SEMINAR ON BRAIN GATE TECHNOLOGY

MADE BY : MEGHA MISHRA 8EC60

CONTENTS : I. INRODUCTION TO BRAIN GATE TECHNOLOGY II. NEUROPROSTHETIC DEVICE III. BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE IV. BRAIN GATE CHIP V. CHIP-BRAIN CONTROL VI. FUTURE OF NEURAL INTERFACES VII. CONCLUSION

I. INTRODUCTION TO BRAIN GATE TECHNOLOGY The Brain Gate Technology System is

based

on

Cyber

kinetics

platform

technology to sense, transmit, analyze and apply the language of neurons. The principle of operation behind

the Brain Gate System is that with

intact brain function, brain signals aregenerated even though they are not sent to the arms, hands and legs.

The signals are interpreted and translatedinto cursor movements, offering the user an alternate Brain Gate pathway to control a computer just as individuals who have the ability to move their hands use a

mouse. The 'Brain Gate' contains tiny spikes that will extend down about one millimeter into the brain after being implanted beneath the skull monitoring the activity from a small group of neurons.

It will now be possible for a patientwith spinal cord injury to produce brain signals that relay the intention of moving the

paralyzed limbs as signals to an implantedsensor which is then output as electronic impulses. These impulses enable the user to operate mechanical devices with the help of a

computer cursor. Example : Matthew Nagle, 25-year-old

II. NEUROPROSTHETIC

DEVICE:A neuroprosthetic device known as Brain Gate converts brain activity into computer

commands. A sensor is implanted

on the brain, and electrodes arehooked up to wires that travel to a pedestal on the scalp. From

there, a fiber optic cable carriesthe brain activity data to a nearby computer.

III. BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACEBCI direct communication pathway

between a brain or brain cell culture and adevice (computer). One way BCIs: information passes from brain to computer or computer to brain.

Two way BCIs: information is exchanged between brain and computer.

INVASIVE BCI Invasive BCI the chip is implanted directly

into the grey matter of the brain. It produces the highest quality signals but are prone to scar tissue build up. Scar tissue causes the signal to become weaker and even lost as the body reacts to a

foreign object.

IV. BRAIN GATE CHIP: Currently the chip uses 100 hair-thin electrodes that 'hear' neurons firing in specific areas of the brain, for

example, the area that controls arm movement. The activity is translated into

electrically charged signals and are

then sent and decoded using aprogram, which can move either a robotic arm or a computer cursor.

WORKING Operation of the BCI system is not simply listening the EEG of user in a

way that lets tap this EEG in andlisten what happens. The user usually generates some sort of mental activity pattern that is detected and classified. Monitors brain activity in the patient and converts the intention of the user into computer

commands.

Chip is implanted on the surface of the brain in the motor cortex area, the area that controls movement. Detection involves usually digital signal processing for sampling and band pass filtering the signal, then calculating these time -or frequency domain features and then classifying them. These classification algorithms include

simple comparison of amplitudes linear andnon-linear equations and artificial neural networks.

V. CHIP-BRAIN CONTROL The brain is "hardwired" with connections, which are made by billions of neurons that

make

electricity

whenever

they

are

stimulated. The electrical patterns are called brain waves. Neurons act like the wires and gates in a computer, gathering and transmitting

electrochemical signals over distances as faras several feet.

The brain encodes information not by relying on single neurons, but by spreading it across large populations of neurons, and by

rapidly adapting to new circumstances. Motor neurons carry signals from the

central nervous system to the muscles, skinand glands of the body, while sensory neurons carry signals from those outer parts of the body to the central nervous system.

Receptors sense things like chemicals, light,and sound and encode this information into electrochemical signals transmitted by the

sensory neurons. And interneurons tie everything together

by connecting the various neurons within the brain and spinal cord. The part of the brain that controls motor skills is located at the ear of the frontal lobe.

VI. FUTURE OF NEURAL INTERFACES The goal of the Brain Gate program is to develop a fast,

reliable

and

unobtrusive

connection between the brain of a severely disabled person and a personal computer. Another application would be for somebody to handle a tricycle or exercise machine to help patients who have a lot of trouble with their

skeletal muscles.

If you could detect or predict the onset of epilepsy, that would be a huge therapeutic application for people who have seizures,

which leads to the idea of a 'pacemaker forthe brain'. If we can figure out how to make this device cheaper, there might be applications for people to control machines, write

software or perform intensive actions.

Today quadriplegic people are satisfied ifthey get a rudimentary connection to the outside world.

What we're trying to give them is aconnection that is as good and fast as using their hands. We're going to teach them to think about moving the cursor using the part of the brain

that usually controls the arms to push keysand create, if you will, a mental device that can input information into a computer.

VII. CONCLUSION The idea of moving robots or prosthetic devices not by manual control, but by mere thinking (i.e., the brain activity of human subjects) has been a fascinated approach. Medical cures are unavailable for many forms of neural and muscular paralysis. So this idea helps many patients to control

the prosthetic devices of their own bysimply thinking about the task.

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