007 Edward '1st Earl of Jersey' Villiers II007EdwardVillersFrancesHoward

Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of JerseyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of Jersey (c. 1656 25 August 1711) son of Sir Edward Villiers (16201689) of Richmond and Frances Howard, the youngest daughter of Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk and Elizabeth Hume, was created Baron Villiers and Viscount Villiers in 1691 and Earl of Jersey in 1697. His grandfather, Sir Edward Villiers (c. 1585-1626), Master of the Mint and President of Munster, was half brother of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, and of Christopher Villiers, 1st Earl of Anglesey; his sister was Elizabeth Villiers, the mistress of William III, and afterwards Countess of Orkney. Villiers was Knight Marshal to the royal household in succession to his father; Master of the Horse to Queen Mary; and Lord Chamberlain to William III and Queen Anne. In 1696 he represented his country at the Congress of Ryswick; he was ambassador at The Hague, and after becoming an earl was ambassador in Paris. In 1699 he was made Secretary of State for the Southern Department, and on three occasions he was one of the Lords Justices of England. In 1704 he was dismissed from office by Anne, and after this event he was concerned in some of the Jacobite schemes. He died on 25 August 1711 of apoplexy.[1] He married Barbara Chiffinch (1663 before 13th December 1735), daughter of William Chiffinch (1602-1688) on 17 December 1681. They had two sons and a daughter:

William Villiers (c. 1682 13 July 1721) Henry Villiers (d. 1743)

Mary Villiers (d. 17 Jan 1734/35) Married Thomas Thynne (d. 1710) son of Henry Frederick Thynne and Dorothy Philips and in 1711 George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdowne. With Thomas she had a son: Thomas Thynne, 2nd Viscount Weymouth.

007 William '2nd Earl of Innchiquin' OBrien

008 Edward Villers II008EdwardVilliers

Sir Edward VilliersHe was the eldest son of Sir George Villiers, by his first wife Audrey Saunders, making him half-brother to the court favourite George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, Christopher Villiers, 1st Earl of Anglesey and John Villiers, 1st Viscount Purbeck. He was knighted on 7 September 1616, and in October 1617 succeeded Sir Richard Martin as Master of the Mint, and in November 1618 became comptroller of the court of wards.[1] On 30 December 1620 he was returned to parliament as member for Westminster. In the same month he was sent Frederick III, Elector Palatine to say that assistance would be rendered him, but only on condition that he entered into an agreement to relinquish the crown of Bohemia. He returned before May and took his seat in parliament, but was in that month temporarily excluded from the house for attempting to speak on the question of a patent, in which he was personally interested (the gold and silver patent in which Villiers had invested 4,000 in 1617, and from which he derived an income of 500 annually). His conduct was vindicated in the inquiry by the House of Lords in June, and Villiers was allowed to resume his seat in the Commons. In September he was again sent to the Elector Frederick, then serving with the Dutch army, to persuade him to withdraw from it and submit to the Holy Roman Emperor. On 23 September 1622 he was granted a lease of the customs and subsidies on gold and silver thread on condition of surrendering the mastership of the mint, but the latter office was restored to him in July 1624. He was re-elected for Westminster on 22 January 1624, and on 25 April 1625; in August of the latter year he asked the commons to prevent a dissolution by desisting from their attack on Buckingham.[1] Meanwhile James I, in January 1625, appointed Villiers Lord President of Munster; the appointment was confirmed by Charles I on 6 May, and in August Villiers went to Ireland to assume his duties. He held the post little over a year, and was absent for several months during that period. He died in the college of Youghal, which he made his official residence, on 7 September 1626; he was buried in St. Marys, Youghal.[1] [edit] Family Villiers married Barbara, eldest daughter of Sir John St. John and niece of Oliver St John, 1st Viscount Grandison; his viscountcy was specially entailed on his nieces issue. Consequently her eldest son by Sir Edward Villiers, William, succeeded St. John as 2nd Viscount Grandison in 1630; he was father of Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland. Sir Edwards second and third sons, George and John, succeeded as 3rd Viscount Grandison and 4th Viscount Grandison; the fourth son, Sir Edward (1620- 1689), was father of Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of Jersey.[1]

008 Murragh '1st Earl of Inchiquin' OBrien

008Murrah'1stEarlOfInchiquin'OBrien

Murrough OBrien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin (c. 16189 September 1674)1614-1674 Murrough OBrien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin (c. 16189 September 1674), known from 1624 to 1654 as the 6th Baron Inchiquin, was a chieftain of the OBriens and, after Ormond, the leading Protestant native Irish peer in Ireland. He was one of the ten named in Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 as leaders of the Royalist forces in Ireland. Inchiquin served in the Spanish Army of Italy 1636-9 then returned to Ireland and married the daughter of Sir William St Leger, President of Munster. When St Leger died in 1641, Inchiquin took over the administration of Munster. At the Irish Uprising of 1641, he was the only lord descended from Irish chieftains to side with the settlers and Protestants against the Catholic Confederates. He held Cork and south-western Ireland in the Kings name until the Cessation arranged by Ormond in September 1643. In 1642, he routed a Confederate army under Garret Barry that was advancing on Cork in the Battle of Liscarroll. Snubbed by Charles I In February 1644, Inchiquin went to Oxford expecting to be granted the Kings commission as President of Munster, but Charles snubbed him by giving the post to the Earl of Portland. Enraged, Inchiquin returned to Ireland and declared his support for the Parliamentarians. He expelled the Catholics from Cork, Youghal, and Kinsale, and consolidated his hold on the south-west with a series of anti-Confederate actions. The slaughter of the garrison at Cashel in September 1647 and the subsequent devastation of Catholic held Munster earned him the nickname, Murchadh na dOitean or Murrough of the Burnings or the Incendiary. [1]He decisively defeated Lord Taafes Confederates at the battle of Knocknanauss in November 1647, crippling the Confederates Munster Army. Alarmed at the implications of the Vote of No Addresses, Inchiquin changed sides and declared for the King in March 1648. He called for a truce with the Confederates, but this caused a split between the Supreme Council and the Popes representative, Archbishop Rinuccini. Inchiquin welcomed the Marquis of Ormond when he returned to Ireland in September 1648 and supported the Second Ormond Peace, which secured an alliance between the Royalists and the Confederates against the English Parliament. Inchiquin spent much of 1648 and 1649 trying to put down resistance to the Confederate-Royalist alliance by the dissident Ulster Catholic general Owen Roe ONeill. The infighting was brought to an end by the summer of 1649, but hampered the Royalists ability to resist Cromwells invasion of Ireland. Inchiquinn was present at the Royalists costly defeat at the Battle of Rathmines his troops rearguard action enabling many of the remainder to get away. By the following year, things looked hopeless for the Royalists. Many of Inchiquinns Protestant troops defected to the Parliamentarians in May of 1650 and he went into exile with Ormond to France shortly afterwards. The Restoration Inchiquin found favour with the exiled Charles II, who granted him an earldom in 1654. He fought with the French army in Italy and Catalonia 1654-5, when he converted to Catholicism. At the Restoration, Inchiquin recovered his estates in Munster but was denied the Presidency because of his religion. He commanded an unsuccessful expeditionary force sent by Charles II to help the Portuguese in 1662, after which he lived quietly in Ireland until his death in 1674. References 1. A Compendium of Irish Biography (2 January 2007). This article incorporates text under a Creative Commons License by David Plant, the British Civil Wars and Commonwealth website http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/inchiquin.htm

008 Murragh '1st Earl of Inchiquin' OBrien

008Roger'1stEarlofOrrery'Boyle

Robert Boyle, Earl of OrreryEarl of Orrery is a title in the Peerage of Ireland that is united with the earldom of Cork since 1753 . It was created in 1660 for the soldier, statesman and dramatist Roger Boyle, 1st Baron Boyle, third but eldest surviving son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork. He had already been created Lord Boyle, Baron of Broghill, in the Peerage of Ireland in 1628 (at the age of only six). He was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. He represented County Cork in the Irish House of Commons and served as Vice-President of Munster. On his death the titles passed to his eldest son, the third Earl. He represented East Grinstead in the English House of Commons. He was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Earl. He was a Lieutenant-General in the Army and a prominent diplomat. In 1711 he was created Baron Boyle of Marston, in the County of Somerset, in the Peerage of Great Britain. His son, the fifth Earl, succeeded his third cousin as fifth Earl of Cork in 1753. See the latter title for further history of the peerages. Henry Boyle, son and namesake of the Hon. Henry Boyle, younger son of the first Earl of Orrery, was created Earl of Shannon in 1756. The Irish placename Orrery came from Gaelic Orbhraighe, which was at first the name of a tribe (Orbhraighe = Orbs people), and then of a territory and a barony.

008Roger'1stEarlofOrrery'Boyle

Roger Bolye A Short BiographyOrrery, Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of (1621-1679). Statesman and dramatist, third s. of the Earl of Cork, was ed. at Trinity Coll., Dublin. After having fought on the Royalist side he was, on the death of the King, induced by Cromwell to support him in his Irish wars and otherwise. After the death of the Protector he secured Ireland for Charles II., and at the Restoration was raised to the peerage. He wrote a romance in 6 vols., entitled Parthenissa, some plays, and a treatise on the Art of War. He has the distinction of being the first to introduce rhymed tragedies. Retrieved from http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_ English_Literature/Orrery%2C_Roger_Boyle%2C_1st_Earl_of

008 Roger '1st Earl of Orrery' Boyle

008 Roger '1st Earl of Orrery' Boyle

008 William '2nd Earl of Inchiquin' OBrien

008 William '2nd Earl of Inchiquin' OBrien

009 Anne Greenwood-Wharton

009 Edward Villiers I

009 Murrough '1st Earl of Inchinquin' OBrien - Biography

Murrough OBrien 1st Earl of Inchiquin 1614-74Murrough OBrien was the eldest son of Dermond OBrien, fifth Baron Inchiquin, and his wife Ellen, daughter of Sir Edmond Fitzgerald of Cloyne. His fathers family claimed descent from the earliest kings of Ireland while his mother was the daughter of a powerful Anglo-Norman (Old English) dynasty. Murrough succeeded as the sixth Baron Inchiquin at the age of ten upon the death of his father in 1624. His estates were held in wardship by Sir William St Leger, President of Munster, a Protestant nobleman who sought to increase his power in Ireland by arranging the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth (d.1685) to Inchiquin in October 1635. Inchiquin remained under St Legers influence even after he gained control of his estates in 1636. After serving in the Spanish Army of Italy during 1638-40, Inchiquin returned to Ireland and was appointed vice-president of Munster in April 1640. During the Irish Uprising of 1641, St Leger took command of government forces in Munster in an uneasy alliance with the powerful Earl of Cork. Inchiquin quickly rose to prominence owing to his military experience, though as a native Irishman, he was regarded with suspicion by Lord Cork. After St Legers death in April 1642, Inchiquin and Cork vied for control of the Munster Protestants. Inchiquin defeated Viscount Muskerry and the Catholic insurgents at the battle of Liscarrol in August 1642 and ruthlessly kept control of south-western Ireland until the Cessation of Arms was signed between the Confederates and the Kings representative the Marquis of Ormond in September 1643. During the Cessation, Inchiquin sent five Irish regiments to reinforce the Kings army in England in the expectation that he would be granted the presidency of Munster, which had remained vacant since St Legers death. In February 1644, Inchiquin went to Oxford expecting to be granted the Kings commission but Charles snubbed him by giving the presidency to the Earl of Portland. Enraged, Inchiquin returned to Ireland and declared for Parliament in July 1644. After he had expelled the Catholics from Cork, Youghal, and Kinsale, the English Parliament appointed him president of Munster, which he governed without reference to the Kings representatives Portland and Ormond. However, Parliament was unable to spare him many supplies so Inchiquin remained on the defensive against the Confederates. Although he managed to maintain his garrisons in Munster, Inchiquins position was complicated by factional rivalry with Lord Broghill, son of the Earl of Cork. Their enmity intensified over Broghills insistence that Irish soldiers should subscribe to the Solemn League and Covenant, which Inchiquin refused to sign, and over Parliaments appointment of Viscount Lisle as lord-lieutenant of Ireland in April 1646, who tended to defer to Broghill and oppose Inchiquin. After Lisles abrupt departure from Ireland in April 1647, Broghill continued to undermine Inchiquins position with accusations of disloyalty at Westminster. Inchiquin decided to assert his authority in Munster by mounting a major military offensive against the Confederates during the summer and autumn of 1647. He stormed and captured Dungarvin, Cappoquin and other garrisons, gaining a terrible reputation amongst the Irish as Murchadh na dTiten, Murrough the Burner, after his troops stormed the Rock of Cashel, where they burned down the defences, massacred soldiers, civilians and priests and desecrated the Cathedral of St Patrick. Desperate to prevent Inchiquin from joining forces with Colonel Jones Parliamentarian troops at Dublin, the Confederates sent Viscount Taaffe into County Cork with six thousand foot and twelve hundred horse. Although heavily outnumbered, Inchiquin inflicted a decisive defeat on Taaffe at the battle of Knocknanuss in November 1647, which left him master of southern Ireland. Despite Inchiquins military success, he received little support from London, where Ireland was not regarded as a priority so long as Dublin was secure. His marginalisation by the Parliamentarians and his increasing alarm at the dominance of the radical Independents at Westminster prompted Inchiquin to change sides once again. He declared for the King in April 1648 and negotiated for a new alliance with the Confederates. The resulting Inchiquin Truce of May 1648 was fiercely opposed by the Popes representative Archbishop Rinuccini and led to civil war within the Confederacy between Rinuccinis supporters and the Anglo-Irish lords on the Supreme Council. However, Inchiquin received a royal commission as Lord-President of Munster in July and welcomed the Marquis of Ormond when he

009 Murrough '1st Earl of Inchinquin' OBrien - Biography returned to Ireland in September 1648 to negotiate an alliance between the Royalists and the Confederates. In March 1649, Inchiquin joined forces with the Confederate lords Taaffe and Castlehaven to drive the renegade Owen Roe ONeill out of Leinster. During the summer, he captured the garrisons at Trim, Drogheda and Dundalk. In July, Ormond sent Inchiquin back to Munster with three cavalry regiments in order to guard against the possibility of Cromwells army from England landing there, but in Inchiquins absence, Ormond was defeated by Colonel Jones at the battle of Rathmines near Dublin in August 1649. After this defeat, many Protestants in Inchiquins army deserted to Parliament. Inchiquin struggled to resist the relentless advance of Cromwells invasion but, one-by-one, the Munster garrisons capitulated. In March 1650, Inchiquin was defeated by his old enemy Lord Broghill at Mallow in County Cork. Mistrusted by the Catholic Confederates, Inchiquin left Ireland for exile in France in December 1650. Thanks to the influence of the Marquis of Ormond, Inchiquin found favour with the exiled Charles II, who granted him an earldom in 1654. He served with the French army in Italy and Catalonia during 16548, and converted to Catholicism in 1657 after a period of illness. His sudden conversion caused an irreconcilable split with his devoutly Protestant wife and alienated him from Ormond and his friends at court. In 1659, Inchiquin was offered a commission in the Portuguese army but was captured by Algerian corsairs on his way to take up his command. He remained a prisoner until the newly-restored Charles II intervened on his behalf in the summer of 1660. At the Restoration, Inchiquin recovered his estates in Munster but, because of his religion, was denied the presidency which was granted to his old enemy Broghill, now Earl of Orrery. However, Inchiquin became reconciled with Orrery, and his heir William OBrien married Orrerys daughter Margaret Boyle in 1665. After commanding an unsuccessful expeditionary force sent by Charles II to help the Portuguese in 1662, Inchiquin lived quietly in Ireland until his death in 1674.

009 Richard '1st Earl of Cork' Boyle

009 Richard '1st Earl of Cork' Boyle

009 Roger '1st Earl of Orrery' Boyle

Roger Boyle 1st Earl of Orrery1621-1679 Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery (April 25, 1621Oc tober 26, 1679), British soldier, statesman and dramatist He was the third surviving son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork and Richards second wife, Catherine Fenton. He was created Baron of Broghill on February 28, 1627. Boyle fought in the Irish Confederate Wars (part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) and subsequently became known for his antagonism towards Irish Catholics and their political aspirations. He is also known as noted playwright and writer on 17th century warfare. Roger Boyle was named after his fathers first son who died aged nine. The Boyle family settled in Ireland in the late 16th century, Richard Boyle becoming the Earl of Cork and acquiring large estates and wealth, largely at the expense of the local Irish lords. Roger Boyle was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He travelled in France and Italy, and coming home took part in the Bishops Wars against the Scots. He returned to Ireland on the outbreak of the rebellion in 1641 and fought with his brothers against the Irish rebels at the battle of Liscarroll in September 1642. However, Boyle and the English in Ireland were left vulnerable by the outbreak of the English Civil War. Although initially under the command of the Royalist Marquis of Ormonde (later James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde), Lord Broghill consented to serve under the parliamentary commissioners in Cork against the Irish Confederates. Boyle fought with the Parliamentarians until the execution of the king, when he retired altogether from public affairs and took up his residence at Marston in Somersetshire. Subsequently he originated a scheme to bring about the Restoration. On his way abroad to consult with King Charles, he was unexpectedly visited by Oliver Cromwell in London. Cromwell informed him that his plans were well known to the council, and warned him of the consequence of persisting in them. Cromwell offered him a command in Ireland against the rebels that entailed no obligations except faithful service. It was accepted. His assistance in Ireland proved invaluable during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Appointed master of the ordnance, he soon assembled a body of infantry and horse, and drove the rebels into Kilkenny, where they surrendered. He also induced the Royalist garrison of Cork (English troops with whom he had served earlier in the wars) to defect back to the Parliamentarian side. On May 10, 1650 he completely defeated at Macroom a force of Irish advancing to the relief of Cork, and joining Cromwell assisted in taking the latter place. On Cromwells departure for Scotland he co-operated with Henry Ireton, whom he joined at the siege of Limerick. In 1651 he defeated an Irish force marching to Limericks relief under Lord Muskerry at the battle of Knocknaclashy, the final battle of the Irish Confederate Wars, thus effecting the capture of the town. By this time Broghill had become the fast friend and follower of Cromwell, whose stern measures in Ireland and support of the English and Protestants were welcomed after the policy of concession to the Irish initiated by Charles I. He was returned to Cromwells parliaments of 1654 and 1656 as member for the county of Cork, and also in the latter assembly for Edinburgh, for which he elected to sit. He served this year as lord president of the council in Scotland, where he won much popularity; and when he returned to England he was included in the inner cabinet of Cromwells council, and was nominated in 1657 a member of the new House of Lords. He was one of those most in favour of Cromwells assumption of the royal title, and proposed a union between the Protectors daughter Frances and Charles II. On Oliver Cromwells death he gave his support to Richard Cromwell; but as he saw no possibility of maintaining the government he left for Ireland, where by resuming his command in Munster he secured the island for Charles and anticipated Monks overtures by inviting him to land at Cork. He sat for

009 Roger '1st Earl of Orrery' Boyle Arundel in the Convention and in the parliament of 1661, and at the Restoration was taken into great favour. On September 5, 1660 he was created earl of Orrery. The same year he was appointed a lord justice of Ireland and drew up the Act of Settlement. He continued to exercise his office as lord-president of Munster till 1668, when he resigned it on account of disputes with the duke of Ormonde, the lordlieutenant. On November 25, he was impeached by the House of Commons for raising of money by his own authority upon his majestys subjects, but the prorogation of parliament by the king interrupted the proceedings, which were not afterwards renewed. He married Lady Margaret Howard, 3rd daughter of Theophilus, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, whose charms were celebrated by Suckling in his poem The Bride. By her he had besides five daughters, two sons, of whom the eldest, Roger (1646-1681 or 1682), succeeded as 2nd earl of Orrery.

Earl Of OrreryEarl of Orrery is a title in the Peerage of Ireland that is united with the earldom of Cork since 1753 . It was created in 1660 for the soldier, statesman and dramatist Roger Boyle, 1st Baron Boyle, third but eldest surviving son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork. He had already been created Lord Boyle, Baron of Broghill, in the Peerage of Ireland in 1628 (at the age of only six). He was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. He represented County Cork in the Irish House of Commons and served as Vice-President of Munster. On his death the titles passed to his eldest son, the third Earl. He represented East Grinstead in the English House of Commons. He was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Earl. He was a Lieutenant-General in the Army and a prominent diplomat. In 1711 he was created Baron Boyle of Marston, in the County of Somerset, in the Peerage of Great Britain. His son, the fifth Earl, succeeded his third cousin as fifth Earl of Cork in 1753. See the latter title for further history of the peerages. Henry Boyle, son and namesake of the Hon. Henry Boyle, younger son of the first Earl of Orrery, was created Earl of Shannon in 1756. The Irish placename Orrery came from Gaelic Orbhraighe, which was at first the name of a tribe (Orbhraighe = Orbs people), and then of a territory and a barony.

What The Earl Of Orrery Is In IrelandEarl of Orrery is a title in the Peerage of Ireland that is united with the earldom of Cork since 1753 . It was created in 1660 for the soldier, statesman and dramatist Roger Boyle, 1st Baron Boyle, third but eldest surviving son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork. He had already been created Lord Boyle, Baron of Broghill, in the Peerage of Ireland in 1628 (at the age of only six). He was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. He represented County Cork in the Irish House of Commons and served as Vice-President of Munster. On his death the titles passed to his eldest son, the third Earl. He represented East Grinstead in the English House of Commons. He was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Earl. He was a Lieutenant-General in the Army and a prominent diplomat. In 1711 he was created Baron Boyle of Marston, in the County of Somerset, in the Peerage of Great Britain. His son, the fifth Earl, succeeded his third cousin as fifth Earl of Cork in 1753. See the latter title for further history of the peerages. Henry Boyle, son and namesake of the Hon. Henry Boyle, younger son of the first Earl of Orrery, was created Earl of Shannon in 1756. The Irish placename Orrery came from Gaelic Orbhraighe, which was at first the name of a tribe (Orbhraighe = Orbs people), and then of a territory and a barony. Earls Of Orrery (1660)

009 Roger '1st Earl of Orrery' Boyle Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery (16211 679) Roger Boyle, 2nd Earl of Orrery (16461 682) Lionel Boyle, 3rd Earl of Orrery (16711 703) Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of Orrery (16741 731) John Boyle, 5th Earl of Cork and Orrery (17071 762) See the Earl of Cork for further succession See also Earl of Shannon References Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debretts Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martins Press, 1990. Leigh Rayments Peerage Page www.thepeerage.com Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Orrery

009 Roger '1st Earl of Orrery' Boyle

009 Roger '1st Earl of Orrery' Boyle

009 Roger '1st Earl of Orrery' Boyle

009 Theophilus Howard

010 Catherine Fenton-Boyle

010 Catherine Fenton-Boyle

010 John Pike I Biography

John Pike (Settler)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia John Pike (1613-1688/1689) was a founder of Woodbridge, New Jersey and a judge and politician of the early colony of New Jersey. Early Life And Education Pike was born in Wiltshire, England. He came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635 with his father, John Pike (1572-1654), who first settled in Newbury. In 1665, acting on the invitation of Governor Philip Carteret, a number of Newbury residents formed a corporation to settle in Woodbridge, named after Rev. John Woodbridge, a Newbury clergyman.[1] The younger John Pike, one of the original nine associates of Woodbridge, was granted some 300 acres (1.2 km2) in Woodbridge in 1665, more than the common freeholders. He was the prominent man of the town in its early years. He was elected President of Woodbridge, and in 1671 was appointed to the Governors Council. After 1675, he was appointed captain of the militia, and afterward was known as Capt. Pike.[2] In 1684, together with his son John, he was charged and convicted of possession of stolen goods, a felony. After his death, the New Jersey assembly passed an act clearing his name, as well as one allowing his family to sue for defamation.[2] He was well respected despite the felony conviction. After years of local leadership, Pike was chosen to represent the township in the colonial General Assembly three times: 1692-3, 1696, and 1697-8.[2] Marriage And Family Pike and his first wife had several children together: John (1634-1714), Thomas, Joseph, Hannah, and Ruth, and three others who predeceased him. As a widower aged 72, Pike married his second wife Elizabeth Fitz Randolph in 1685. He died a few years later.[2] According to genealogists using DNA analysis, almost 25% of current male Pikes in the United States are descendants from his line.[3] He is also an ancestor of Albert Pike, a prominent Confederate brigadier general and an important Freemason; and Lt. Colonel Emory Jenison Pike, awarded a posthumous Medal of Honor for actions during World War I in France, where he was killed. References 1. ^ Joshua Coffin (1845). A Sketch of the History of Newbury, Newburyport, and West Newbury, from 1635 to 1845. Boston: Samuel Gardner Drake & Co.. http://books.google.com/books?id=FsYMAAAAYAAJ. ^ a b c d William Adee Whitehead (1856). Contributions to the Early History of Perth Amboy and Adjoining Country. Perth Amboy, New Jersey: D. Appleton & Co.. http://books.google.com/books?id=rxPcnAAegXMC. ^ Pike DNA Surname Project

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010 Laurence Ormerod

Ormerod HouseWithin this township are Bowcroft and Ormerod. The first was from the earliest times to which records extend, down to the middle of the last century, the property and residence of a family of the same name. Ormerod, is a house and family of equal antiquity with the former. The present house of Ormerod appears to have been re-built in the life time of Lawrence Ormerod and Elizabeth Bancroft whose name it bears with the date 1595. It stands to some disadvantage with a rising ground in front and declivity behind: but this last is filled with a background of aged sycamores and elms, peopled by a large colony of rooks. The house was fronted anew and modernized by the grandfather of the late possessor, who left it an extremely neat and comfortable residence. Charlotte Ann Ormerod, sole heiress of Lawrence Ormerod Esq. Married John Hargreaves Esq. By which the estate came into his possession.

010 Laurence Ormerod

010 Laurence Ormerod

010 Matthew Greenwood

010 Richard '1st Earl of Cork' Boyle - Biography

Richard Boyle 1st Earl of CorkRichard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, also known as the Great Earl of Cork (October 13, 1566 September 15, 1643), was Lord High Treasurer of the Kingdom of Ireland. Boyle is an important figure in the continuing English colonisation of Ireland (commenced by the Normans) in the 16th and 17th centuries, as he acquired large tracts of land in plantations in Munster in southern Ireland, at the expense of native landowners. Moreover, his sons played an important role in fighting against Irish Catholic rebellion in the 1640s and 50s, assisting in the victory of the British and Protestant interest in Ireland. Boyle was born at Canterbury October 3, 1566, the second son of Roger Boyle (d. March 24, 1576 at Preston, near Faversham in Kent), a descendant of an ancient landed Herefordshire family, and of Joan (born October 15, 1529 at Canterbury died March 20, 1586), daughter of John Naylor, who were married in Canterbury on October 16, 1564. Both are interred in an Alabaster tomb in the upper end of the Chancel of the parish church of Preston.[1] Young Boyle went to The Kings School, Canterbury, at the same time as Christopher Marlowe. University education began at Bennet (Corpus Christi) College, Cambridge, England, in 1583. After this he studied law at the Middle Temple in London and became a clerk to Sir Roger Manwood, Kt., who was then the Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. Before completing his studies, Boyle decided to gain learning, knowledge, and experience abroad in the world[2] and left London for a new start in Ireland. He arrived in Dublin on June 23, 1588 with just over 27 as well as a gold bracelet worth 10, and a diamond ring (given to him by his mother at her death and which he wore all his life), besides some fine clothing, and his rapier and dagger.[2] In 1590 he obtained the appointment of deputy Escheator to John Crofton, the Escheator-General. On November 6, 1595, he married Joan Apsley, the daughter and co-heiress of William Apsley of Limerick, one of the council to the first President of the province of Munster.[2] This marriage brought Boyle an estate of 500 a year, which he continued to receive until at least 1632. Joan died at Moyallow on December 14, 1599 during childbirth (the son was still-born). Both were buried in Buttevant church, county Cork. It is said by his detractors that unlike many of his other close relatives whom he took great care to commemorate, he took no trouble to have Joan commemorated after her death, leading to the conviction among some that his (in every sense) monumental commemorative endeavours were entirely practical (in terms of securing his personal objectives) rather than sentimental (her connections being of no direct use to him after her passing). Boyle by this time had been the object of the attacks of Sir Henry Wallop, Treasurer at War, Sir Robert Gardiner, Chief Justice of the Kings Bench, Sir Robert Dillon, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and Sir Richard Bingham, Chief Commissioner of Connaught, a demonstration, said Boyle, of their envy of his success and increasing prosperity.[3], Boyle was arrested on charges of fraud and collusion with the Spanish (essentially accusations of covert papist infiltration, a treasonable offence for an official in Queen Elizabeth Is Protestant civil service) in his office. He was thrown into prison (at least once by Sir William FitzWilliam in about 1592) several times during this episode. He was about to leave for England to justify himself to Queen Elizabeth, when there was a rebellion in Munster in October 1598, and all my lands were wasted[2] which once again returned him to poverty. The Nine Years War arrived in Munster with Irish rebels from Ulster, who were joined by locals who had lost land to English settlers. Boyle was forced to flee to Cork for safety. This turn of events left him obliged to return to London and his chambers at The Temple. At this point he was almost immediately taken into the service of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex.

010 Richard '1st Earl of Cork' Boyle - Biography Henry Wallop then renewed his prosecution of Boyle. Boyle was summoned to appear at the Court of Star Chamber. In the proceedings, Boyles adversaries seem to have failed to substantiate their accusations. Boyle had somehow managed to secure the attendance of Queen Elizabeth I herself at the proceedings, and he successfully exposed some misconduct on the part of his adversaries. Elizabeth famously said: By Gods death, these are but inventions against the young man and she also said he was a man fit to be employed by ourselves. He was immediately appointed clerk of the council of Munster by Elizabeth I in 1600. In December 1601, Boyle brought to Elizabeth the news of the victory near Kinsale. In October 1602, Boyle was again sent over by Sir George Carew, the president of Munster, on Irish affairs. He was knighted at St Marys Abbey, near Dublin, by Carew on July 25, 1603. It was also on this day that he married his second wife, Catherine, daughter of Sir Jeffrey Fenton, Principal Secretary of State, and Privy Councillor, in Ireland.[4] He became a privy councillor for Munster in 1606, and in 1613 became a privy councillor for the whole of Ireland. It is claimed that Boyle obtained his Earldom with 4,000. He built towns such as Bandon, in which he founded iron-smelting and linen-weaving industries and brought in English settlers, many from Bristol. He was returned as a Member of Parliament for Lismore (at a Parliament held in the Castle of Dublin) on May 18, 1614. He ascended to the Irish Peerage as Lord Boyle, Baron of Youghal, September 6, 1616. He was created Earl of Cork and Viscount Dungarvan, October 26, 1620. On October 26, 1629 he was appointed as a Lord Justice, and on November 9, 1631 he became the Lord Treasurer of Ireland. Although he was not a Peer in the English Parliament, it is nonetheless recorded that he was by writ called into the Upper House by His Majestys great grace, and he then took up the honoured position of an assistant sitting on the inside of the Woolsack. The town of Clonakilty [1] was formally founded in 1613 by Richard Boyle when he received a charter from King James I. Oliver Cromwell is reported to have said of Richard Boyle If there had been an Earl of Cork in every province it would have been impossible for the Irish to have raised a rebellion. Boyle bought Sir Walter Raleighs estates of 42,000 acres (170 km) for 1,500 (a tiny price, even then) in the counties of Cork (including Lismore Castle), Waterford, and Tipperary and Youghal in 1602. He made these purchases on the insistence of Sir George Carew. Order on the Boyle estates was maintained by 13 castles which were garrisoned by retainers. It is a mistake to see Boyles empire as merely being exclusively confined to the development of the Raleigh estates: for instance, his acquisition of the entirety of the city of Bandon was not completed until 1625. Other towns which also form part of Boyles municipal development legacy (which records employment of over 4,000 people during his lifetime) include Midleton, Castlemartyr, Charleville and Doneraile. Richard Boyle had a substantial residence at Youghal, known today as The College, close to St. Marys Collegiate Church. Boyle occupied the office of Sheriff from 1625 to 1626. T he Great Earls most famous enemy was Thomas Wentworth (who later became the 1st Earl of Strafford). Strafford arrived in Ireland in 1633 as Lord Deputy, and at first successfully deprived Boyle of much of his privilege and income. Boyle patiently husbanded forces in opposition to Straffords Irish

010 Richard '1st Earl of Cork' Boyle - Biography program and this successful political manoeuvering by Boyle was an important factor in Straffords demise. An illuminating example of the humiliations to which Wentworth subjected Boyle, was the instance where he forced Boyle to remove his wifes tomb from the choir in St Patricks at Dublin. Archbishop William Laud delighted in Wentworths attacks on Boyle and wrote: No physic better than a vomit if it be given in time, and therefore you have taken a very judicious course to administer one so early to my Lord of Cork. I hope it will do him good. Laud and Wentworth shared, with King Charles I, the same fate as many others who at some time in his life, found reasons to conspire against Boyle: an early demise, with Boyle showing his customary astuteness by putting on a convincing show of politically appropriate response at every crucial juncture. Boyle made an entry concerning Wentworth in his diary: A most cursed man to all Ireland and to me in particular. It seems Boyle was someone whom you betrayed at your peril, no matter how safe your position might have seemed to be. At Wentworths trial, Boyle was a key witness, but he did not take any other direct part in the prosecution itself. Unsurprisingly, he was in full support of the condemnation of Wentworth and wholeheartedly approved of his execution. Boyle died in 1643, having been chased off his lands in the Irish Rebellion of 1641. His sons, however, recovered the family estates after the suppression of the rebellion. Boyle has been described as the first colonial millionaire. Historian R. F. Foster, in his Modern Ireland calls him an epitome of Elizabethan adventurer-colonist in Ireland, The Boyle motto is: Gods Providence is my inheritance. Rev. Alexander Leeper, Canon of St Patricks, in his Historical Handbook of St Patricks Cathedral, Dublin, says that Boyle spent 700 on having an Irish translation of Gospel made, and sent 500 copies to Ireland. Boyles theopolitical philosophy has been described as providentialist when contrasted with its counterpart which prevailed to the north in Ulster at the time, which, is more typically characterised as Presbyterian. Notice how such a comparison of these two standpoints is neither exclusively religious nor secular, a factor which perhaps offers some small insight as to how Boyle managed to achieve what seems to us now the extraordinary feat of gaining strong favour at various times with the leaders on either side of the English Civil war. By his second wife, Catherine ne Fenton, the 1st Earl of Cork had the following issue: 1. Roger Boyle August 1, 1606 in Youghal, county Cork, Ireland and died on October 10, 1615 in Deptford, Kent, England, where he was buried. 2. Lady Alice Boyle 16071667 Married David Barry, 1st Earl of Barrymore, then after his death, married John Barry, of Liscarroll, co Cork, Ireland 3. Lady Sarah Boyle 1609-1633 Married Sir Thomas Moore, then after his death married Robert, 1st Baron Digby of Geashill, Ireland 4. Lady Lettice Boyle 1610-1657 Married Colonel George Goring, Lord Goring 5. Lady Joan Boyle 1611-1657 Married George The Fairy Earl FitzGerald, 16th Earl of Kildare

010 Richard '1st Earl of Cork' Boyle - Biography 6. Sir Richard the Rich Boyle, 2nd Earl of Cork (1612-1698) also held the titles: 1st Earl of Burlington, Lord high treasurer of the kingdom of Ireland, Viscount Boyle of Kinalmeaky, Baron of Bandon Bridge, 1st Baron Clifford of Lanesborough in the county of York Lady latiffa Boyle, 1614-1691 married Arthur Jones, 2nd Viscount Ranelagh Geffrey Boyle Lady Dorothy Boyle Sir Lewis the Valiant Boyle Sir Roger the Wise Boyle 1st Earl of Orrery Francis the Wise Boyle Lady Mary Boyle Robert Boyle (1627 1691), author of The Sceptical Chymist; considered to be the father of modern chemistry Lady Margaret Boyle Boyle erected an elaborate monument to himself, his wives, his mother and children in St Marys Church, Youghal, County Cork and there is a similar but much larger Boyle monument in St Patricks Cathedral, Dublin. References Lodge, John, (Keeper of The Rolls), with Archdall, Mervyn, A.M., (member of the Royal Irish Academy), The Peerage of Ireland, Dublin, 1789: 150-1 Lodge & Archdall, The Peerage of Ireland, 1789: 152 Lodge & Archdall, The Peerage of Ireland, 1789: 153 Lodge & Archdall, The Peerage of Ireland, 1789: 156 Canny, Nicholas P., The Upstart Earl. Townshend, D., The Life and Letters of the Great Earl of Cork, 1904. George Bennett The History of Bandon Harris, A.L., The Funerary Monuments of Richard Boyle, Earl of Cork, Church Mons. 13 (1998), 70-86

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

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010-Theophilus 2nd Earl of Suffolk Howard Biography

Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilus_Howard,_2nd_Earl_of_Suffolk Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, KG (August 13, 1584 June 3, 1640) was an English nobleman and politician. Born at the family estate of Saffron Walden, he was the son of Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk, by his second wife Catherine Knyvet of Charlton, and succeeded his father in 1626. Sir Theophilus Howard was named in the Second Charter of Virginia made by King James I on May 23, 1609. The members if this extensive list were incorporated by the name of The Tresorer and Companie of Adventurers and Planters of the Citty of London for the Firste Collonie in Virginia. Howard owned Framlingham Castle in Suffolk which he sold to Sir Robert Hitcham in 1635 for the sum of 14,000. He died at Suffolk House, Charing Cross, London, and was buried on June 10 of that year in Saffron Walden. Marriage and children In March 1612, he married Elizabeth Home (d. 19 August 1633), daughter of George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar. They had nine children: James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk (c.16201689) Thomas Howard Catherine Howard (d. 1650), married first George Stewart, 9th Seigneur dAubigny (d. 1642), second James Livingston, 1st Earl of Newburgh Elizabeth Howard (d. 11 March 1705), married on 1 October 1642 Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland Margaret Howard, married Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery 9th Great Grandmother George Howard, 4th Earl of Suffolk (16251691) Henry Howard, 5th Earl of Suffolk (16271709) Anne Howard, married Thomas Walsingham Frances Howard (d. October 1677), married Sir Edward Villiers (d. 1689) 8th Great Grandmother

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011 Catherine Knyvett-Howard Biography

Catherine Howard, Countess Of SuffolkFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Catherine Knyvet (1564 1633?) was born in Charlton, Wiltshire. She was the daughter of Sir Henry Knyvet of Charlton and Elizabeth Stumpe. Her half-brother was Sir Thomas Knyvet who foiled the gunpowder plot. She married, firstly, Richard, son of Robert Rich, 2nd Baron Rich, and grandson of Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich and secondly, Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk. In 1619 she suffered from smallpox "which spoiled that good face of hers, which had brought to other much misery and to herself greatness which ended with much unhappiness." She had fourteen children:

Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (13 August 1582 3 June 1640) married: Elizabeth Hume had issue Elizabeth Howard (c. 1583 17 April 1658) married: (1) William Knollys, 1st Earl of Banbury had issue (2) Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (some say that Elizabeth's and William's children were illegitimate) Sir Robert Howard (15841653) married: Catherine Nevill Gertrude Howard (born c. 1585)[1] Sir William Howard (1586 bef. 1672) Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire (8 October 1587 16 July 1669) married: Elizabeth Cecil had issue Catherine Howard (c.15881673) married: William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury had issue Emily Howard (born 1589)[1] Frances Howard (31 May 15901632) married: (1) Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex (2) Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset had issue Sir Charles Howard (15911622), married Mary Fitzjohn and had issue Henry Howard (15921616), married Elizabeth Bassett and had issue John Howard (15931595)[1] Edward Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Escrick (d. 24 April 1675) Margaret Howard, (c.1599 1608)

Notes 1. ^ a b c "Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk". http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/ThomasHoward(1ESuffolk).htm. Retrieved 2006-12-30.

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011 John The Martyr Greenwood Biography

Martyr John GreenwoodFrom Greenwood Genealogies, 1154-1914, Pg. 30-37 John Greenwood was born in 1556 and entered Corpus Christie (or Benet) College, Cambridge, March 18, 1577-8 as a theological student. He received his Bachelors degree in 1580-1 and was ordained deacon of the English Established Church by Bishop of London. He was then ordained a priest by the Bishop of Lincoln and for 5 years labored in the English church in Norfolk County. What led to a change in his religious belief in unknown but he was deprived of his benefice and began holding secret religious services at the home of Lord Robert Rich, of Rockford, Essex County, who was interested in his doctrine. Soon Lord Rich and a clergyman named Robert Wright, who was associated with John Greenwood were arrested and thrown into prison. Mr. Greenwood then went to London where he formed a secret congregation at the house of one Henry Martin at St. Andrews. Here early in October 1586 he was arrested while conducting a service and lodged in the Clink prison. In late November 1586 John Greenwood and a follower of his, Thomas Barrowe, Esq. were removed to the Fleet prison where their quarters were close and they were deprived of proper food, sufficient warmth and many necessities of life for 7 years. Many times during their imprisonment Greenwood and Barrowe were taken before the authorities of the English Church and questioned as to their religious belief. Such an examination of Greenwood took place first at the palace (1586) before the Bishop of London. Asked by the Bishop (John Ayler) if he believed in baptism Greenwood replied that he did. Asked if he did not have a son unbaptized, Greenwood replied that his son, Abel, 1 and a half years old was unbaptized but that he had been in prison and was unable to take his son to a reformed church where he could be baptized according to Gods ordinance. Asked if he did not consider the English Church a church of God Greenwood replied, No. Mr. Greenwood told the Bishop that every congregation of Christ should be governed by a pastor, teacher and elder and by no other than that Christ appoints. He would excommunicate the Queen (Elizabeth Tudor) as well as all members of the church who disobeyed the teachings of the word of God. He would make no exception for the Queen. The Scriptures set down sufficient laws for the worship of God and government of church which no man may add to or diminish. Her Majesty is not the supreme head of the Church. On the 9th of March 1589 Archdeacon Hutchinson visited Mr. Greenwood at the Fleet, saying he had come by virtue of a commission from Her Majesty to confer. Mr. Greenwood declined to have anything to say until he could have pen and ink and a fellow prisoner as a witness of the conversation on the ground that he had been wickedly slandered and his cause falsely reported by the bishops and especially by one Dr. Some. The pen, ink and witness being granted, the archdeacon read some questions, mainly as to whether a church made up of members who were called together by the blowing of Her Majestys trumpet, received into the church without conversion and repentance and consisting of all sorts of profane people could be considered a true church of Christ. Very little progress was made at the interview and when the archdeacon went away he insisted on carrying with him all the notes that had been taken of what passed. He was prevailed upon to leave them in the hands of Mr. Calthop, the witness, but Mr. Greenwood ways; No sooner was I gone and locked up than the wardens were sent to the gentleman for the papers, who, declining to deliver them without our consent, the archbishops servant came and took them away. Eight days after this, March 17, 1589 the archdeacon came to see Mr. Greenwood again, bringing a witness of his own and having the doors locked upon them with no other person present except the two turnkeys of the jail one of whom acted as the scribe. On this occasion the argument was mainly upon the question whether John the Baptist received to his baptism those Pharisees and Sadduces whom he called generations of vipers. The archdeacon insisted that he did and Mr. Greenwood contended that while the vipers may have been present they took no part in the baptism, except as onlookers.

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011 John The Martyr Greenwood Biography In an interview on April 13, 1589 between Greenwood, his follower Barrowe and clergymen of the English church, the prisoners state, Things were disorderly handled and there were manifold cavils and shifts, shameless denials of manifest truths, and most unchristian contumelies, scoffs and reproaches against our persons. It ended with Greenwood and Barrowe being required to set down in brief the reasons why they persisted in refusing to return to the Church of England which they did in these words: That the people of the church, as they stand, are not orderly to the faith, but stand mingled together in confusion. The ministry set over the people is not the true ministry of the gospel which Christ appointed. The administrations and worship of the church are not according to the word of God. The ecclesiastical government, officers and canons are not according to the testament of Christ and are anti-Christian and popish. That the sacrament of baptism and the Lords Supper as administered in the Established Church are not true sacraments. That infants ought not be baptized according to the form of baptism now in the Church of England. That it is not lawful to use the Lords prayer publicly in the church for a set form of prayer. That all set and stinted prayers are merely babblings in the sight of the Lord and not to be used in public Christian assemblies. That the public prayers and worship of God in England as it is done in the Established Church is false, superstitious, popish, and not to be used in any Christian congregation. John Greenwoods definition of a church was A company of faithful people separated from the unbelievers and heathen of the land, gathered in the name of Christ, whom they truly worship and readily obey as their only king, priest and prophet, joined together as members of one body, ordered and governed by such officers and laws as Christ in his will and testament hath hereunto obeyed. While in prison both Greenwood and Barrowe wrote several books which were produced under difficulties that would have crushed the spirit of men of weaker fibre and inferior courage. Denied proper writing material they used such scraps of paper and bits of material as was secretly brought to them by friends from the outside. When one piece of paper was written it was taken away and another piece as secretly furnished. These pieces of paper were taken to Holland where the writing was put into print and the books published. In the autumn of 1592 for some reason not apparent there was a relaxation of the rigor with which Greenwood was treated and he was allowed to leave the Fleet, either on bail or on his personal promise to appear when required. He went to live with Roger Rippon in Southwalk. Rippons house was one of those at which the members of Greenwoods secrete church held its meetings. Mr. Greenwood, now that he was out of prison, met with these people. However the Bishops were alarmed by what they heard of the spread of Separatism and on Dec. 5, 1592 Greenwood was again arrested and returned to the Fleet prison. On March 23, 1593 Greenwood and his follower Barrowe were brought to trial at the Old Bailey in London. They were charged with publishing and dispensing seditious books; the proofs of the charge were found in the writings which they had published while in prison. Their sedition consisted in denying Her Majestys ecclesiastical supremacy and attacking the existing ecclesiastical order. Greenwood was examined on the 11th and the 20th of March and confessed to his authorship of the books laid to his charge. However the answers of both Greenwood and Barrowe at the trail were a general denial of the charges brought against them of sedition. They were never the less found guilty and sentenced to be hanged.

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011 John The Martyr Greenwood Biography The next morning, March 24, 1593 preparations were made for their execution but they were reprieved. Certain doctors and deans were then sent to the prisoners to confer with them but the prisoners claimed an open or public discussion which was refused them. On the 31st of March the prisoners were conveyed to the place of execution very early and secretly. They were there tied by the neck to a tree and were permitted to speak a few words. They declared their innocence of all malice or ill intent and exhorted the people to obey and love the Queen and magistrates but to follow their leaders no further than they followed Scripture. They were then in the act of praying for the Queen when they were again reprieved. This time as a result of a supplication to the Lord Treasurer (William Cecil, First Baron of Burghley) that in a land where no Papist was put to death for religion, theirs should not be the first blood shed who disagree about faith with what was professed in the country. But only six days was gained by this clemency. The law that Greenwood was convicted under did not well apply in his case and the prelates having introduced a bill into Parliament that would apply were much alarmed when the bill came down to the Commons with modifications. Lest the prisoner escape execution he was secretly and early on the Morning of April 6, 1593 taken to Tyburn and there hanged. After the death of Greenwood and Barrowe the Parliament of England enacted a law To Retain the Queen Majestys subjects in their Due Obedience which read: That if any person over 16 years of age shall be absent from church for a month, or by writing, printing or speech shall attempt to persuade any of her Majestys subjects to deny the Queens ecclesiastical supremacy or shall attempt to persuade them from coming to church or shall be present at any unlawful meeting for religious worship they shall be committed to prison without bail until they conform and make submission. If for 3 months they refuse to conform they are to be banished from the realm. If they fail to leave the country or return without license they are to be hanged as felons. Immediately after the passage of this act most of the Separatist prisoners were released from jail and several hundred of them streamed to Holland. Among the first that fled were the members of the secret church in London of which John Greenwood had been pastor. That little band of Pilgrims that landed at Plymouth Mass in 1620 were his followers they had worshipped at the church he founded. The religious teaching of John Greenwood rapidly spread in England and in 1640 Oliver Cromwell led the Puritans in Englands Civil War. Today these tenants represent the Congregational Church in New England. From The Greenwood Genealogies 1154 to 1914 by Frederick Greenwood, Pages 30 37 See also George F. Willisons Saints and Strangers, 1945. Another version:

Greenwood Genealogies, 1154-1914By Frederick Greenwood, East Templeton, MA 1914 Chapter 5 THE EXECUTION OF JOHN GREENWOOD It will be of interest to every Greenwood to learn of the execution in England of John Greenwood as a Puritan. He was a graduate of Cambridge University in England, a clergyman in the Established Church, and the very first to separate from that church and found the religious doctrine known as Puritanism or Congregationalism. He labored for simplicity of religious forms. Seven years he suffered the privations of close prison confinement and finally on the sixth of April, 1593, with his coworker, Henry Barrowe, was taken from jail and hanged. That little band of Pilgrims that landed at Plymouth, Mass., in 1620, were his followers they had worshipped at the church he founded that band of Puritans that landed in America and founded Boston were believers in the doctrine he was first to teach. The religious teachings of John Greenwood rapidly spread in England and in 1640 occurred the

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011 John The Martyr Greenwood Biography civil war in which the Puritans under Oliver Cromwell as leader overthrew the English church and government and established in England the right of the Puritans to existence in that country. Persecution of the Puritans ceased for a time in England after Cromwell established himself as ruler of the country. But that little band of Pilgrims at Plymouth, that band of Puritans at Boston, those followers who wended their way to Virginia and Maryland they brought to America the teachings of John Greenwood the separation of church and state and if America owes its greatness, its progress, and its achievements to one principle in government more than another it is that in America every American can kneel at the altar of his own faith, and worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience. The state in America is separated from the church. American government tolerates no single form of religious worship but shelters and protects alike all. John Greenwood taught that there could be but one head to the church and that head was not the Queen but Christ, and that there could be no law for the government of the church other than what the Scriptures contained. The execution of John Greenwood was in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. John Greenwood, b. 1556, entered Corpus Christie (or Benet) College, Cambridge, Mar. 18, 1577-8, a theological student, received his Bachelors degree 1580-1, was ordained deacon of the English Established Church by the Bishop of London and priest by the Bishop of Lincoln, and for 5 years labored in the English Church, in Norfolk County. What led to a change in his religious belief is unknown but he was deprived of his benefice and began holding secret religious services at the home of Lord Robert Rich, of Rockford, Essex County, who was interested in his doctrine. Soon Lord Rich and a clergyman named Robert Wright, who was associated with John Greenwood, were arrested and thrown into prison. Mr. Greenwood then went to London where he formed a secret congregation at the house of one Henry Martin at St. Andrews. Here, early in October, 1586, he was arrested and lodged in the Clink prison while conducting a service. There had preceded Greenwood at Cambridge by a little more than 10 years a man of marked ability, by name of Henry Barrowe, third son of Thomas Barrowe, Esq., of Shipdam, Norfolk, by his second wife, Mary. He entered Cambridge Nov. 22, 1565, receiving his degree of Bachelor of Arts 1569-70, became a lawyer and practiced in Her Majestys courts. He had become interested in the religious teachings of John Greenwood, and hearing of Greenwoods arrest he visited Greenwood on Sunday, Nov. 19, 1586, between 9 and 10 oclock, at the Clink. Here with no pretense of legal warrant Barrowe was arrested and locked in with Greenwood. A few days later both Greenwood and Barrowe were removed to the fleet prison, where their quarters were close, and deprived of proper food, sufficient warmth and many necessities of life they were kept in confinement for 7 years. Many times during their imprisonment Greenwood and Barrowe were taken before the authorities of the English Church and questioned as to their religious belief. Such an examination of Greenwood took place first at the palace (1586) before the Bishop of London. Asked by the Bishop if he believed in baptism, Greenwood replied that he did. Asked if he did not have a son unbaptized, Greenwood replied that his son Abel, 1-1/2 years old, was unbaptized, but that he had been in prison and was unable to take his son to a reformed church where he could be baptized according to Gods ordinance. Asked if he did not consider the English Church a church of God replied No. Mr. Greenwood told the Bishop that every congregation of Christ should be governed by a pastor, teacher and elder and by no other than that Christ appoints. He would excommunicate the Prince (Queen) as well as all members of the church who disobeyed the teachings of the word of God. He would make no exception of the Prince. The Scriptures Set down efficient laws for the worship of God and government of church which no man may add to or diminish. Her Majesty is not the supreme head of the church. Barrows first examination was on the afternoon of his arrest before the Archbishop, Archdeacon and Doctor Cosin. He protested stoutly against his arrest without a warrant but to no effect. An effort was made to bind Barrowe by an oath to attend the Established Church, but he refused to take the oath. Eight days afterwards, 27 November, Barrowe was taken to Lambert before a synod of bishops and a dean, when a long sheet of accusations was read against him. He admitted that much of the matter was true but

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011 John The Martyr Greenwood Biography not all, and demanded that witnesses against him should be sworn, whereupon Whitgift (head of Corpus Christie College), losing his temper, burst out Where is his keeper? You shall not prattle here. Away with him. Clap him up close. let no man go to him. I will make him tell another tale yer I have done with him. On the 9th of March 1589, Archdeacon Hutchinson visited Mr. Greenwood at the Fleet, saying he had come by virtue of a commission from her Majesty to confer. Mr. Greenwood declined to have anything to say until he could have pen and ink and a fellow prisoner as a witness of the conversation, on the ground that he had been wickedly slandered and his cause falsely reported by the bishops and specially by one Dr. Some. The pen, ink and witness being granted, the archdeacon read some questions, mainly as to whether a church made up of members who were called together by the blowing of Her Majestys trumpet, received into the church without conversion and repentance and consisting of all sorts of profane people could be considered a true church of Christ. Very little progress was made at the interview and when the archdeacon went away he insisted on carrying with him all the notes that had been taken of what passed. He was prevailed upon to leave them in the hands of Mr. Calthop, the witness, but Mr. Greenwood says: No sooner was I gone and locked up than the wardens were sent to the gentleman for the papers, who, declining to deliver them without our consent, the archbishops servant came and took them away. Eight days after this, Mar. 17, 1589, the archdeacon came to see Mr. Greenwood again, bringing a witness of his own and having the doors locked upon them with no other person present except the two turnkeys of the jail, one of whom acted as scribe. On this occasion the argument was mainly upon the question whether John the Baptist received to his baptism those Pharisees and Sadducees whom he called generations of vipers, the archdeacon insisting that he did and Mr. Greenwood contending that while the vipers may have been present they took no part in the baptism, except as onlookers. In one interview the archdeacon had with Mr. Barrowe, the latter complained of his many years of illegal imprisonment and close confinement and was told by the archdeacon that You should be most happy, for the solitary and contemplative I hold the most blessed life; its the life I would choose. Mr. Barrowe meekly replied: Could you be content, Mr. Andrews, to be kept from exercise and air for so long a time, matters so necessary to a body? I say not, was the answer, that I would want air. In an interview, April. 13, 1589, between Greenwood and Barrowe and clergymen of the English church, the prisoners state, Things were disorderly handled and there were manifold cavils and shifts, shameless denials of manifest truths, and most unchristian contumelies, scoffs and reproaches against our persons. It ended with Greenwood and Barrowe being required to set down in brief the reasons why they persisted in refusing to return to the Church of England, which they did in these words: That the people of the church, as they stand, are not orderly to the faith, but stand mingled together in confusion. The ministry set over the people is not the true ministry of the gospel which Christ has appointed. The administrations and worship of the church are not according to the word of God. The ecclesiastical government, offers and canons are not according to the testament of Christ and are antiChristian and popish. That the sacraments of baptism and the Lords Supper as administered in the Established Church are not true sacraments. that infants ought not be baptized according to the form of baptism now in the Church of England. That it is not lawful to use the Lords prayer publicly in the church for a set form of prayer. That all set and stinted prayers are merely babblings in the sight of the Lord and not to be used in public Christian assemblies.

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011 John The Martyr Greenwood Biography That the public prayers and worship of God in England as it is done in the Established Church is false, superstitious, popish and not to be used in any Christian congregation. While in prison both Greenwood and Barrowe wrote several books which were produced under difficulties that would have crushed the spirit of men of weaker fiber and inferior courage. Denied proper writing material they used such scraps of paper and bits of material as was secretly brought to them by friends from the outside. When one piece of paper was written over it was taken away and another piece as secretly furnished. These pieces of paper were taken to Holland where the writing was put into print and the books published. The Holland printers had to make what they could of the writing, but on the whole they did their work fairly well. These books treated of the religious belief of Greenwood and Barrowe and contained the interviews between them and the English Church officers, and although 300 years have passed since their publication, some of these books are yet found. In the autumn of 1592, for some reason not apparent, there was a relaxation of the rigor with which Greenwood was treated and he was allowed to leave the fleet, either on bail or on his personal promise to appear when required, and he went to live with Roger Rippon, in Southwalk. Barrowe remained in jail. Rippons house was one of those at which the members of a secret church, formed by Mr. Greenwood four or five years before had held its meetings. Mr. Greenwood, now that he was out of prison, met twitch these people, and was appointed their doctor or teacher, but the bishops were alarmed by what they heard of the spread of Separatism and on Dec. 5, 192, Mr. Greenwood was again arrested and committed again to the Fleet with Barrowe. This time he was arrested at the home of Edward Boyse on Ludgate Hill. On March 23, 1593, Greenwood and Barrowe were brought to trail at the Old Bailey in London. They were charged with publishing and dispensing seditious books; the proofs of the charge were found in the writings which they had published while in prison. Their sedition consisted in denying Her Majestys ecclesiastical supremacy and attacking the existing ecclesiastical order. On the 3d, 11th and 20th of March Barrowe had been cited before Chief Justice Sir John Popham and Attorney General Lord Ellesmere and examined as to his opinions and his authorship of certain books. Barrowe avowed his convictions of the truth of his treatises and among other things expressed his opinion that the established government of the Church of England was unlawful and anti-christian. Greenwood had been examined on the 11th and 20th and confessed to his authorship of the books laid to his charge. Robert Bowle and Robert Stokes examined and testified on the 19th as to the way the books of Greenwood and Barrowe had been printed. Daniel Studley and James Forster testified to the printing also of the books. The latter, who described himself as a physician and master of arts, confessed having written some part of the Greenwoods and Barrowes book entitled A Brief Description of the False Church. The answers of Greenwood and Barrowe at the trial was a general denial of the charges brought against them but they were found guilty and sentenced to be hanged. The next morning, March 24, 1593, preparations were made for their execution but they were reprieved. certain doctors and deans were then sent to the prisoners to confer with them but the prisoners claimed an open or public discussion, which was refused them. On the 31st of March the prisoners were conveyed to the place of execution very early and secretly, where being tied by the neck to the tree, were permitted to speak a few words. They declared their innocence of all malice or ill intent and exhorted the people to obey and love the Queen and magistrates but to follow their leaders no further than they followed Scripture. They were then in the act of parrying for the Queen when they were again reprieved. This time as the result of a supplication to the Lord Treasurer that in a land where no Papist was put to death for religion, theirs should not be the first blood shed who disagreed about faith with what was professed in the country, and desired conference to be convinced of their error. But only six days was gained by this clemency.

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011 John The Martyr Greenwood Biography The law that Greenwood and Barrowe were convicted under did not well apply in their case and the prelates having introduced a bill into Parliament that would apply were much alarmed when the bill came down to the Commons with its modifications and lest the prisoners should escape execution they were secretly and early on the morning of Apr. 6, 1593, taken to Tyburn and there hanged without ceremony. After the death of Greenwood and Barrowe, Parliament of England enacted a law To Retain the Queen Majestys subjects in Their Due Obedience which read: That if any person over 16 years of age shall be absent from church for a month, or by writing, printing or speech shall attempt to persuade any of her Majestys subjects to deny the Queens ecclesiastical supremacy or shall attempt to persuade them from coming to church or shall be present at any unlawful meeting for religious worship they shall be committed to prison without bail until they conform and make submission. If for 3 months they refuse to conform they are to be banished from the realm. If they fail to leave the country or return without license they are to be hanged as felons. Immediately after the passage of this act most of the Separatist prisoners were released from jail and several hundred of them streamed to Holland. Among the first that fled were the members of the secret church in London of which John Greenwood had been pastor. They crossed the sea in separate companies as they were able and within three or four years most of them had settled in Amsterdam. At one time 56 members of John Greenwoods secret church, while holding a service among the sand hills at Islington, were surprised and arrested. They were committed without neither meat, drink, fry or lodgings, nor were their friends allowed to have access to them; husbands and wives were purposely put into different prisons; some had not a penny about them, so that not only they but their poor families were in wretched cause. All was contrary to law etiquette and conscience. On May 22, 1593, John Penry, a graduate of Cambridge University and a member of John Greenwoods secret congregation, was hanged at St. Thomas Waterings in London. Gov. Bradford, in his Dialogue, gives these additional names of Puritans who were publicly executed William Dennis at Thetford, Norfolk, and John and Elias Coppin at Bury St. Edmunds. A great many Puritans who were committed to jail died in prison. Some were horse whipped, some branded with hot irons and some kept in chains. John Greenwoods definition of a church was: A company of faithful people separated from the unbelievers and heathen of the land, gathered in the name of Christ, whom they truly worship and readily obey as their only king, priest and prophet, joined together as members of one body, ordered and governed by such officers and laws as Christ in his will and testament hath hereunto obeyed. It is interesting to notice how John Greenwood and members of the church he founded struck upon some of the simple forms of religious observance that have remained characteristic of the Congregational Church to this day: One Daniel Buck, a writing master, deposed 9 March, 1593, that when he joined the company he made ye protestation that he would walk with the rest and yet so long as they did walk in the way of the Lorde and as far as might be warranted by the word of God; that Greenwood took water and washed the faces of them that were baptized saying only in ye administration of the sacrament I do baptize the in ye name of the Father, of the Son and of the Holy Ghost and without Godfather and Godmother; and that at the Lords supper five white loaves or more were set upon ye table and that the pastor did break ye bread and then deliver it unto some of them and the deacons delivered to the rest, some of sd. congregation sitting and some standing about the table and that the pastor delivered the cup unto one and he unto another till they had all drank using the words at ye delivery thereof according as is set down in the eleventh of Cor. ye 24 verse. Henry Barrowe was unmarried and a man of some property, which he willed to the Puritan Church at his death. His money paid for the printing of the religious works he and Mr. Greenwood wrote in prison. The execution of John Greenwood at Tyborn is recorded on the records of Corpus Christie College, Cambridge, Eng., and the offense is given as writing against the Book of Common Prayer.

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011 John 'The Martyr' Greenwood

011 John 'The Martyr' Greenwood

011 Roger Boyle

011 Thomas '1st Earl of Suffolk' Howard Biography

Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of SuffolkFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Spouse(s) Mary Dacre Katherine Knyvet Issue Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk Elizabeth Howard Robert Howard Gertrude Howard Sir William Howard Catherine Howard Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire Emily Howard Frances Howard Sir Charles Howard Henry Howard John Howard Edward Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Escrick Margaret Howard Noble Family House of Howard Father: Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk Mother: Margaret Audley Born: 24 August 1561 Died: 28 May 1626 The Earl Of Suffolk

Admiral Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk, KG, PC (24 August 1561 28 May 1626) was a son of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk by his second wife Margaret Audley, Duchess of Norfolk, the daughter and heiress of the 1st Baron Audley of Walden. Early Life And Marriage After the death of his mother on 10 January 1564, the infant Thomas inherited Saffron Walden and other Audley properties. While imprisoned in the Tower before his execution in 1572, his father urged him to marry his stepsister Mary Dacre, the daughter of Thomas Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre and Elizabeth Leybourne, the Duke's third wife. He did so; but Mary died, childless, on April 1578 at Walden.[1] In or before 1583, Howard remarried to Katherine Knyvet, widow of Richard, son of Robert Rich, 2nd Baron Rich. A noted beauty, she was also the eldest daughter and heiress of her father, Sir Henry Knyvet of Charlton.[2] Issue

Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (13 August 1582 3 June 1640) married: Elizabeth Hume had issue Elizabeth Howard (c. 1583 17 April 1658) married: (1) William Knollys, 1st Earl of Banbury had issue (2) Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (some say that Elizabeth's and William's children were illegitimate) Sir Robert Howard (15841653) married: Catherine Nevill

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011 Thomas '1st Earl of Suffolk' Howard Biography Gertrude Howard (born c. 1585)[3] Sir William Howard (1586 bef. 1672) Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire (8 October 1587 16 July 1669) married: Elizabeth Cecil had issue Catherine Howard (c.15881673) married: William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury had issue Emily Howard (born 1589)[3] Frances Howard (31 May 15901632) married: (1) Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex (2) Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset had issue Sir Charles Howard (15911622), married Mary Fitzjohn and had issue Henry Howard (15921616), married Elizabeth Bassett and had issue John Howard (15931595)[3] Edward Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Escrick (d. 24 April 1675) Margaret Howard (c.1599 1608)

Naval Exploits In December 1584, he was restored in blood as Lord Thomas Howard.[1] Lord Thomas commanded the Golden Lion in the attack on the Spanish Armada. On 25 July 1588, the Golden Lion was one of the three ships that counter-attacked the Spanish galleasses protecting the Saint Anne. He was knighted the next day aboard Ark Royal by his kinsman, Admiral Lord Howard of Effingham.[4] In 1591, he was sent with a squadron to the Azores which was to waylay the Spanish treasure fleets from America. However, one fleet reached Spain before his arrival, and the second would not arrive in the islands until September. Forced by the long delay to land his sick and repair his ships, he was barely able to reballast and get to sea off Flores in time when his scouts reported an arriving fleet. To his horror, this proved to be, not the treasure fleet, but a powerful Spanish force dispatched from Ferrol to destroy his squadron. All of Howard's fleet escaped, by the barest of margins, except Revenge, commanded by the squadron's vice-admiral, Sir Richard Grenville. Revenge, some distance from the remainder of the fleet, attempted to break through the Castilian Squadron and was forced to surrender after a long fight, in which Revenge was virtually destroyed and Grenville mortally wounded.[5] In 1596, Howard served as vice-admiral of the expedition against Cadiz, which defeated a Spanish fleet and captured the town. Favored by Queen Elizabeth, he was installed as a Knight of the Garter in April 1597, and in June sailed with the unsuccessful expedition to the Azores, which he had partly funded.[1] Political Career He was seriously ill in the autumn of 1597, and was created Baron Howard de Walden by writ of summons. While he recovered from his illness, he was unable to attend Parliament until January 1598. On 2 February 1598, he was admitted an honorary member of Gray's Inn. In 1599, he commanded the fleet in The Downs, and was appointed Constable of the Tower of London on 13 February 1601 after the revolt of the Earl of Essex, and was one of the commission who tried Essex and Southampton. Still active in

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011 Thomas '1st Earl of Suffolk' Howard Biography privateering ventures, he never obtained significant profit from them. At this time, he was also sworn High Steward of Cambridge University, and would hold the post until 1614.[1] (He received an MA from Cambridge in 1605.[6]) A friend of Sir Robert Cecil, he became acting Lord Chamberlain at the close of 1602, and entertained the Queen at the Charterhouse, towards the end of her life in January 1603. Under James I, Howard immediately entered the King's favour, being appointed Lord Chamberlain on 6 April 1603 and a Privy Counsellor on 7 April. Later that year, on 21 July 1603, he was created Earl of Suffolk. He was also appointed a commissioner for creating Knights of the Bath, and from 1604 to 1618 a commissioner for the Earl Marshalcy. He was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk in 1605, having several years earlier been made Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire.[1] Suffolk accepted a gift from the Spanish ambassador negotiating the peace treaty of 1604, but his countess proved a more valuable informant and Catholic sympathizer. Avaricious, she accepted an annual pension of 1000 from the Spanish. While Suffolk was less pro-Spanish and pro-Catholic than his wife, she was felt to dominate her husband in matters of politics, a circumstance which would later bring him to grief.[1] By 1605, Cecil, now Earl of Salisbury, Suffolk, the Earl of Northampton, and the Earl of Worcester were James' principal privy counsellors. Suffolk and Salisbury were both privy to the communications made by Lord Monteagle revealing the existence of the Gunpowder Plot, and Suffolk examined the cellar, spotting the brushwood concealing the gunpowder. Later that evening, the Keeper of the Palace, Sir Thomas Knyvet (Suffolk's brother-in-law) made further search, revealing the gunpowder, and the plot collapsed. Suffolk was one of those commissioned to investigated and try the plotters.[1] Numbered by James as one of his "trinity of knaves" (with Salisbury and Northampton), he was nonetheless thought loyal and reliable to the King. By 1607, work was completed on Charlton Park, Wiltshire, a house which is still home to his descendants. In December 1608, Salisbury's eldest son and heir, William married Suffolk's third daughter, Catharine. Salisbury, who died in 1612, praised Suffolk's friendship in his will; and upon his death, Suffolk was appointed one of the Lords of the Treasury. Though he disliked Sir Robert Carr, the royal favorite, Suffolk supported his daughter Frances' desire to divorce her husband, the Earl of Essex to marry him. She did so in December 1613, shortly after his creation as Earl of Somerset.[1] On 8 July 1614, Suffolk was appointed Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, replacing his kinsman Northampton, and on 11 July 1614 was made Lord High Treasurer. His new son-in-law, Somerset, replaced him as Lord Chamberlain, and Suffolk and his family now dominated the court.[1] In 1615, however, Suffolk's fall began. James had become deeply infatuated with Sir George Villiers, and Suffolk's daughter Frances, now Countess of Somerset, was implicated in the poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury. Suffolk was accused by James of complicity with Somerset in trying to suppress investigation of the crime, but successfully weathered the storm. However, Suffolk then made the mistake of attempting to undermine the rising power of Villiers by grooming another handsome young man to succeed him in James' favor. Completely unsuccessful, this only provoked a counterattack by Villiers, now (1618) Marquess of Buckingham, upon Suffolk's conduct as Lord High Treasurer.[1]

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011 Thomas '1st Earl of Suffolk' Howard Biography Suffolk's finances were always in a perilous state. His early privateering and naval ventures nearly bankrupted him, despite some financial help from Queen Elizabeth. Under James, the situation was somewhat eased by his preferment at court, which gave him board and lodging and valuable emoluents, and the regrant of some of the sequestered estates of his father. Some of this he invested in land in East Anglia, and he further benefited from a series of customs farms and bequests from relatives. He had been forced to sell his London residence, the Charterhouse, in 1611, but this was replaced in 1614 when he inherited the Earl of Northampton's house at Charing Cross. Suffolk added to his own troubles by extravagant building programs. Audley End House, built from 1603 to 1616, was the largest private house in England. He also added an expensive new wing to Charing Cross, and his wife built Charlton Park on the Knyvett estates she had inherited. Suffolk's children were also well provided for. He spent considerable sums to keep up their profile at court, and provided generous marriage portions to improve their matches. While this strategy was successful, it generated crushing debts for him, owing 40,000 in bonds and mortgages by 1618. His appointment as Lord High Treasurer in 1614 provided the opportunity for ameliorate his financial position through graft and deals with customs farmers, although it did not completely relieve his debts. It was also to prove the instrument of his downfall.[1] Arrest And Fall Through the agency of Buckingham, James was made aware of Suffolk's misconduct in the Treasury, particularly allegations that Lady Suffolk harassed creditors of the crown, and extorted bribes from them before they could obtain payment. Suffolk was suspended from the Treasurership in July 1618. Early in 1619, his wife suffered an attack of smallpox which destroyed her famous beauty, and Suffolk himself pleaded ill health in an attempt to avoid trial. These efforts failed: in October 1619, he, his wife, and their crony Sir John Bingley, Remembrancer of the Exchequer were prosecuted on a variety of counts of corruption in the Court of Star Chamber. Sir Francis Bacon, the prosecutor, compared Lady Suffolk to an exchange woman keeping shop while her apprentice, Bingley, cried "Whad'ye lack?" outside.[3] On 13 November 1619, they were found guilty on all counts. A fine of 30,000 was imposed, and they were sentenced to imprisonment at the King's pleasure.[1] After ten days, Suffolk and his wife were released, and appealed to Buckingham to intercede for them. Although Suffolk further irritated James by legal maneuvers to avoid seizure of his property, Buckingham was willing to be magnanimous to his rival now that his power had been destroyed. Buckingham obtained for Suffolk an audience with the King, and the fine was subsequently remitted except for 7000. In 1623, Suffolk's youngest son Edward married Buckingham's niece, Mary Boteler. While Suffolk never again rose to high office, he was active in the Lords, and served twice as a commissioner of ecclesiastical causes. He died at Charing Cross on 28 May 1626 and was buried on 4 June at Saffron Walden.[1] References 1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Croft, Pauline (2004). "Howard, Thomas, first earl of Suffolk (15611626)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13942. Retrieved 2006-12-30. 2. ^ "Howard pedigree 2". http://www.stirnet.com/HTML/genie/british/hh4bz/howard02.htm. Retrieved 2006-12-30. 3. ^ a b c d "Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk". http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/ThomasHoward(1ESuffolk).htm. Retrieved 2006-12-30. 4. ^ Camden, William (1625). Annales Rerum Gestarum Angliae et Hiberniae Regnante Elizabetha. http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/camden/1588e.html. Retrieved 2006-12-30.

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011 Thomas '1st Earl of Suffolk' Howard Biography 5. ^ "The Last Fight of the Revenge The Revenge". http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/renaissance/revenge/default.aspx. Retrieved 2006-12-30. http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/renaissance/revenge/default.aspx. 2006 6. ^ Howard, Thomas in Venn, J. & J. A., Alumni Cantabrigienses, Cambridge University Press, 10 Press vols, 19221958.

"Howard, Thomas (1561-1626 Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1626)". Co 18851900.

Political Offices Vacant Title Last Held By The Lord North Vacant Title Last Held By The Lord Hunsdon Preceded By The Viscount Howard Of Bindon Preceded By The Lord Hunsdon Preceded By In Commission (First Lord: The Lord Ellesmere) Preceded By