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    Wireless TutorialPart 4

    White Spaces and Beyond

    Brough TurnerDialogic

    Fanny MlinarskyoctoScope

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    Agenda10:30 12:00noon Our G-enealogy History and Evolution of Mobile

    Radio

    Lunch

    1:00 2:00 The IEEEs Wireless Ethernet Keeps Going andGrowing

    Break

    2:00 2:45 4G Tutorial: Vive la Diffrence?

    3:00 3:45 Mobile Broadband - New Applications and New

    Business Models

    Break

    4:00 4:45 Tutorial: White Spaces and Beyond

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    Radio Spectrum Occupancy

    As measured by Shared Spectrum Company and the

    University of Kansas Center forResearch for the

    NSF National Radio Network Research Testbed (NRNRT)

    Urban areas, 30 MHz to 3 GHz. Above 3 GHz mostly vacant.

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    New York CityUnusually heavy communications duringRepublican National Convention

    August 30 to September 3, 2004 brought spectrum occupancy up to 13%.

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    Most spectrum idle most of the time

    FCC Regs protect obsolete technology

    e.g. TV guard bands are to protect pre-1950 receiver

    technology. You wouldnt run your business on a 1950s

    mainframe computer

    Rights holders utilizing subset of their rights

    Governmental entities sitting on spectrum

    Partial buildouts; financial or tech problems; marketchanges; incumbents sitting on spectrum.

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    Spectrum Myths

    Spectrum is scarce

    4G is the future of wireless

    Auctions drive efficient use of spectrum Utilization requires massive investments

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    History of spectrum regulation

    Early radio receivers very primitive

    Only understood separation by frequency

    Difficulty separating the desired signal meantlarge guard bands were required

    Conclusion: spectrum = scarce resource

    Radio Act of 1927 creates FRC

    Communications Act of 1934creates FCC

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    Visible light analogy

    Visible light, a (small) part of the spectrum

    Human vision, a really excellent receiver

    Eyes plus our (cognitive) visual cortex Works despite (because of) broadband noise

    sources like the sun, the lights in this room

    Extremely directional, motion sensitive,

    Better receivers better spectrum use

    Enormous improvements possible

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    SpectrumAbundance

    Original thinking was wrong

    More transmitters, alternate paths, motion all

    serve to increase capacity

    More data receiver has about environment the better it

    can do at extracting the desired signal

    MIMO and beamforming key to 4G

    And beyond. Orders of magnitude to go. 4G will be followed by 5G, 6G and soon!

    New RF and new networking, e.g. meshes

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    The Ultimate Metric:bps perHertz peracre perwatt

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    6

    7

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    6

    7

    572

    2

    11

    2

    3

    4

    5

    6

    7

    3

    3050 mi.

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    Other myths

    Auctions drive efficient use of spectrum

    And yet there has been more innovation in WiFi than

    in all of 2G, 3G, 4G cellular bands

    OFDM, MIMO WiFi leads, cellular follows

    Utilization requires massive investments

    E.g. spectrum purchase; network buildout

    But in license-exempt bands access is free and

    radios are purchased by individuals

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    Spectrum policy

    Today all spectrum is regulated (by the FCCor

    NTIA), but

    Regulation limits technology deployment Regulationor policy change takes years

    Incumbents play policy game very well

    Startups have limited runways

    Investors dont like regulatory uncertainty

    FCC in the business of regulating speech

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    Spectrum vs. printing presses

    Supreme Court lenient on regulationof spectrum

    because spectrum is unusually scarce

    Prof. Stuart Minor Benjamin, Duke University

    The Court has neverconfronted an allegation that

    government actions resulted in unused or underused

    spectrum, ... Government limits on the numberof printing

    presses almost assuredly would be subject toheightened

    scrutiny and would not survive such scrutiny.

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    Prospects for Change

    Substantial vested interests

    Broadcasters, cellularoperators, many otherexisting spectrum owners

    Overwhelming success of WiFi, Bluetooth Commercial successes new interests

    Intel, Google, Microsoft, Apple

    Rural wireless ISPs Frequently leverage unlicensed technology

    Get attention inCongress

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    Gaining access to spectrum

    License-exempt began in junk bands

    ISM (900 MHz, 2.4 GHz)

    Extended into UNII (5 GHz) and 60 GHz

    Underlays Low power (below licensees)

    Ultra Wideband in 3.110.6 GHz

    Shared use with lite-licensing

    3650-3700 MHz ; license-exempt based on listen-before-talk, location & licensed beacon

    Managed by 802.11y protocols from IEEE

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    Secondary Use

    TV White Spaces

    Multi-year battle vs. strong vested interests

    Favorable FCC decision Nov. 2008

    Tight restrictions likely to be eased over time, based onnewtechnology and actual field experience

    Prospect for additional bands?

    More access at 5 GHz? potentially under 802.11y

    IMT-Advanced candidate bands (2300-2400, 2700-2900, 3400-

    4200, and 4400-5000 MHz) will take years toclear but could

    be used now under 802.11y

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    TV SpectrumAvailability 6 MHz TV channels 2-69

    VHF: 54-72, 76-88, 174-216 MHz

    UHF: 470-806 MHz

    2009 transition from analog to digital

    TV frees up channels 52-69 due to

    higher spectral efficiency of digital

    TV

    FCC is updating its regulations and

    has recently allowed the use of

    cognitive radio for White Spaces,

    unused TV spectrum

    WSD = white spaces device

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    White Space ChannelAvailability

    Approximate White Space UHF

    channel availability based on

    full-service post-transition

    broadcast station allocation

    Available Channels:

    1 or none3 or fewer

    10 or fewer

    20 or more

    30 or more

    duTreil, Lundin & Rackley, Inc.

    Sarasota, Florida

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    White SpacesR

    adio Technology The new regulations (FCC Dockets 04-186, 02-380)require the use ofcognitive radios to determine

    whether a channel is available prior to

    transmitting.

    Two types of services are targeting TV spectrum: Fixed services: WRAN (wireless rural area

    networks), being standardized by IEEE802.22

    Mobile services: White Spaces, being advocated by

    the WIA (www.wirelessinnovationalliance.org)

    IEEE 802 LAN/MAN committee formed new study

    group in November, 2008 to investigate white spaces

    standardization

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    Detecting Licensed Transmissions Methods for detecting licensed transmissions:

    An internal GPS could be used inconjunction with a database to

    determine whether the WSD is located far enough away from

    licensed stations.

    WSD could receive information from a broadcast station indicating

    whichchannels are available.

    WSD could incorporate sensing capabilities to detect whetherlicensed transmitters are in its range. Ifno signals are detected, the

    device could transmit. If signals are detected, the device would

    have to search for anotherchannel.

    FCC sensing thresholds : -116 dBm for ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee,

    digital TV)

    -94 dBm for NTSC (National Television System Committee, analogTV)

    -107 dBm for wireless microphones

    Protected

    devices:

    TV stations,wireless

    microphones

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    Hidden Node Scenario

    TV signal attenuated by an

    obstruction (wall) is undetectable

    by a WSD. WSD transmits,

    interfering with TV broadcast,

    which is received unobstructed

    by a rooftop antenna.

    TV broadcast

    received by an

    unobstructed rooftop

    TV antenna

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    Beach-front Property? Lower frequencies experience lower attenuation

    in free space and throughobstructions, e.g.

    buildings

    However, when propagating through metal

    frames in modern buildings, Fresnel zone gets

    constricted and attenuation is introduced Antenna size also matters optimum length is a

    multiple of wavelength

    3.3 feet for 70 MHz

    4 for 700 MHz

    1 for 2.4 GHz Longer antennas required for UHF may be

    problematic forhandheld devices

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    Antenna Fresnel Zone

    Fresnelzone istheshapeof

    electromagneticsignaland isa function

    of fre

    quency

    Constricting theFresnelzoneintroduces

    attenuation and signaldistortion

    r = radius in feet

    D = distance in miles

    f = frequency in GHz

    D

    Example: D = 0.5 miler = 30 feet for 700 MHz

    r = 16 feet for 2.4 GHz

    r = 10 feet for 5.8 GHz

    r

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    Hidden Node an Issue?

    Analysis and field testing done by ITU-R, FCC and

    otherorganizations demonstrate that even when a

    WSD is deep inside a building, the signal reaching it is

    likely to be at most 30 dB lower than the signal at arooftop antenna.

    The 802.22 draft sets the detection threshold 30 dB

    below a tuners lowest receive level and states that an

    unlicensed device must detect a broadcast within 2seconds and with probability of >=90%.

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    TurfBattles to Continue

    Broadcasters and traditional

    wireless operators will

    continue tooppose TV White

    Spaces developments

    The battle lines are drawn

    and the stakes are high

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    www.octoscope.com

    Brough Turner, Chief Strategy Officer, Dialogic

    [email protected]

    Blog: http://blogs.nmss.com/communications/

    [email protected] Skype: brough

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    Additional

    Reference

    Material

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    Mobile Standard Organizations

    AR

    B

    Ja an

    S A

    E S

    E ro e

    A

    orea

    S

    in a

    Ja an

    A

    S A

    ir d

    enerat ion

    atners i roje t

    ir d

    enerat ion

    artners

    i

    roje

    t

    Mobi le

    O erators

    M e bers

    S 9

    S !

    S " " "

    S #

    S M DM A

    M S

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    Partnership Pro ects and Forums

    ITU IMT-2000: http://www.itu.int/home/imt.html

    Mobile Partnership Projects

    3GPP :http://www.3gpp.org

    3GPP2:http://www.3gpp2.org

    Mobile marketing alliances and forums GSM Association: http://www.gsmworld.com/index.shtml

    UMTS Forum :http://www.umts-forum.org

    CDMA Development Group: http://www.cdg.org/index.asp

    Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance: http://www.ngmn.org/

    Global Mobile Suppliers Association:http://www.gsacom.com CTIA: http://www.ctia.org/

    3G Americas: http://www.uwcc.org

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    Mobile Standards Organizations European Technical Standard Institute (Europe):

    http://www.etsi.org

    Telecommunication Industry Association (USA):

    http://www.tiaonline.org

    Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (USA)

    (formerly Committee T1): http://www.t1.org & http://www.atis.org/

    China Communications Standards Association (China):

    http://www.cwts.org

    The Associationof Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan):

    http://www.arib.or.jp/english/index.html The Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan):

    http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/index.html

    The Telecommunication Technology Association (Korea):

    http://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htm

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    Other Industry Consortia

    OMA, Open Mobile Alliance: http://www.openmobilealliance.org/

    Consolidates Open Mobile Architecture, WAP Forum, Location

    Interoperability Forum, SyncML, MMS Interoperability Group, Wireless

    Village

    Lists of wireless organizations compiled by others:

    http://www.wipconnector.com/resources.php

    http://focus.ti.com/general/docs/wtbu/wtbugencontent.tsp?templateId=61

    23&contentId=4602 http://www.wlana.org/pdf/wlan_standards_orgs.pdf

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    Wireless MAN, LAN and PAN Links

    WirelessMAN Broadband Access (WiMAX)

    IEEE 802.16: http://www.ieee802.org/16/

    WiMAX Forum:http://www.wimaxforum.org/home/

    WirelessL

    AN (WiFi) IEEE 802.11: http://www.ieee802.org/11/

    WiFi Alliance: http://www.wi-fi.org/

    Wireless LAN Association: http://www.wlana.org/

    Wireless WPAN (Bluetooth)

    IEEE 802.15: http://www.ieee802.org/15/

    Bluetooth SIG: https://www.bluetooth.org/

    and http://www.bluetooth.com/

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    Market & Subscriber Statistics

    Free:

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_Europe

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Americas

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Asia_Pacific_region

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Middle_East_and_Africa

    http://www.gsmworld.com/roaming/gsminfo/index.shtml

    http://www.cdg.org/worldwide/cdma_world_subscriber.asp

    http://www.gsacom.com/news/statistics.php4

    Nominal cost: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/world/world.html

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    www.octoscope.com

    Brough Turner, Chief Strategy Officer, Dialogic

    [email protected]

    Blog: http://blogs.nmss.com/communications/

    [email protected] Skype: brough