS
TN
NS
S
AE
CD
PS
TN
Abi
s
B
H
MS
BS
S B
ase
Sta
tio
n S
yste
m
BT
S B
ase
Tra
nsce
iver
Sta
tion
BS
C B
ase
Sta
tion
Con
trol
ler
NS
S N
etw
ork
Su
b-S
yste
m
MS
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obile
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ontr
olle
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itorL
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Reg
iste
r
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e Lo
catio
n R
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ter
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Aut
hent
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ion
Ser
ver
GM
SC
Gat
eway
MS
C
2.5G Architectural Detail
SG
SN
Ser
ving
GP
RS
Sup
port
Nod
e
GG
SN
Gat
eway
GP
RS
Sup
port
Nod
e
GP
RS
Gen
eral
Pac
ket
Rad
io S
ervi
ce
IP
2G+
MS
(vo
ice
& d
ata)
PS
DN
Gi
SG
SN
Gr
Gb
Gs
GG
SN
Gc
Gn
2G M
S (
voic
eon
ly)
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w.n
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mun
icat
ions
.com
EDGE
�E
nhan
ced
Dat
ara
tes
for
Glo
balE
volu
tion
�In
crea
sed
data
rat
es w
ith G
SM
com
patib
ility
●st
ill 2
00 K
Hz
band
s; s
till T
DM
A●
8-P
SK
mod
ulat
ion:
3 b
its/s
ymbo
l giv
e 3X
dat
a ra
te●
shor
ter
rang
e (m
ore
sens
itive
to n
oise
/inte
rfer
ence
)
�M
igra
tion
path
: IS
-136
TD
MA
to G
SM
/ED
GE
●G
AIT
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SM
/AN
SI-
136
inte
rope
rabi
lity
team
●A
llow
ed o
pera
tors
like
AT
&T
and
Cin
gula
r to
mig
rate
to
GS
M/E
DG
E u
sing
an
evol
ved
AN
SI-
41 c
ore
netw
ork
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icat
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3G Partnership Project (3GPP)
Def
ines
mig
ratio
n fr
om G
SM
to U
MT
S/ 3
GS
M
Rel
ease
Spe
cs
com
plet
eF
irst
depl
oyed
Maj
or n
ew fe
atur
es d
efin
ed
9819
98La
st p
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elea
se
991Q
200
020
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MA
air
inte
rfac
e
42Q
200
120
04S
ofts
witc
hing
IP in
cor
e ne
twor
k
51Q
200
220
06H
SD
PA
& IP
Mul
timed
ia S
yste
m (
IMS
)
64Q
200
420
07H
SU
PA
, MB
MS
, GA
N, P
oC&
WLA
N in
tegr
atio
n
74Q
200
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ture
HS
PA
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ette
r la
tenc
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QoS
for
VoI
P
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2009
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ture
LTE
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IP
W-C
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A –
Wid
eban
d C
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A m
odul
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nH
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Hig
h S
peed
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oad)
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ket A
cces
sM
BM
S –
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timed
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road
cast
Mul
ticas
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vice
GA
N –
Gen
eric
Acc
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Net
wor
kP
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Pus
h-to
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k ov
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lar
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ng T
erm
Evo
lutio
n, a
new
air
inte
rfac
e ba
sed
on O
FD
N m
odul
atio
n
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3G rel99 Architecture (UMTS) S
S7
IP
BT
S
BS
CM
SC
VLR
HLR
AuC
GM
SC
BS
S
SG
SN
GG
SN
PS
TN
PS
DN
CN
CD
Gc
Gr
Gn
Gi
Abi
s
Gs
B
H
BS
S B
ase
Sta
tio
n S
yste
m
BT
S B
ase
Tra
nsce
iver
Sta
tion
BS
C B
ase
Sta
tion
Con
trol
ler
RN
S R
adio
Net
wo
rk S
yste
m
RN
C R
adio
Net
wor
k C
ontr
olle
r
CN
Co
reN
etw
ork
MS
C M
obile
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vice
Sw
itchi
ngC
ontr
olle
r
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Vis
itorL
ocat
ion
Reg
iste
r
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Hom
e Lo
catio
n R
egis
ter
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Aut
hent
icat
ion
Ser
ver
GM
SC
Gat
eway
MS
C
SG
SN
Ser
ving
GP
RS
Sup
port
Nod
e
GG
SN
Gat
eway
GP
RS
Sup
port
Nod
e
AE
PS
TN
2G M
S (
voic
eon
ly)
2G+
MS
(vo
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ata)
UM
TS
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ob
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mu
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RN
S
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S
AT
M
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S
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3G rel4 Architecture (UMTS)-Soft Switching
SS
7 IP/A
TM
BT
S
BS
CM
SC
Ser
ver
VLR
HLR
AuC
GM
SC
ser
ver
BS
S
SG
SN
GG
SN
PS
TN
PS
DN
CN
CD
Gc
Gr
Gn
Gi
Gb
Abi
s
Gs
B
H
BS
S B
ase
Sta
tio
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yste
m
BT
S B
ase
Tra
nsce
iver
Sta
tion
BS
C B
ase
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Con
trol
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RN
S R
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wo
rk S
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C R
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MS
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obile
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Vis
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Reg
iste
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e Lo
catio
n R
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ter
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Aut
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icat
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Ser
ver
GM
SC
Gat
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MS
C
SG
SN
Ser
ving
GP
RS
Sup
port
Nod
e
GG
SN
Gat
eway
GP
RS
Sup
port
Nod
e
AN
c
2G M
S (
voic
eon
ly)
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MS
(vo
ice
& d
ata)
Nod
eB
RN
C
RN
S
Iub
IuC
S
IuP
S
3G U
E (
voic
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dat
a)
Mc
CS
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W
CS
-MG
WN
b
PS
TN
Mc
AT
M
ww
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mun
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ions
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3GPP rel5 Architecture -IP M
ultim
edia
Gb/
IuP
S
A/Iu
CS
SS
7 IP/A
TM
BT
S
BS
CM
SC
Ser
ver
VLR
HS
SA
uC
GM
SC
ser
ver
BS
S
SG
SN
GG
SN
PS
TN
CN
CD
Gc
Gr
Gn
Gi
Abi
s
Gs
B
H
IM I
P M
ult
imed
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b-s
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m
MR
F M
edia
Res
ourc
e F
unct
ion
CS
CF
Cal
l Sta
te C
ontr
ol F
unct
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MG
CF
Med
ia G
atew
ay C
ontr
ol F
unct
ion
(Mc=
H24
8,M
g=S
IP)
IM-M
GW
IP
Mul
timed
ia-M
GW
Nc
2G M
S (
voic
eon
ly)
2G+
MS
(vo
ice
& d
ata)
Nod
eB
RN
C
RN
S
Iub
3G U
E (
voic
e&
dat
a)
Mc
CS
-MG
W
CS
-MG
WN
b
PS
TN
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IuC
S
IuP
S
AT
M
IM
IPP
ST
N
Mc
MG
CF
IM-M
GW
MR
F
CS
CF
Mg
Gs
IP N
etw
ork
ww
w.n
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icat
ions
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3GPP2 Defines IS-41 Evolution
�3r
d G
ener
atio
n P
artn
ersh
ip P
roje
ct “
Tw
o”●
Evo
lutio
n of
IS-4
1 to
“al
l IP
”m
ore
dire
ct (
skip
s A
TM
sta
ge),
but
not
an
y fa
ster
●G
oal o
f ulti
mat
e m
erge
r (3
GP
P +
3G
PP
2) r
emai
ns
�1x
RT
T –
IP p
acke
t sup
port
(lik
e G
PR
S)
�1x
EV
DO
–E
volu
tion
data
-opt
imiz
ed�
1xE
VD
V –
aban
done
d�
3x –
Trip
les
radi
o da
ta r
ates
�U
nive
rsal
Mob
ile B
road
band
(U
MB
) is
3.5
G/4
G p
lan
ww
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msc
om
mun
icat
ions
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NextGenNetw
orks (NGN) Converging
�3G
PP
2 —
CD
MA
2000
mul
ti-m
edia
dom
ain
(MM
D)
base
d on
3G
PP
IMS
R5
�T
ISP
AN
—ev
olve
s N
GN
arc
hite
ctur
e fo
r fix
ed n
etw
orks
bas
ed o
n 3G
PP
IMS
�IT
U-T
NG
N F
ocus
Gro
up —
venu
e to
mak
e T
ISP
AN
NG
N a
glo
bal s
pec
�A
TIS
NG
N F
ocus
Gro
up —
form
ally
col
labo
ratin
g w
ith E
TS
I as
of A
pril
2005
�P
acke
tCab
leR
elea
se 2
.0 —
alig
ning
with
por
tions
of 3
GP
P
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
3GP
P R
elea
se 4
3GP
P IM
S R
53G
PP
IMS
R6
TIS
PA
N R
13G
PP
2 M
MD
ITU
-T N
GN
FG
AT
IS N
GN
FG
Pac
ket C
able
2.0
3GP
P IM
S R
7�
Fol
low
ing
3GP
P le
ad
ww
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icat
ions
.com
IMS / NGN Vision
�O
ne c
ore
netw
ork
for
“any
acc
ess”
●B
ased
on
IP●
Wire
line
and
wire
less
tran
spar
ency
●B
ased
on
IET
F s
tand
ards
, with
ext
ensi
ons
�A
cces
s an
d ba
ndw
idth
will
be
com
mod
ities
; se
rvic
es a
re th
e di
ffere
ntia
tor
●P
er-s
essi
on c
ontr
ol s
uppo
rts
per-
appl
icat
ion
qual
ity o
f se
rvic
e (Q
oS)
guar
ante
es a
nd p
er-a
pplic
atio
n bi
lling
�V
oice
is ju
st a
pplic
atio
n●
“Eas
ily”
inte
grat
ed w
ith o
ther
app
licat
ions
…
ww
w.n
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icat
ions
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IMS Story: Convergence
Source: Team Analysis, Lucent
Tra
ditio
nal S
ervi
ces
TV Caller ID
Phone Tools
Push to Talk
Wireline
Packet
Cable
Wireless
Wifi
WiM
ax
OSS/ BSS
Access
Delivery
Media
Functions
Subscriber
Data
Application
OSS/ BSS
Access
Delivery
Media
Functions
Subscriber
Data
Application
OSS/ BSSAccess
Delivery
Media
Functions
Subscriber
Data
Application
IMS
Ser
vice
s
Subscriber D
ata
Media Functions
IP M
ultim
edia Subsyste
mIP M
ultim
edia Subsyste
m
OSS/ BSS
Application
Application
Application
TV Caller ID
Phone Tools
Push to Talk
Wireline
Packet
Cable
Wireless
Wifi
WiM
ax
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
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IMS / NGN Value Proposition
�G
ener
ate
new
rev
enue
from
new
ser
vice
s●
Per
-ses
sion
con
trol
allo
ws
IMS
to g
uara
ntee
QoS
for
each
IP s
essi
on, a
nd e
nabl
es d
iffe
ren
tial
bill
ing
for
appl
icat
ions
& c
onte
nt
�R
educ
e ca
pita
l spe
ndin
g●
Con
verg
e al
l ser
vice
s on
com
mon
infr
astr
uctu
re●
Foc
us li
mite
d re
sour
ces
on c
ore
com
pete
ncie
s
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
3GPP R7/TISPAN IMS Architecture
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
IMS Session (i.e. Call) Control
ww
w.n
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om
mun
icat
ions
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So far, only for New Applications !
�M
ost m
ajor
mob
ile o
pera
tors
hav
e de
ploy
ed a
SIP
in
fras
truc
ture
of s
ome
sort
●C
SC
Fs
per
stric
t IM
S o
r ot
herw
ise
●In
use
for
new
app
licat
ions
like
Pus
h to
Tal
k (P
TT
)
�F
ixed
ope
rato
rs m
ovin
g to
sof
tsw
itche
sfo
r co
nven
tiona
l voi
ce, b
ut�
Mob
ile v
oice
cal
ls s
till u
se c
ircui
t sw
itchi
ng
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Long Term
Parallels: IN & IMS
Inte
llige
nt N
etw
ork
––IP
Mul
timed
ia S
yste
m
�F
ree
oper
ator
s fr
om e
quip
men
t pro
vide
r lo
ck-in
�S
epar
ate
appl
icat
ions
from
bas
ic c
all c
ontr
ol�
Ope
n pr
otoc
ols
and
AP
Is fo
r ap
plic
atio
ns
Intelligent Netw
ork Application Successes
�F
reeP
hone
, Mob
ile (
HLR
), P
re-p
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pac
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Mul
timed
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S)
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l-IP
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IP-PBX/Softswitch& M
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Han
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Mob
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Unlicensed M
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IP to
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"All IP"Services basedon IMS
�3G
PP
vis
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of "
All
IP"
Nex
tGen
netw
ork
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N)
●V
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/vid
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with
QoS
guar
ante
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Eve
ntua
llyto
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lace
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base
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ll se
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itiat
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entr
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llow
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per
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bill
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tera
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any
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MS
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ain
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Early IMS (or at least SIP) Applications
�P
ush-
to-T
alk
●B
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dep
loye
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day,
per
form
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impr
ovin
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ideo
sha
ring
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dd IP
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ideo
ses
sion
to c
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ll●
“See
wha
t I s
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way
voi
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1-w
ay v
ideo
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stan
t mes
sagi
ng a
nd p
rese
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●B
ut c
an m
obile
initi
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com
mun
ities
com
pete
with
AIM
, Y
ahoo
, Sky
pe, e
tc.?
�F
ixed
-mob
ile c
onve
rgen
ce (
FM
C)
●V
CC
dep
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ll IM
S s
till i
n th
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ture
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Video Share
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S o
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IP In
fras
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SM
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Clie
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m c
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sto
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ptio
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all
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VoI
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all
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Redirect to complete P2P Video Share
Upl
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to S
erve
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Ses
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Fai
lure
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vaila
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Cap
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otifi
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vitin
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m to
dow
nloa
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deo
Clic
k to
dow
nloa
d an
d pl
ay �
and
sign
up
for
serv
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INV
ITE
INV
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4XX
NO
T A
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3XX
RE
DIR
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MS
DO
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EQU
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and
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rvic
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optio
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Wireless Tutorial
�H
isto
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volu
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Rad
io�
Evo
lvin
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etw
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Arc
hite
ctur
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volv
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Ser
vice
s�
App
licat
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and
Bus
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s M
odel
s�
Rel
ated
tech
nolo
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ssue
s an
d F
utur
es
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w.n
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Killer Applications
�C
omm
unity
and
Iden
tity
mos
t im
port
ant
●C
omm
unity
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stal
mai
l, te
leph
ony,
em
ail,
inst
ant m
essa
ging
, SM
S, c
hat,
pict
ure
mai
l,“s
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hat-
I-se
e”vi
deo
shar
ing…
●Id
entit
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esig
ner
acce
ssor
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wal
lpap
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ring
tone
s, r
ingb
ack
tone
s, …
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onte
nt im
port
ant b
ut c
onte
nt is
not
kin
g!●
Voi
ce r
even
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far
exce
ed th
ose
from
the
sum
of
TV
+ m
ovie
s +
new
spap
ers
+ m
agaz
ines
●
Cla
ssic
ana
lysi
s by
And
rew
Odl
yzko
: ht
tp://
ww
w.d
tc.u
mn.
edu/
~od
lyzk
o/do
c/re
cent
.htm
l
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w.n
msc
om
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icat
ions
.com
The Internet is the killer platform
�M
obile
Inte
rnet
acc
ess
driv
ing
3G d
ata
usag
e
�F
utur
e bu
sine
ss m
odel
s an
ope
n qu
estio
n●
Wal
led
gard
en ?
●A
dver
tisin
g ?
●O
ther
2-s
ided
bu
sine
ss m
odel
s ?
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Advertising w
on’t cover lost voice $
Sou
rce:
Tel
co 2
.0 M
anife
sto,
ST
L P
artn
ers
Ltd.
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w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
“Open”success story –
DoCoMoi-mode
�M
ost o
pera
tors
cap
ture
val
ue –
avoi
d du
mb
pipe
●V
ery
caut
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par
tner
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Slo
w r
oll o
ut o
f ser
vice
s
�D
oCoM
oi-m
ode
2G d
ata
serv
ice
laun
ched
199
9●
Sm
all s
cree
ns, s
low
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6 kb
ps)
data
rat
e
�i-m
ode
busi
ness
mod
el w
ide
open
●F
ree
deve
lopm
ent s
oftw
are;
No
acce
ss r
estr
ictio
ns●
DoC
oMo’
s“b
ill-o
n-be
half”
base
d on
9%
rev
enue
sha
re
�i-m
ode
big
succ
ess
in fi
rst 2
4 m
onth
s●
55,0
00 a
pplic
atio
ns, 3
0M s
ubsc
riber
s !
ww
w.n
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om
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icat
ions
.com
DoCoMoI-Mode: 2-sided business m
odel
�S
ubsc
riber
s pa
y fo
r da
ta a
cces
s (f
lat r
ate
mon
thly
bun
dles
)�
App
licat
ion
prov
ider
s pa
y D
oCoM
ofo
r bi
lling
ser
vice
s
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Wireless Tutorial
�H
isto
ry a
nd E
volu
tion
of M
obile
Rad
io�
Evo
lvin
g N
etw
ork
Arc
hite
ctur
es
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volv
ing
Ser
vice
s�
App
licat
ions
and
Bus
ines
s M
odel
s�
Rel
ated
tech
nolo
gy, I
ssue
s an
d F
utur
es
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
WiM
AX
�T
wo
year
lead
(or
mor
e) o
n 3G
SM
’s L
TE
●C
ompa
rabl
e or
fast
er s
peed
s at
any
poi
nt in
tim
e
�C
an’t
mat
ch v
olum
es o
f GS
M/ 3
GS
M/ L
TE
●10
0M’s
of G
SM
chi
ps v
s. 1
0M’s
WiM
AX
chip
s (a
t bes
t)
1.M
ay b
e as
suc
cess
ful a
s C
DM
A 2
000
2.C
ould
mer
ge w
ith L
TE
●R
adio
tech
nolo
gy v
ery
sim
ilar
●B
oth
assu
min
g 3G
PP
IMS
cor
e ne
twor
k
ww
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mun
icat
ions
.com
Backhaul
�M
ajor
3G
-4G
dat
a se
rvic
es e
xpen
se is
“ba
ckha
ul”
e.g.
con
nect
ing
cell
site
s to
the
core
net
wor
k●
Fix
ed fa
cilit
ies
owne
d by
loca
l mon
opol
y●
Res
tric
ted
&/o
r ex
pens
ive
to a
cces
s rig
hts-
of-w
ay●
Poi
nt-t
o-po
int w
irele
ss li
nks
expe
nsiv
e●
Wire
less
ope
rato
rs d
eplo
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ing
fiber
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P-t
o-P
ra
dios
on
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ite-b
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s
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et s
ubsc
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s to
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r D
SL,
cab
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r fib
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nks
for
cellu
lar
back
haul
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om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Bluetooth
�S
hort
ran
ge, l
ow c
ost a
nd lo
w p
ower
!●
Per
sona
l are
a ne
twor
ks (
PA
Ns)
●1-
2 M
bps
peak
dat
a ra
tes
(tod
ay)
�B
uilt-
in d
isco
very
pro
toco
ls a
nd d
evic
e-sp
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mm
unic
atio
ns p
roto
cols
; no
t IP
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se; r
oadm
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ultr
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ideb
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bps
even
tual
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nlik
ely
to e
xten
d be
yond
PA
Ns
●B
ut a
lso
unlik
ely
to b
e di
spla
ced
for
PA
Ns
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
WiFias threat to 3G-4G
�F
aste
r th
an 3
G –
4G�
IEE
E 8
02.1
1 sp
ec e
volv
ing
rapi
dly
●“n
”fo
r M
IMO
(hi
gher
spe
eds)
; “r
”fo
r fa
ster
(V
oIP
) ha
ndof
fs;
“y”
for
beac
on o
pera
tion
(in 3
650-
3700
MH
z ba
nd in
itial
ly –
othe
r ba
nds
late
r)
�D
ata
expe
rienc
e ca
n m
atch
that
of t
he In
tern
et●
with
nom
adic
con
veni
ence
(an
d tr
ue m
obili
ty c
omin
g)●
sam
e us
er in
terf
ace
(doe
sn’t
rely
on
smal
l scr
eens
);
sam
e pr
ogra
ms,
file
s, a
pplic
atio
ns, w
ebsi
tes
�Lo
w c
ost,
low
bar
riers
to e
ntry
●In
divi
dual
s an
d or
gani
zatio
ns b
uild
ow
n ne
twor
ks
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Mobile device diversity -indefinitely
�A
pplic
atio
n de
velo
pmen
t env
ironm
ents
…
Sou
rce:
And
rea
Con
stan
tinou
, Vis
ionM
obile
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Significant inter-operability issues
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
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Telecom Opportunity
�In
tern
et p
lus
mob
ile p
hone
s dr
ivin
g gl
obal
ec
onom
ic, s
ocia
l, an
d po
litic
al b
enef
its�
Und
erly
ing
tech
nolo
gies
impr
ovin
g ex
pone
ntia
lly
En
orm
ou
s o
pp
ort
un
ity
ahea
d!
�6.
7 B
peo
ple;
3.6
B m
obile
s; 1
.6B
Inte
rnet
use
rs
�3G
/4G
to d
eliv
er p
hone
& In
tern
et to
eve
ryon
e
Have fun, help mankind, make money !
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
rbt@
nmss
.com
http
://bl
ogs.
nmss
.com
/com
mun
icat
ions
http
://w
ww
.nm
scom
mun
icat
ions
.com
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Additional
Reference
Material
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Mobile Standard Organizations
AR
IB(J
ap
an
)
T1
(US
A)
ET
SI
(Euro
pe
)
TT
A(K
ore
a)
CW
TS
(Chin
a)
TT
C(J
ap
an
)
TIA
(US
A)
Thir
d G
ene
ratio
nP
atn
ers
hip
Pro
ject
(3G
PP
)
Thir
d G
ene
ratio
nP
art
ners
hip
Pro
ject II
(3G
PP
2)
ITU
Mo
bile
Ope
rato
rsIT
U M
em
be
rs
IS-9
5),
IS
-41, IS
-20
00,
IS-8
35
GS
M,
W-C
DM
A,
UM
TS
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Partnership Projects and Forums
•IT
U IM
T-2
000:
ht
tp://
ww
w.it
u.in
t/hom
e/im
t.htm
l•
Mob
ile P
artn
ersh
ip P
roje
cts
–3G
PP
: ht
tp://
ww
w.3
gpp.
org
–3G
PP
2 : h
ttp://
ww
w.3
gpp2
.org
•M
obile
mar
ketin
g al
lianc
es a
nd fo
rum
s–
GS
M A
ssoc
iatio
n: h
ttp://
ww
w.g
smw
orld
.com
/inde
x.sh
tml
–U
MT
S F
orum
: ht
tp://
ww
w.u
mts
-for
um.o
rg
–C
DM
A D
evel
opm
ent G
roup
: ht
tp://
ww
w.c
dg.o
rg/in
dex.
asp
–N
ext G
ener
atio
n M
obile
Net
wor
ks A
llian
ce:
http
://w
ww
.ngm
n.or
g/
–G
loba
l Mob
ile S
uppl
iers
Ass
ocia
tion:
http
://w
ww
.gsa
com
.com
–C
TIA
: ht
tp://
ww
w.c
tia.o
rg/
–3G
Am
eric
as:
http
://w
ww
.uw
cc.o
rg
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Mobile Standards Organizations
�E
urop
ean
Tec
hnic
al S
tand
ard
Inst
itute
(E
urop
e):
●ht
tp://
ww
w.e
tsi.o
rg
�T
elec
omm
unic
atio
n In
dust
ry A
ssoc
iatio
n (U
SA
):●
http
://w
ww
.tiao
nlin
e.or
g
�A
llian
ce fo
r T
elec
omm
unic
atio
ns In
dust
ry S
olut
ions
(U
SA
)(f
orm
erly
Com
mitt
ee T
1):
�ht
tp://
ww
w.t1
.org
& h
ttp://
ww
w.a
tis.o
rg/
�C
hina
Com
mun
icat
ions
Sta
ndar
ds A
ssoc
iatio
n (C
hina
):●
http
://w
ww
.cw
ts.o
rg
�T
he A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Rad
io In
dust
ries
and
Bus
ines
ses
(Jap
an):
●ht
tp://
ww
w.a
rib.o
r.jp
/eng
lish/
inde
x.ht
ml
�T
he T
elec
omm
unic
atio
n T
echn
olog
y C
omm
ittee
(Ja
pan)
:●
http
://w
ww
.ttc.
or.jp
/e/in
dex.
htm
l
�T
he T
elec
omm
unic
atio
n T
echn
olog
y A
ssoc
iatio
n (K
orea
):●
http
://w
ww
.tta.
or.k
r/en
glis
h/e_
inde
x.ht
m
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Other Industry Consortia
•O
MA
, Ope
n M
obile
Alli
ance
: ht
tp://
ww
w.o
penm
obile
allia
nce.
org/
–C
onso
lidat
es O
pen
Mob
ile A
rchi
tect
ure,
WA
P F
orum
, Loc
atio
n In
tero
pera
bilit
y F
orum
, Syn
cML,
MM
S In
tero
pera
bilit
y G
roup
, W
irele
ss V
illag
e
•Li
sts
of w
irele
ss o
rgan
izat
ions
com
pile
d by
oth
ers:
–ht
tp://
ww
w.w
ipco
nnec
tor.
com
/res
ourc
es.p
hp–
http
://fo
cus.
ti.co
m/g
ener
al/d
ocs/
wtb
u/w
tbug
enco
nten
t.tsp
?tem
plat
eId=
6123
&co
nten
tId=
4602
–ht
tp://
ww
w.w
lana
.org
/wla
n_st
anda
rds_
orgs
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Wireless M
AN, LAN and PAN Links
•W
irele
ssM
AN
–B
road
band
Acc
ess
(WiM
AX
)–
IEE
E 8
02.1
6: h
ttp://
ww
w.ie
ee80
2.or
g/16
/–
WiM
AX
For
um: h
ttp://
ww
w.w
imax
foru
m.o
rg/h
ome/
•W
irele
ss L
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Ass
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Eas
t_an
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•ht
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.com
/roa
min
g/gs
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shtm
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m.c
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stat
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s.ph
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Nom
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cos
t:•
http
://w
ww
.itu.
int/I
TU
-D/ic
t/pub
licat
ions
/wor
ld/w
orld
.htm
l
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
rbt@
nmss
.com
http
://bl
ogs.
nmss
.com
/com
mun
icat
ions
http
://w
ww
.nm
scom
mun
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.com
