BRAIN & AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DEEPER INTO BODYMIND UNITY

BRAIN & AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

DEEPER INTO BODYMIND UNITY

Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Central Nervous System (p. 610)

• Brain and spinal cord• Protected by

– Skull– Vertebral column– Meninges– Cerebrospinal fluid

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Brain (pp. 610, 611)

• Main sections are:– Cerebrum– Diencephalon– Cerebellum – Brain stem

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Cerebrum (p. 610)

• Largest area of brain• Contains:

– Sensory areas and motor areas– Language centers – Limbic system (this also overlaps with diencephalon)

• Governs many emotions

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Cerebral Cortex (p. 611)

• Outer region • Topography characterized by:

– Sulci• Grooves• Fissures, or deep sulci, separate cerebrum into lobes

– Gyri • Elevated ridges

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Cerebral Hemispheres (p. 611)

• Cerebrum contains right and left hemispheres – Research indicates they possess specialized functions

• Longitudinal fissure– Separates hemispheres

• Corpus callosum– Transverse fibers connecting hemispheres

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Hemispheric Specialization (p. 611)

• Left hemisphere– Language: receptive and expressive– Reasoning and analytical skills such as math

• Right hemisphere – Music– Art and spatial relationships– Emotional expression

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Cerebral Lobes (p. 611)

• Four Lobes:– Frontal– Parietal– Temporal– Occipital

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Cerebral Lobes (p. 612)

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Frontal Lobe (p. 611)

• Regulates motor output and cognition• Contains:

– Broca’s areas (left hemisphere only)• Speech production

– Prefrontal cortex• Where emotions are processed

– Precentral gyrus • Called “primary motor area”

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Precentral Gyrus (p. 613)

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Parietal Lobe (p. 611)

• Regulates proprioception, reading, and taste• Governs sensory input

– Mainly skin and muscles

• Contains: – Postcentral gyrus

• Called “primary somatosensory area”

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Postcentral Gyrus

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Temporal and Occipital Lobes (p. 611)

• Temporal lobe– Contains auditory and olfactory areas– Wernicke area (left hemisphere only)

• Language comprehension

• Occipital lobe– Contains visual areas

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Brain Waves and States of Consciousness (p. 612)

• Consciousness: degree of mental alertness and responsiveness

• Levels of consciousness recorded as brain wave patterns– Beta– Alpha– Theta– Delta

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Brain Waves Patterns (p. 612)

• Beta– Wakeful consciousness and mental activity– REM sleep appears as beta waves

• Alpha – Awake and relaxed

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Brain Wave Patterns, cont’d (p. 613)

• Theta– Drowsiness and dreamlike awareness– Used in hypnosis to access deep-rooted memories

• Delta– Deep sleep from which subject is not easily aroused

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Diencephalon (p. 613)

• Located in center of brain• Contains two primary structures:

– Thalamus– Hypothalamus

• Also contains two glands: – Pituitary– Pineal

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Diencephalon (overlaps with Limbic system)

• Hypothalamus - in charge of Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine System– Emotion, anger, memory, hunger, thirst– body temperature, sexual desire & activity – sleep-wake, biorhythms– maternal behavior, blood pressure, immune

responses


Thalamus and Hypothalamus (p. 613)

• Thalamus – Nearly 80% of diencephalon– Relays sensory information (except olfaction) to appropriate parts of

cerebrum

• Hypothalamus– in charge of Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine System– Controls hunger and thirst, anger and aggression, emotions, body

temperature, sexual desire & activity, sleep patterns, biorhythms, maternal behavior, blood pressure, immune responses, etc.

– Hormones from hypothalmus:vasopression, dopamine, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, melatonin, somatostatinthyrotropin-releasing hormone, ADH

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Pituitary and Pineal Gland (p. 613)

• Pituitary – Sits in sella turcica of sphenoid bone

• Pineal – Located below corpus callosum

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Limbic System• Located on border between the cerebrum and the

diencephalon -C-shaped structure - wraps around thalamus and hypothalamus

• Functions 1) Emotions2) Motivation3) Learning and Memory4) Olfaction- smell

• Structures1) Amygdala- almond- shape, "RAGE CENTER"2) Limbic lobe- Hippocampus, spatial learning and memory3) Fornix- tract connecting limbic system to the hypothalamus


Diencephalon, Cerebellum & Brainstem (p. 614)

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Cerebellum (pp. 613-614)

• Located posterior and inferior to cerebrum• Regulates:

– Muscle tone– Posture– Balance

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Brainstem (p. 614)

• Continuous with spinal cord • Three main divisions:

– Mid-brain– Pons– Medulla oblongata

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Mid-brain and Pons (p. 614)

• Mid-brain– Conducts impulses from cerebrum to pons – Conducts impulses from spinal cord to thalamus

• Pons– Bridges cerebellum and cerebrum with spinal cord

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Medulla Oblongata (p. 614)

• Conducts sensory and motor impulses between brain and spinal cord

• Located at inferior portion of brainstem• Contains:

– Respiratory center– Cardiovascular center– Vasomotor center

• Often considered most vital part of brain

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Medulla Oblongata, cont’d (p. 614)

• Contains many crossing over fibers• Ex: right side of brain governs left side of body and vice versa

• This crossing is called “decussation”

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Blood-Brain Barrier (p. 614)

• Semipermeable wall of blood capillaries• Has thick basement membrane and glial cells• Prevents or slows passage of some chemicals and pathogens

from blood into CNS

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Spinal Cord (p. 614)

• Exits skull via foramen magnum • Integrating center and information highway• Cauda equina

– Lower portion of cord shaped like a horse tail

• Filum terminale– Fibrous extension of cauda equina

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Spinal Cord, cont’d (p. 614)

• Cross section reveals:– White matter: located on periphery– Gray matter: located in center

• H-shaped

• Central canal– Center of spinal cord contains CSF

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Spinal Cord: Horns (p. 614)

• Gray matter in “H” contain regions called horns– Anterior horn– Lateral horn– Posterior horn

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Spinal Cord: Columns (p. 615)

• White matter contain regions called columns– Anterior column– Lateral column– Posterior column

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Spinal Cord (p. 615)

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Spinal Cord: Tracts (p. 615)

• Collection of nerves running up and down spine• Two types:

– Ascending • Sensory (afferent) impulses travel up cord

– Descending• Motor (efferent) impulses travel down cord

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Meninges (p. 615)

• Connective tissue coverings surrounding brain and spinal cord • Contains three layers

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Meningeal Layers (p. 615)

• Pia mater– Innermost delicate layer– Attaches to brain and spinal cord

• Arachnoid– Middle layer resembling a spider’s web

• Dura mater– Outermost dense layer– Lies against skull and spinal column

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Meningeal Spaces (p. 615)

• Subarachnoid space– Located between pia and arachnoid– Filled with CSF

• Subdural space– Located between dura and arachnoid– Filled with serous fluid

• Epidural space– Located between dura and vertebral canal– Filled with fat and blood vessels

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (p. 616)

• Fluid circulating around brain and spinal cord • Functions include:

– Supplies O2 and nutrients

– Carries away wastes– Acts as a shock absorber

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ACB 81

ACB 82


Meninges in Skull Region (p. 615)

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Cranial Nerves (p. 616)

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Cranial Nerves (p. 617)

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ACB 88

ACB 89

Autonomic Nervous System

A Spectrum from• Parasympathetic…..to……Sympathetic• Rest/repose……balance..….Fight/flight


Autonomic Nervous System (p. 621)

• Innervates cardiac and smooth muscles/glands, thus regulating:– Heart and respiration rates– Blood circulation– Body temperature– Gastrointestinal activity

• Two divisions: – Sympathetic– Parasympathetic

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Dual Innervation (p. 621)

• Innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

• Some have only sympathetic innervation – Ex: adrenal glands and blood vessels

• Some have only parasympathetic innervation – Ex: lacrimal apparatus

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Parasympathetic Nervous System (p. 621)

• Supports functions that conserve and restore energy– Maintains homeostasis– Regulates urinary and digestive processes, defecation, and storing

nutrients

• Most active under calm conditions– Called “rest-and-digest” or “housekeeping” division

• Referred to as craniosacral outflow

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Sympathetic Nervous System (p. 623)

• Uses body energy for periods of physical exertion or emotional stress

• Adrenals secrete epinephrine– Effects include increased respiration and heart rate and blood

pressure

• Called “fight-or-flight” or “stress” response • Referred to as thoracolumbar outflow

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Autonomic Nervous System (p. 622)

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Sympathetic-Parasympathetic Emphasis

• Pupils widen Pupils contract• Sweat n/a• Less salivation More salvation• Less G-I secretion More G-I secretion• More epinephrine & n/a glucorticoid secretion• Dilates brochioles Constricts bronchioles• Increases rate & strength Decreases rate & of heart’s contraction strength of contraction

Sympathetic-Parasympathetic Emphasis

• Constricts blood vessels In skin and viscera• Dilates vessels in muscles Dilates vessels in viscera• Glycogenolysis Glycogenesis• Decreases activity of Increases activity

gallbladder, stomach, gallbladder, stomach, intestines, kidneys, pancreas, intestines, kidneys, pancreas, bladder, uterus bladder, uterus

Touch can…

• Expand the autonomic “range of motion”• Facilitate greater autonomic balance• Teach person to inhabit fertile mid-ground

between sleeping and waking• Create non-verbal learning/neurological

repatterning

Massage & the Nervous System

• Tissue dysfunction• Self-image• Posture & Movement• Emotion• Memory• Awareness / Learning• Spirit

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BRAIN & AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DEEPER INTO BODYMIND UNITY